undertopics p. 87 -

Question 1

Equine encephalosis

Answer 1

orbivirus, culicoides vector
equines, elephants susceptible
abortion in the first 5 months of pregnancy
encephalosis, neuron damage
no vaccine
endemic in africa
no vaccines
not in europe
midges =vectors

Question 2

Avian orthoreovirus infections ages and signs

Answer 2

over 10 days of age only infection but no clinical signs

Question 3

Reoviral diseases of Poultry

Answer 3

Tenosynovitis arthritis
Enteritis, stunting disease (runting stunting syndrome, PEMS
Helicopter disase
Malabsorption sysndrome
hydropericardium
respiratory disease
immunosupression

Question 4

Reoviral diseases of poultry age

Answer 4

mainly in young broilers

Question 5

Rotavirus infection in dometic animals aetiology

Answer 5

Reoviridae, Sedoreovirinae, Rotavirus genus

secondary e.coli infection will kill the animals

Question 6

Rotavirus in domestic animals

Answer 6

worldwide occurence
with a secondary e.coli infection a high mortality is present
no germinative infection
mutliplication on enterocytes of few day old animals
frequent simultaneous infections with parvo, corona, astroviruses
maternal immunity is the only defence against rotaviruses
mainly in 1-2weeks of age,
sudden Massive diarrhea, not bloody
electrolytes for healing
very resistant in the environment

Question 7

african horse sickness

Answer 7

mainly south africa
Orbivirus genus, Reoviridae
vector transmitted, high mortality - midges, gnats, mosquitos
at least 9 serotypes with diverse virulence
can infected carnivores with infected horse meat, blood or organs
Zebras are the natural reservoir
pulmonary form: dyspnea, sudden death
respiratory form, resp signs
subacute: cardiac dysfunction
mixed form
chronic form: recurrent fever
vaccination in endemic countries

Question 8

Orthoreovirus infections of domestic animals etiology

Answer 8

mammallian orthoreovirus
world wide occurence
mainly calves - mild enteritis, respiratory signs (pneumoenteritis)
bacterial co infection leads to complication
sheep - resp and enteric d
horse - coughing, nasal discharge
swine - diarrhea, encephalitis
rabbit - diarrhea

Question 9

Equine encephalosis

Answer 9

southern countries of africa, but in israel too
Orbivirus
Culicoides vector
equines, elephant is susceptible
frequently asymptomatic
neuron damage but no signs of inflammation
no vaccine

Question 10

Infectious bursal disease etiology, occurence, age

Answer 10

Birnaviridae, Avibirnavirus, infectious bursal disease virus - IBDV
mainly chicken, but also turkey
mainly chicken between 3-6 weeks: permanent immunosuppression,
2-8 weeks: 5-100% mortality: fever, watery diarrhea, urate crystals on the feathers, anemia, later cyanosis,
over 8 weeks: no clinical signs,
world wide
chronic: bursa atrophy
vaccines available: attenuated, immunocomplex, inactivated, in ovo
destroys premature b lymphocytes in the gut
effect of the infection is influenced by age
higly contagious, watery diarrhea and cyanosis,
can remain infectivity for 1-4 months in the litter
shed in faeces
does not cause disease in adult chicken over 2 m of age

Question 11

Hepatitis E aetiology, occurence, age

Answer 11

Ortohepevirus A & C ZOONOTIC - it infects pig, wild boar, deer, roe deer as well
worldwide
pigs infected at 12 weeks of age, rabbits infected at 9-10 weeks -> many are slaughtered with the active strain present (they are at peak shed when in slaughter house!!)

