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AP Psych > 2.1-2.4 Cognition > Flashcards

2.1-2.4 Cognition Flashcards

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1
Q

focusing conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

A

selective attention

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2
Q

failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

A

inattentional blindness

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3
Q

failing to notice changes in the environment; a form of inattentional blindness.

A

change blindness

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4
Q

a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another

A

perceptual set

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5
Q

Three factors that affect our interpretation of stimuli

A

Context, Motivation, and Emotion

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6
Q

An organized whole, psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes

A

Gestalt

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7
Q

the organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings

A

figure-ground

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8
Q

the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups

A

grouping

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9
Q

the ability to see objects in three dimensions, although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance

A

depth perception

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10
Q

a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals

A

visual cliff

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11
Q

a depth cue, such as retinal disparity, that depends on the use of two eyes

A

binocular cue

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12
Q

a cue to nearby objects’ distance, enabled by the brain combining retinal images

A

convergence

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13
Q

a binocular cue for perceiving depth. By comparing retinal images from the two eyes, the brain computes distance - the greater the disparity between the two images, the closer the object

A

retinal disparity

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14
Q

a depth cue, such as interposition or linear perspective, available to either eye alone.

A

monocular cue

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15
Q

an illusion of continuous movement experienced when viewing a rapid succession of slightly varying still images

A

stroboscopic movement

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16
Q

an illusion of movement created when 2 or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession

A

phi phenomenon

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17
Q

the illusory movement of a still spot of light in a dark room

A

autokinetic effect

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18
Q

perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images change

A

perceptual constancy

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19
Q

perceiving familiar objects as having a consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object

A

color constancy

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20
Q

the ability to adjust to changed sensory input, including an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field

A

perceptual adaptation

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21
Q

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

A

cognition

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22
Q

cognition about our cognition, keeping track of and evaluating our mental processes

A

metacognition

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23
Q

a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

A

concept

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24
Q

a mental image or best example of a category

A

prototype

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25
Q

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

A

schema

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26
Q

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

A

assimilation

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27
Q

adapting our current schemas to incorporate new information

A

accomodation

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28
Q

the ability to produce new and valuable ideas

A

creativity

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29
Q

narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution

A

convergent thinking

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30
Q

expanding the number of possible problem solutions; creative thinking that diverges in different directions

A

divergent thinking

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31
Q

Sternberg’s 5 components for creativity

A
  1. Expertise
  2. Imaginative thinking skills
  3. A venturesome personality
  4. Intrinsic motivation
  5. A creative environment
32
Q

cognitive skills that work together, enabling us to generate, organize, plan, and implement goal-directed behavior

A

executive functions

33
Q

a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.

A

Algorithm

34
Q

a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; speedier but more error prone than an Algorithm

A

Heuristic

35
Q

a sudden realization of a problems solution; contrasts with strategy based solutions.

A

insight

36
Q

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

A

confirmation bias

37
Q

in cognition, the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, an obstacle to problem solving

A

fixation

38
Q

a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

A

mental set

39
Q

an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning

A

intuition

40
Q

judging the likelihood of events in terms of how well they seem to represent particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information

A

representativeness heuristic

41
Q

judging the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common

A

availability heuristic

42
Q

the tendency to be more confident than correct – to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments

A

overconfidence

43
Q

the persistence of one’s initial conceptions even after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

A

belief perseverance

44
Q

the way an issue is posed; can significantly affect decisions and judgments

A

framing

45
Q

framing choices in a way that encourages people to make beneficial decisions

A

nudge

46
Q

the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information

A

memory

47
Q

a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the blank test

A

recall

48
Q

a measure of memory in which the person identifies items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test

A

recognition

49
Q

a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again.

A

relearning

50
Q

the process of getting information into the memory system – for example by extracting meaning

A

encoding

51
Q

the process of retaining encoded information over time

A

storage

52
Q

the process of getting information out of memory storage

A

retrieval

53
Q

processing multiple aspects of a stimulus or problem simultaneously

A

parallel processing

54
Q

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

A

sensory memory

55
Q

briefly activated memory for a few items that is later stored or forgotten

A

short-term memory

56
Q

the relatively permanent and limitless archive of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experience

A

long-term memory

57
Q

a newer understanding of short term memory; conscious active processing of both incoming sensory info and info retrieved from long-term memory

A

working memory

58
Q

a memory component that coordinates the activities of the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad

A

central executive

59
Q

a memory component that briefly holds auditory information

A

phonological loop

60
Q

a memory component that briefly holds information about objects’ appearance and location in space

A

visuospatial sketchpad

61
Q

the formation of new neurons

A

neurogenesis

62
Q

an increase in nerve cell’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation; a neural basis for learning and memory

A

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

63
Q

retention of facts and experiences that we can consciously know and declare

A

explicit memory (also declarative memory)

64
Q

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

A

effortful processing

65
Q

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of familiar or well-learned information, such as sounds, smells, and word meanings

A

automatic processing

66
Q

retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection

A

implicit memory

67
Q

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

A

iconic memory

68
Q

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds

A

echoic memory

69
Q

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

A

chunking

70
Q

memory aids; especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

A

mnemonics

71
Q

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

A

spacing effect

72
Q

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information.

A

testing effect

73
Q

encoding on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words

A

shallow processing

74
Q

encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention

A

deep processing

75
Q
A

AP Psych (9 decks)

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