undertopics p. 87 - Flashcards
Equine encephalosis
orbivirus, culicoides vector equines, elephants susceptible abortion in the first 5 months of pregnancy encephalosis, neuron damage no vaccine endemic in africa no vaccines not in europe midges =vectors
Avian orthoreovirus infections ages and signs
over 10 days of age only infection but no clinical signs
Reoviral diseases of Poultry
Tenosynovitis arthritis Enteritis, stunting disease (runting stunting syndrome, PEMS Helicopter disase Malabsorption sysndrome hydropericardium respiratory disease immunosupression
Reoviral diseases of poultry age
mainly in young broilers
Rotavirus infection in dometic animals aetiology
Reoviridae, Sedoreovirinae, Rotavirus genus
secondary e.coli infection will kill the animals
Rotavirus in domestic animals
worldwide occurence
with a secondary e.coli infection a high mortality is present
no germinative infection
mutliplication on enterocytes of few day old animals
frequent simultaneous infections with parvo, corona, astroviruses
maternal immunity is the only defence against rotaviruses
mainly in 1-2weeks of age,
sudden Massive diarrhea, not bloody
electrolytes for healing
very resistant in the environment
african horse sickness
mainly south africa Orbivirus genus, Reoviridae vector transmitted, high mortality - midges, gnats, mosquitos at least 9 serotypes with diverse virulence can infected carnivores with infected horse meat, blood or organs Zebras are the natural reservoir pulmonary form: dyspnea, sudden death respiratory form, resp signs subacute: cardiac dysfunction mixed form chronic form: recurrent fever vaccination in endemic countries
Orthoreovirus infections of domestic animals etiology
mammallian orthoreovirus world wide occurence mainly calves - mild enteritis, respiratory signs (pneumoenteritis) bacterial co infection leads to complication sheep - resp and enteric d horse - coughing, nasal discharge swine - diarrhea, encephalitis rabbit - diarrhea
Equine encephalosis
southern countries of africa, but in israel too
Orbivirus
Culicoides vector
equines, elephant is susceptible
frequently asymptomatic
neuron damage but no signs of inflammation
no vaccine
Infectious bursal disease etiology, occurence, age
Birnaviridae, Avibirnavirus, infectious bursal disease virus - IBDV
mainly chicken, but also turkey
mainly chicken between 3-6 weeks: permanent immunosuppression,
2-8 weeks: 5-100% mortality: fever, watery diarrhea, urate crystals on the feathers, anemia, later cyanosis,
over 8 weeks: no clinical signs,
world wide
chronic: bursa atrophy
vaccines available: attenuated, immunocomplex, inactivated, in ovo
destroys premature b lymphocytes in the gut
effect of the infection is influenced by age
higly contagious, watery diarrhea and cyanosis,
can remain infectivity for 1-4 months in the litter
shed in faeces
does not cause disease in adult chicken over 2 m of age
Hepatitis E aetiology, occurence, age
Ortohepevirus A & C ZOONOTIC - it infects pig, wild boar, deer, roe deer as well
worldwide
pigs infected at 12 weeks of age, rabbits infected at 9-10 weeks -> many are slaughtered with the active strain present (they are at peak shed when in slaughter house!!)
NO gross PM lesions, no treatment!
in humans it causes hepatitis that can be fatal, extrahepatic symptoms, in immunocompromised/pregnant it can cause abortion with the death of the mother.
vaccines are currently on trial.