NO gross PM lesions, no treatment!
in humans it causes hepatitis that can be fatal, extrahepatic symptoms, in immunocompromised/pregnant it can cause abortion with the death of the mother.
vaccines are currently on trial.

avian hepatitis e: ortohepevirus B chicken big liver and spleen disease
chronic underproduction or egg drop

Question 12

chicken big liver and spleen disease aetiology, age, symptoms

Answer 12

Ortohepevirus B
chronic underproduction or eggs drops up to 20%, anemia, premature moulting, mortality
chicken layers over 24 weeks, shed in faeces
enlarged liver, enlarged spleen
treatment not an option
prevention by hygiene

Question 13

Equine encephalomyelitis caused by Togavirus aetilogy, occurence, pathology, clinical signs

Answer 13

Eastern, Western and Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis
Togaviridae family, Alphavirus genus

Eastern: Canada, USA west coast, central america - bird: mosquito cycle

Western - canada, use west coast, mexico, south america - bird, mosquito rodent cycle

venezuelan - USa southern states, central and south america: enzootic in rodents, epizootic in Eq

abortive infection
unapperent infection
encephalitis, myelitis with a characteristic BIPHASIC fever, enteric symptoms
can cause abortion in human
vaccine in endemic countries
can cause asymptomatic infection
some strains of venezuelan horse encephalitis can be transmitted from horse to other host
vaccination to prevent in the americas
CS in birds, horses, humans
usually after heavy rainfall - in summer or rainy season

no gross pathology lesions

Question 14

Equine infectious arteritis - etio, age, presence, clinical signs, vaccination, testing

Answer 14

Arteriviridae family - uniform without subtypes, enveloped virus
world wide in Eq, Su, Monkey
old or very young animals; fever

conunctivitis and subcutaneous edema
adult horses: edema, urticaria, fever
aborted fetuses with partial autolysis
mare: abortion, stillbirth
stallion: decreased fertility - long term carrier for years: persistence
mostly it is asymptomatic though!!!
vaccination is available
test from semen, nasal fluid
low mortality

is USUALLY asymptomatic
the rate of seroconverted animals increases with age
main target=macrophage
persistence caused by stallions
sexual and aerogen
affects donkeys
persistent carrying
mortality is low
vaccine is used
reproduction problems/impotence in stallions
Vaccination of colts before puberty can prevent the development of EAV-carrier 
is not resistant

Question 15

PRRS etiology, genotypes, clinical signs, age, occurence, vaccination, replication

Answer 15

2 genotypes: Arteriviridae - European - 3 subtypes
US - 9 subtypes
saliva, nasal secretion sheddingg
first phase: young pigs: respiratory signs
sows: abortion and return to estrus
second phase: 1-4 months reproductive failure, high pre weaning mortality
boars - reduction in semen quality
suckling piglets up to 60% preweaning mortality
elimination only in closed herds
attenuated and inactivated vaccination but the different strains no cross protection, inactivated alone is not enough
BLUE EAR DISEASE
replication in macrophages and lymphocytes

Question 16

Louping ill and tick born encephalitis

Answer 16

Flavi viridae Tick borne encephalitis - zoonotic: Central Europe, Ixodes ricinus, animals usually asymptomatic, humans more effected

Louping ill - UK, scandinavia, ixodes ricinus, sheep, domesticated and wild animals, humans, all ages, biphasic fever, vaccine available

- biphasic fever in both of them
TBE is endemic in central europe
transmitted via consumption of raw milk
inactivated vaccines
tick born encephalomyelitis mainly occurs clinically in humans
europe, asia
Tick-borne encephalomyelitis exists as natural foci infections. 
seasonal occurence

louping ill: Ixodes ricinus,
frequent in sheep , dd listeria, rabies, scrapie

weak resistance, euryxen

Question 17

West nile fever aetiology, age, occurence

Answer 17

europe, asia, africa, australia
flavivirus genus
birds are natural hosts, mosquitos as vector,
80-90% of infections are subclinical, CNS signs in 1%, CNS signs have a high lethality
vaccines are available for horses
encephalitis in humans and horses - they do not play a significant role in transmission -> the migratory birds do
usually during autumn
different genetic lineages are circulating in europe

use of repellents
weather influences the emergence of West Nile Virus outbreaks, through its effect on mosquito propagation dynamics
very wide host range

Question 18

Usutu virus infection

Answer 18

Flavivirus, Mosquito as vector,
birds first asymptomatic then sudden death
horses laboratory confirmation of infection
humans asymptomatic

Question 19

Other mosquito-borne flavivirus infections (9)

