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AP Psych > Module 1.5-1.6 Sleep and senses > Flashcards

Module 1.5-1.6 Sleep and senses Flashcards

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1
Q

our subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment

A

consciousness

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2
Q

the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating)

A

Cognitive neuroscience

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3
Q

the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks

A

dual processing

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4
Q

a condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it

A

blindsight

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5
Q

processing multiple aspects of a stimulus or problem simultaneously

A

parallel processing

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6
Q

processing one aspect of a stimulus or problem at a time; generally used to process new information or to solve difficult problems

A

sequential processing

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7
Q

our biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (such as sleep and wakefulness) that occur in a 24-hour cycle.

A

Circadian rhythm

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8
Q

a sleep stage when vivid dreams commonly occur

A

REM sleep

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9
Q

Relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, but awake state

A

Alpha waves

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10
Q

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

A

hallucinations

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11
Q

bizarre experiences, such as jerking or a feeling of falling, while transitioning into sleep

A

hypnagogic sensations

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12
Q

the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep

A

Delta waves

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13
Q

a pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls your circadian rhythm. In response to light it adjusts melatonin production, modifying our feeling of sleepiness

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus

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14
Q

a sleep disorder characterized by ongoing difficulty falling or staying asleep

A

insomnia

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15
Q

a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The affected person may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times

A

narcolepsy

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16
Q

a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings

A

sleep apnea

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17
Q

a sleep disorder in which normal REM paralysis does not occur; instead, twitching, talking or even kicking or punching may occur, often acting out one’s dream.

A

REM sleep behavior disorder

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18
Q

the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation

A

REM rebound

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19
Q

Theory that dreams help us sort out the day’s events and consolidate our memories

A

Information processing/consolidation

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20
Q

Dream theory that regular brain stimulation may help develop and preserve neural pathways in the brain

A

Physiological function

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21
Q

Dream theory that the brain attempts to make sense of neural “static” by weaving it into a storyline

A

Neural activation

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22
Q

Theory that dreams reflect the dreamers’ level of development, their knowledge and understanding

A

Cognitive development

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23
Q

Type of Brian waves when person is fully awake, alert and functioning

A

Beta Waves

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24
Q

bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain-wave activity that aid memory processing during NREM-2 sleep

A

Sleep spindles

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25
Q

Brain wave form seen during NREM-2 sleep

A

K-complexes

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26
Q

Type of waves seen during REM sleep

A

Irregular Delta waves

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27
Q

scientific term for sleepwalking, happens during stage 3 sleep

A

Somnambulism

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28
Q

sensory nerve endings that respond to stimuli

A

sensory receptors

29
Q

information processing that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory information

A

Bottom-up processing

30
Q

information processing guided by higher level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations

A

top-down processing

31
Q

The conversion of one form of energy to another. Such as transforming physical energy into neural impulses

A

transduction

32
Q

the study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, and our psychological experience of them

A

psychophysics

33
Q

The minimum stimulus energy needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time

A

absolute threshold

34
Q

a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus amid background stimulation

A

signal detection theory

35
Q

the minimum difference between 2 stimuli required for detection 50% of the time.

A

Difference threshold

36
Q

the principle that, to be perceived as different, 2 stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage

A

Weber’s law

37
Q

diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

A

sensory adaptation

38
Q

the amount of energy in a light wave or sound wave, which influences what we perceive as brightness or loudness. Determined by a waves amplitude

A

intensity

39
Q

the eye’s clear, protective outer layer

A

cornea

40
Q

the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters

A

pupil

41
Q

a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening

A

Iris

42
Q

the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina

A

lens

43
Q

the light-sensitive back inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information

A

retina

44
Q

the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain.

A

gate-control theory

45
Q

our sense of taste

A

gustation

46
Q

our sense of smell

A

olfaction

47
Q

our movement sense; our system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts

A

kinesthesis

48
Q

our balance sense; our system for sensing the position and movement that enables our sense of balance

A

vestibular sense

49
Q

the principle that one sense can influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste

A

sensory interaction

50
Q

the influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgements

A

embodied cognition

51
Q

the sense or act of hearing

A

audition

52
Q

what part of sound waves determines pitch?

A

frequency

53
Q

the chamber between the eardrum and the cochlea containing 3 tiny bones that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea’s oval window

A

middle ear

54
Q

a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear; sound waves travelling through the cochlear fluid trigger nerve impulses

A

cochlea

55
Q

the innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs.

A

inner ear

56
Q

the most common form of hearing loss, caused by damage to the cochlea’s receptor cells or to the auditory nerve, also called nerve deafness

A

sensorineural hearing loss

57
Q

a less common form of hearing loss, caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea

A

conduction hearing loss

58
Q

in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea’s membrane is stimulated

A

place theory

59
Q

in hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense it’s pitch

A

frequency theory

60
Q

the process by which the eye’s lens changes shape to focus images of near or far objects on the retina

A

accomodation

61
Q

retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray, and are sensitive to movement. Necessary for twilight vision

A

rods

62
Q

retinal receptors that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-light conditions. Detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations

A

cones

63
Q

the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

A

optic nerve

64
Q

the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, where no receptor cells are located

A

blind spot

65
Q

the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye’s cones cluster

A

fovea

66
Q

the theory that the retina contains 3 types of color receptors which, when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color

A

Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three-color) theory

67
Q

the theory that opposing retinal processes enable color vision.

A

opponent-process theory

68
Q

nerve cells in the brains visual cortex that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle or movement

A

feature detectors

69
Q

processing multiple aspects of a stimulus or problem simultaneously

A

parallel processing

AP Psych (9 decks)

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