avian hepatitis e: ortohepevirus B chicken big liver and spleen disease
chronic underproduction or egg drop
chicken big liver and spleen disease aetiology, age, symptoms
Ortohepevirus B
chronic underproduction or eggs drops up to 20%, anemia, premature moulting, mortality
chicken layers over 24 weeks, shed in faeces
enlarged liver, enlarged spleen
treatment not an option
prevention by hygiene
Equine encephalomyelitis caused by Togavirus aetilogy, occurence, pathology, clinical signs
Eastern, Western and Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis
Togaviridae family, Alphavirus genus
Eastern: Canada, USA west coast, central america - bird: mosquito cycle
Western - canada, use west coast, mexico, south america - bird, mosquito rodent cycle
venezuelan - USa southern states, central and south america: enzootic in rodents, epizootic in Eq
abortive infection
unapperent infection
encephalitis, myelitis with a characteristic BIPHASIC fever, enteric symptoms
can cause abortion in human
vaccine in endemic countries
can cause asymptomatic infection
some strains of venezuelan horse encephalitis can be transmitted from horse to other host
vaccination to prevent in the americas
CS in birds, horses, humans
usually after heavy rainfall - in summer or rainy season
no gross pathology lesions
Equine infectious arteritis - etio, age, presence, clinical signs, vaccination, testing
Arteriviridae family - uniform without subtypes, enveloped virus
world wide in Eq, Su, Monkey
old or very young animals; fever
conunctivitis and subcutaneous edema adult horses: edema, urticaria, fever aborted fetuses with partial autolysis mare: abortion, stillbirth stallion: decreased fertility - long term carrier for years: persistence mostly it is asymptomatic though!!! vaccination is available test from semen, nasal fluid low mortality
is USUALLY asymptomatic the rate of seroconverted animals increases with age main target=macrophage persistence caused by stallions sexual and aerogen affects donkeys persistent carrying mortality is low vaccine is used reproduction problems/impotence in stallions Vaccination of colts before puberty can prevent the development of EAV-carrier is not resistant
PRRS etiology, genotypes, clinical signs, age, occurence, vaccination, replication
2 genotypes: Arteriviridae - European - 3 subtypes
US - 9 subtypes
saliva, nasal secretion sheddingg
first phase: young pigs: respiratory signs
sows: abortion and return to estrus
second phase: 1-4 months reproductive failure, high pre weaning mortality
boars - reduction in semen quality
suckling piglets up to 60% preweaning mortality
elimination only in closed herds
attenuated and inactivated vaccination but the different strains no cross protection, inactivated alone is not enough
BLUE EAR DISEASE
replication in macrophages and lymphocytes
Louping ill and tick born encephalitis
Flavi viridae Tick borne encephalitis - zoonotic: Central Europe, Ixodes ricinus, animals usually asymptomatic, humans more effected
Louping ill - UK, scandinavia, ixodes ricinus, sheep, domesticated and wild animals, humans, all ages, biphasic fever, vaccine available
- biphasic fever in both of them TBE is endemic in central europe transmitted via consumption of raw milk inactivated vaccines tick born encephalomyelitis mainly occurs clinically in humans europe, asia Tick-borne encephalomyelitis exists as natural foci infections. seasonal occurence
louping ill: Ixodes ricinus,
frequent in sheep , dd listeria, rabies, scrapie
weak resistance, euryxen
West nile fever aetiology, age, occurence
europe, asia, africa, australia
flavivirus genus
birds are natural hosts, mosquitos as vector,
80-90% of infections are subclinical, CNS signs in 1%, CNS signs have a high lethality
vaccines are available for horses
encephalitis in humans and horses - they do not play a significant role in transmission -> the migratory birds do
usually during autumn
different genetic lineages are circulating in europe
use of repellents
weather influences the emergence of West Nile Virus outbreaks, through its effect on mosquito propagation dynamics
very wide host range
Usutu virus infection
Flavivirus, Mosquito as vector,
birds first asymptomatic then sudden death
horses laboratory confirmation of infection
humans asymptomatic
Other mosquito-borne flavivirus infections (9)
1) Japanese encephalitis
2) St Louis encephalitis
3) Murray Valley encephalitis
4) Wesselbron disease
5) Turkey meningoencephalitis
6) Usutu virus
7) BYD virus - china
8) Yellow fever
9) Zikavirus infection
Bovine viral diarrhea - etiology, age , occurence
Flaviviridae family - Pestivirus genus - Bovine viral diarhhea virus
Cytopathogenic strain, Non-cytopathogenic strain- 2 genotypes
World-wide, frequent (eradication program in western europe)
in enzootic herds, calves are protected by maternal immunity until 3-4months, we see CS in 4-18 months , subclinical in swine
infection in pregnant cow: CP-strain: aboriton, foetal damages; NCP: infertility, immune response,
seropositivity of new born cow
serotype 2 is more virulent, persistent infection
similar to Border disease in sheep
transmit by semen, faeces
in calves: CP strain: diarrhea with recovery
NCP: subclinical, milder immunosupression
erosions on the mucosa can happen!!! important because it looks like FMD
vaccination with attenuated, live vaccines
Border disease of sheep
Flaviviridae, Pestivirus, Border disease virus
world wide distribution
sheep, goat
mainly abortions in first half of pregnancy, mainly foetopathy
immunotolerance
horizontal and vertical spread
weak lambs with hair like wool
prevention with screening of carrier animals and closed farming
Classical Swine fever etiology, age, occruence, signs, incubation, vaccination
Flaviviridae - classical swine fever virus
domesticated swine and boars
USA and europe
all ages: peracute sudden death, acute fever, haemorrhages, reddots on skin, pregnant sow transplacental infection: abortion, premature birth, splayleg, trembling piglets
lesions in all organs: buttons in large intestine pathognomic, leukoencephalitis, croupous pneumonia, conjunctivitis
intrauterine: cerebellar hypoplasia
incubation period: 8-22 days, the virus can spread during the incubation period already
serologically uniform with 3 genotypes
low virulence strains exist
it complicates with secondary bacterial infection
vaccines arent typically used anymore, eradication is more common
haemorrhagic enteritis
remains infectivity for 6 m in frozen meat
necropsy: enlarged bloody lymph nodes
targets bone marrow stem cells
similar: erysipelas and PCV 2
buttons!