Answer 19

1) Japanese encephalitis
2) St Louis encephalitis
3) Murray Valley encephalitis
4) Wesselbron disease
5) Turkey meningoencephalitis
6) Usutu virus
7) BYD virus - china
8) Yellow fever
9) Zikavirus infection

Question 20

Bovine viral diarrhea - etiology, age , occurence

Answer 20

Flaviviridae family - Pestivirus genus - Bovine viral diarhhea virus
Cytopathogenic strain, Non-cytopathogenic strain- 2 genotypes
World-wide, frequent (eradication program in western europe)
in enzootic herds, calves are protected by maternal immunity until 3-4months, we see CS in 4-18 months , subclinical in swine
infection in pregnant cow: CP-strain: aboriton, foetal damages; NCP: infertility, immune response,
seropositivity of new born cow
serotype 2 is more virulent, persistent infection
similar to Border disease in sheep
transmit by semen, faeces

in calves: CP strain: diarrhea with recovery
NCP: subclinical, milder immunosupression
erosions on the mucosa can happen!!! important because it looks like FMD
vaccination with attenuated, live vaccines

Question 21

Border disease of sheep

Answer 21

Flaviviridae, Pestivirus, Border disease virus
world wide distribution
sheep, goat
mainly abortions in first half of pregnancy, mainly foetopathy
immunotolerance
horizontal and vertical spread
weak lambs with hair like wool
prevention with screening of carrier animals and closed farming

Question 22

Classical Swine fever etiology, age, occruence, signs, incubation, vaccination

Answer 22

Flaviviridae - classical swine fever virus
domesticated swine and boars
USA and europe

all ages: peracute sudden death, acute fever, haemorrhages, reddots on skin, pregnant sow transplacental infection: abortion, premature birth, splayleg, trembling piglets
lesions in all organs: buttons in large intestine pathognomic, leukoencephalitis, croupous pneumonia, conjunctivitis
intrauterine: cerebellar hypoplasia

incubation period: 8-22 days, the virus can spread during the incubation period already

serologically uniform with 3 genotypes
low virulence strains exist
it complicates with secondary bacterial infection
vaccines arent typically used anymore, eradication is more common

haemorrhagic enteritis
remains infectivity for 6 m in frozen meat
necropsy: enlarged bloody lymph nodes
targets bone marrow stem cells
similar: erysipelas and PCV 2
buttons!
weakness of hindlegs and ataxia
classical swine fever infection during the second half of pregnancy results in birth of immunotolerant pigs
kidney haemorrhage
most european countries are free from CSF
oronasal, mating, transplacental infection
targets lymphatic tissue
results in thrombocytopenia
6-12w old piglets in vaccinated herds
wild boars play the main role in the maintenance
normal sized spleen in subacute case
immunosuppression
CNS signs
fomite transmission
low virulence - reproductive problems
attenuated vaccines
haemorrhagic pneumonia
lympho-histiocytic encephalitis in carnivores
reproductive disorders
domestic swine are free from csf
we dont vaccinate anymore in europe
good resistance
ONLY domestic swine and wild boars are susceptible
fever, anorexia, haemorrhages
CSF is SEROLOGICALLY UNIFORM with 3 GENOTYPES

Question 23

Orthobunyavirus diseases

Answer 23

1) Akabane virus: Bunyaviridae, Peribunyaviridae; culicoides vector abortions, miscarriages, subclinical infections in japan, asia, africa, australia; subclinical seropositive adults - cattle, sheep, goat
2) Aino Virus: Bunyviridae in Japan and Australia, Foetal deformities in cattle and sheep; no signs in adults, still birth, premature birth, weakness, blindness or poor eyesight

3) Schmallenberg virus: Bunyviridae, Peribunyaviridae: ixodus tick and culicoides vector, cattle, sheep, goat, Europe, Africa, Asia; not pregnant no CS; pregnant + seropositive = dont abort but mature immunity in newborn; pregnant and seronegative = congenital disease, abortion; in cattle high fever, rarely congenital disorder; in sheeo high fever and congenital disorders of lambs
Midges!!!!

