5.3 - 5.4d Flashcards
a disturbance in people’s thoughts, emotions, or behaviors that causes distress or suffering and impairs their daily lives
psychological disorder
the concept that diseases (psychological disorders) have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most causes, cured, often through treatment in a hospital
medical model
the concept that genetic predispositions combine with environmental stressors to influence psychological disorder
diathesis-stress model
the study of the molecular mechanisms by which environments can influence genetic expression
epigenetics
the American psychiatric association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth edition, text revision; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders
DSM-5-TR
a group of disorders characterized by excessive fear and anxiety and related maladaptive behaviors
anxiety disorders
intense fear and avoidance of social situations
social anxiety disorder
an anxiety disorder in which a person in continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal
generalized anxiety disorder
an anxiety disorders marked by unpredictable, minutes-long panic attacks; often followed by worry over a possible next attack
panic disorder
fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where one may experience a loss of control and panic
agoraphobia
an anxiety disorders marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation
specific phobia
a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts, actions, or both
obsessive-compulsive disorder
a persistent difficulty parting with possessions, regardless of their value
hoarding disorder
a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, hypervigilance, avoidance of trauma-related stimuli, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for 4 weeks or more after a traumatic experience
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
a group of disorders in which exposure to a traumatic or stressful event is followed by psychological distress
trauma- and stressor- related disorders
a group of disorders characterized by an enduring sad, empty, or irritable mood, along with physical and cognitive changes that affect a person’s ability to function
depressive disorders
a group of disorders in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania
bipolar disorders
a disorder in which a person experiences 5+ symptoms lasting 2 or more weeks, in the absence of drug use or a medical condition, at least one of which must be either a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure
major depressive disorder
a disorder in which people experience a depressed mood on more days than not for at least 2 years
persistent depressive disorder
the most severe form, in which people experience a euphoric, talkative, highly energetic, and overly ambitious state that lasts a week or longer
bipolar I disorder
a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgment is common
mania
a less severe form of bipolar in which people move between depression and a milder hypomania
bipolar II disorder
compulsive fretting; overthinking our problems and their causes
rumination
a group of disorders characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking or speech, disorganized or unusual motor behaviors, and negative symptoms
schizophrenia spectrum disorder
a group of disorders marked by irrational ideas, distorted perceptions, and a loss of contact with reality
psychotic disorders
a false belief, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders
delusion
a form of schizophrenia in which symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood. As people age, psychotic episodes last longer and recovery periods shorten.
chronic schizophrenia
a form of schizophrenia that can begin at any age, frequently occurs in response to a traumatic event, and from which recovery is much more likely
acute schizophrenia
a controversial, rare group of disorders characterized by a disruption of or discontinuity in the normal integration of consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception, body representation, motor control, and behavior
dissociative disorders
a rare dissociative disorders in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating identities.
dissociative identity disorder (DID)
a disorder in which people with intact brains reportedly experience memory gaps; people may report not remembering trauma-related specific events, people, places, or aspects of their identity and life history
dissociative amnesia
a group of disorders characterized by enduring inner experiences or behavior patterns that differ from someone’s cultural norms and expectations, are pervasive and inflexible, begin in adolescence or early adulthood, are stable over time, and cause distress or impairment
personality disorders
a personality disorders in which a person exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even towards friends and family members, may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist
antisocial personality disorder
a group of disorders characterized by altered consumption or absorption of food that impairs health or psychological functioning
feeding and eating disorders
an eating disorders in which a person maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight, and has an inaccurate self-perception; sometimes accompanied by excessive exercise
anorexia nervosa
an eating disorders in which a person’s binge eating is followed by inappropriate wight-loss-promoting behavior, such as vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise
bulimia nervosa
central nervous system abnormalities that start in childhood and alter thinking and behavior
neurodevelopmental disorders
a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by limitations in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors
autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
a psychological disorders marked by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