weakness of hindlegs and ataxia
classical swine fever infection during the second half of pregnancy results in birth of immunotolerant pigs
kidney haemorrhage
most european countries are free from CSF
oronasal, mating, transplacental infection
targets lymphatic tissue
results in thrombocytopenia
6-12w old piglets in vaccinated herds
wild boars play the main role in the maintenance
normal sized spleen in subacute case
immunosuppression
CNS signs
fomite transmission
low virulence - reproductive problems
attenuated vaccines
haemorrhagic pneumonia
lympho-histiocytic encephalitis in carnivores
reproductive disorders
domestic swine are free from csf
we dont vaccinate anymore in europe
good resistance
ONLY domestic swine and wild boars are susceptible
fever, anorexia, haemorrhages
CSF is SEROLOGICALLY UNIFORM with 3 GENOTYPES
Orthobunyavirus diseases
1) Akabane virus: Bunyaviridae, Peribunyaviridae; culicoides vector abortions, miscarriages, subclinical infections in japan, asia, africa, australia; subclinical seropositive adults - cattle, sheep, goat
2) Aino Virus: Bunyviridae in Japan and Australia, Foetal deformities in cattle and sheep; no signs in adults, still birth, premature birth, weakness, blindness or poor eyesight
3) Schmallenberg virus: Bunyviridae, Peribunyaviridae: ixodus tick and culicoides vector, cattle, sheep, goat, Europe, Africa, Asia; not pregnant no CS; pregnant + seropositive = dont abort but mature immunity in newborn; pregnant and seronegative = congenital disease, abortion; in cattle high fever, rarely congenital disorder; in sheeo high fever and congenital disorders of lambs
Midges!!!!
Rift valley fever aetiology, occurence, transmission
Bunyaviridae, Pheniviridae, Phlebovirus, Zoonotic Rift Valley Fever Virus
Phlebotomidae - sandflies vector, endemic in tropical africa, saudi arabia, yemen
aedes and anopheles - vector and non vector transmission
sheep, goat: abortion, diarrhea, icterus, Lambs and kids sever with fast death
cattle: abortion, calf fast death
100% mortality in dog pups, kittens, young Ru
human influenza like disease or subclinical
vaccination in endemic regions, treatment in humans symtomatic
human is a competent host -> the titre is high enough to infect the vector
damages the blood vessels and causes haemorrhages
certain european mosquito species can carry
high lethality in young ruminants
reproductive disorders in cattle and sheep
necrotic hepatitis
it caused human epidemic in africa (2011) and in arab peninsula
can cause 100% mortality in young susceptible animals
vaccines are used for the prevention
and nairobi sheep disease aetiology, occurence, age
Bunyaviridae, Nairoviridae, Orthonairovirus genus, Nairobi sheep disease
Ripicephalus appendiculatus tick vector in middle and east africa
in all ages
Haemorrhagic enteritis in sheep, abortion and fetal damage in sheep
Characteristics of Influenza Virus
Influenza genus Alpha - Influenza A virus
Influenza genus Beta - Influenza B virus
Influenza genus Gamma - Influenca C virus
shedding through airborne and excretes
Influenza VIrus A aetiology, occurence, age, biological properties
Influenza genus Alpha, Orthomyxoviridae
wirld wide occurence (spanish flu!)