Question 24

Rift valley fever aetiology, occurence, transmission

Answer 24

Bunyaviridae, Pheniviridae, Phlebovirus, Zoonotic Rift Valley Fever Virus
Phlebotomidae - sandflies vector, endemic in tropical africa, saudi arabia, yemen
aedes and anopheles - vector and non vector transmission

sheep, goat: abortion, diarrhea, icterus, Lambs and kids sever with fast death
cattle: abortion, calf fast death
100% mortality in dog pups, kittens, young Ru
human influenza like disease or subclinical
vaccination in endemic regions, treatment in humans symtomatic

human is a competent host -> the titre is high enough to infect the vector
damages the blood vessels and causes haemorrhages
certain european mosquito species can carry
high lethality in young ruminants
reproductive disorders in cattle and sheep
necrotic hepatitis
it caused human epidemic in africa (2011) and in arab peninsula
can cause 100% mortality in young susceptible animals
vaccines are used for the prevention

Question 25

and nairobi sheep disease aetiology, occurence, age

Answer 25

Bunyaviridae, Nairoviridae, Orthonairovirus genus, Nairobi sheep disease Ripicephalus appendiculatus tick vector in middle and east africa in all ages Haemorrhagic enteritis in sheep, abortion and fetal damage in sheep

Question 26

Characteristics of Influenza Virus

Answer 26

Influenza genus Alpha - Influenza A virus Influenza genus Beta - Influenza B virus Influenza genus Gamma - Influenca C virus shedding through airborne and excretes

Question 27

Influenza VIrus A aetiology, occurence, age, biological properties

Answer 27

Influenza genus Alpha, Orthomyxoviridae wirld wide occurence (spanish flu!) envelope Proteins: PA, PB1, PB2, NP nucleoprotein, M1 matrix, M2 matrix, HA - Haemagglutinin 18 serotypes; H5, H7 high virulence strain NA: 11 serotypes Total variance: 18 x 11 = 196 different variants natural hosts are wild birds infection in all ages differentiate low pathogenic and high pathogenic strains

Question 28

Human influenza virus

Answer 28

worldwide Mainly influenza A, but also B, sometimes C seasonal influenza - incubation, fever, loss of appetite

Question 29

Swine Influenza aetiology, age, occurence

Answer 29

Orthomyxoviridae H1N1, H3N2 world wide, sporadic, more frequent autumn and winter all ages of swine can get sick, high morbidity, low mortality immunisation in endemic farms

Question 30

Equine Influenza aetiology, age, occurence

Answer 30

worldwide, frequent H7N7, H3N8 very contagious, quick spread between animals of all ages, high fever, resp signs, can lead to permanent damages in complicated cases vaccination is important clinical signs: broncho interstitial pneumoia, strong interferon response -> general signs

Question 31

Avian Influenza aetiology, age, occurence, forms

Answer 31

world wide but mainly in intensive poultry farms Orthomyxoviridae, Influenza virus, Type A Influenza Virus All HA and NA serotypes were found in different combinations in birds forms: high pathogenic, low pathogenic, medium pathogenic, apathogenic wild birds act as natural reservoirs no vaccination - forbidden bc human influenza LPAI: milder signs, enteric, respiratory HPAI: mass morbidity and mortality, edema, respitratory, cyanosis, CNS signs NO GERMINATIVE INFECTION: the eggs produced in LPAI can be hatched LPAI may be endemic without clinical signs waterfowl is the natural host zoonotic IV pathogenicity index and mortality spread with bronchial discharge!!! (there is one that says mainly with bronchial discharge and aerogenic and its false)

Question 32

Bovine Parainfluenza-3 Virus aetiology, age, occurence

Answer 32

``` worldwide, Paramyxoviridae, Respirovirus genus, in young animals - stress can facilitate the disease fever, coughing, disease primarly in young calves endemic in cattle farms ``` ``` hyalin membrane in the alveoli frequent disease endemic in cattle farms aerosol infection paired sera diagnosis similar to RS infection primarly in young calves through inhalation secondary bacterial contamination ```

Question 33

Bovine Syncitial virus

Answer 33

worldwide Paramyxoviridae, Pneumovirus genus, Bovine Respiratory Syncytial virus enzootic in calves 3 weeks-6 months of age epizootic in 6-12 monhs old calves - highly lethal frequent coinfection with Parainfluenza 3 virus animals 6 months to 2 years get mainly severly sick - airborne, high fever subcutaneous emphysema! fast spread inactivated vaccines for prevention

Question 34

Rinderpest aetiology, age, occurence, pathology

Answer 34

Paramyxoviridae, Morbillivirus earth is free from Rinderpest since 2011 the biggest animal pandemic ever!!! OIE was formed because of it cloven hoofed animals are natural hosts : acute is febrile, erosive and diarrhea phase, peracute fast death, mild subacute - no diarrhea, limited nasal secretion vaccination is available but its eradicated zebra stripes of the gut!! (blackening of crests of folds of caecum, colon) highly contagious - transmits with excretes, faeces, urine and blood ``` replication in lymph nodes short survival in environment similar to malignant cattarhal fever erosions in oral and nasal cavity the PPR vaccine is used remember, its eradicated from the world so it doesnt occur anywhere mainly per os infection ```

Question 35

Peste de petites ruminats aetiology, age, occurence

Answer 35

Africa, Middle East, India Paramyxoviridae, Morbilli virus all ages acute form: mucopurulent nasal discharge, necrotic stomatitis, abortions, resp distress vaccination the plan is to eradicate it until 2030 (goal of UN and WOAH) replicates in the epithelium of the mucous membranes necrosis of the oral epithelium haemorrhagic pneumonia, necrotic haemorrhagic enteritis all secretions are a source of infection nasal discharge, erosive lesions haemorrhagic pneumonia, haemorrhagic or necrotic enteritis patho: bronchopneumnia, zebrastripes only attenuated vaccines are currently used Morbidity can reach 90-100% Mortality can reach 50-100%

Question 36

Canine Distemper Disease

Answer 36

Paramyxoviridae, Morbilli virus, Canine Distemper Virus world wide frequent clinical manifestation mainly in 3-6 month old pups but WIDE host range! pigs, bear,s catts, monkeys, lions, dolphins subclinical infections in most dogs high lethality airborne infection with conjunctivitis, vomit, diarrhea, pustule hyperkeratosis enamel hypoplasia!!! in transplacental infection abortion demyelinisation, encephalitis ``` Immunofluoresence cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in urinary bladder cells 1 serotype with 7 genotypes droplet infection foetopathy infect species belonging to felidae too ```

Question 37

Hendra Virus

Answer 37

zoonotic - Paramyxoviridae, Henipa genus Hendra virus ONLY in Australia reservoir is the flying fox, hosts are Eq, Ho Enzootic, reservoirs are fruit eating bats that occassionally infect horses and humans respiratory signs and encephalitis non human to human transmission, high human mortality vaccine for horses has been licensed

Question 38

Nipah Virus

Answer 38

Paramyxoviridae, Henipa Genus, Nipah virus South East Asia Enzootic, Reservoirs are fruit eat bats - ocassionally infect horse, swine, humans - humans can get infected from swine respiratory signs, flu like symptoms encephalitis in horse, pig and human differentiation from Hendra: Hendra mainly in resp tract, while Nipah mainly in LN

Question 39

New Castle Disease occurence, age, etiology

Answer 39

Paramyxoviridae, - avian paramyxoviruses have 9 serotypes Avulavirus genus, New Castle Disease Virus World wide occurence all ages, can infect embryo wide host range

Question 40

New Castle Disease pathotypes

Answer 40

Velogenic (viscerotropic and neuro/pneumotropic) - severe disease with resp and CNS signs - often sudden death, drop in egg production only velogenic strains produce significant pathological lesions lymphocytic encephalitis! Mesogenic: acute resp disease, CNS Lentogenic: subclinical disease, mild resp Apathogenic

Question 41

new castle disease virulence factors serological tests vaccination

Answer 41

``` pathogenicity index 0,7 chicken embryo survival index intracerebral pathogenicity index nucleotide sequence analysis virus f0 splice can survive long in environment ``` HAI, HA ELISA vaccination is a lentogenic or a mesogenic strain