envelope
Proteins: PA, PB1, PB2, NP nucleoprotein, M1 matrix, M2 matrix,
HA - Haemagglutinin 18 serotypes; H5, H7 high virulence strain
NA: 11 serotypes
Total variance: 18 x 11 = 196 different variants
natural hosts are wild birds
infection in all ages
differentiate low pathogenic and high pathogenic strains
Human influenza virus
worldwide
Mainly influenza A, but also B, sometimes C
seasonal influenza - incubation, fever, loss of appetite
Swine Influenza aetiology, age, occurence
Orthomyxoviridae
H1N1, H3N2
world wide, sporadic, more frequent autumn and winter
all ages of swine can get sick, high morbidity, low mortality
immunisation in endemic farms
Equine Influenza aetiology, age, occurence
worldwide, frequent
H7N7, H3N8 very contagious, quick spread between animals of all ages, high fever, resp signs, can lead to permanent damages in complicated cases
vaccination is important
clinical signs: broncho interstitial pneumoia, strong interferon response -> general signs
Avian Influenza aetiology, age, occurence, forms
world wide but mainly in intensive poultry farms
Orthomyxoviridae, Influenza virus, Type A Influenza Virus
All HA and NA serotypes were found in different combinations in birds
forms: high pathogenic, low pathogenic, medium pathogenic, apathogenic
wild birds act as natural reservoirs
no vaccination - forbidden bc human influenza
LPAI: milder signs, enteric, respiratory
HPAI: mass morbidity and mortality, edema, respitratory, cyanosis, CNS signs
NO GERMINATIVE INFECTION: the eggs produced in LPAI can be hatched
LPAI may be endemic without clinical signs
waterfowl is the natural host
zoonotic
IV pathogenicity index and mortality
spread with bronchial discharge!!!
(there is one that says mainly with bronchial discharge and aerogenic and its false)
Bovine Parainfluenza-3 Virus aetiology, age, occurence
worldwide, Paramyxoviridae, Respirovirus genus, in young animals - stress can facilitate the disease fever, coughing, disease primarly in young calves endemic in cattle farms
hyalin membrane in the alveoli frequent disease endemic in cattle farms aerosol infection paired sera diagnosis similar to RS infection primarly in young calves through inhalation secondary bacterial contamination
Bovine Syncitial virus
worldwide
Paramyxoviridae, Pneumovirus genus, Bovine Respiratory Syncytial virus
enzootic in calves 3 weeks-6 months of age
epizootic in 6-12 monhs old calves - highly lethal
frequent coinfection with Parainfluenza 3 virus
animals 6 months to 2 years get mainly severly sick - airborne, high fever
subcutaneous emphysema!
fast spread
inactivated vaccines for prevention
Rinderpest aetiology, age, occurence, pathology
Paramyxoviridae, Morbillivirus
earth is free from Rinderpest since 2011
the biggest animal pandemic ever!!! OIE was formed because of it
cloven hoofed animals are natural hosts : acute is febrile, erosive and diarrhea phase, peracute fast death,
mild subacute - no diarrhea, limited nasal secretion
vaccination is available but its eradicated
zebra stripes of the gut!! (blackening of crests of folds of caecum, colon)
highly contagious - transmits with excretes, faeces, urine and blood
replication in lymph nodes short survival in environment similar to malignant cattarhal fever erosions in oral and nasal cavity the PPR vaccine is used remember, its eradicated from the world so it doesnt occur anywhere mainly per os infection
Peste de petites ruminats aetiology, age, occurence
Africa, Middle East, India
Paramyxoviridae, Morbilli virus
all ages
acute form: mucopurulent nasal discharge, necrotic stomatitis, abortions, resp distress
vaccination
the plan is to eradicate it until 2030 (goal of UN and WOAH)
replicates in the epithelium of the mucous membranes
necrosis of the oral epithelium
haemorrhagic pneumonia, necrotic haemorrhagic enteritis
all secretions are a source of infection
nasal discharge, erosive lesions
haemorrhagic pneumonia, haemorrhagic or necrotic enteritis
patho: bronchopneumnia, zebrastripes
only attenuated vaccines are currently used
Morbidity can reach 90-100%
Mortality can reach 50-100%
Canine Distemper Disease
Paramyxoviridae, Morbilli virus, Canine Distemper Virus
world wide frequent
clinical manifestation mainly in 3-6 month old pups
but WIDE host range! pigs, bear,s catts, monkeys, lions, dolphins
subclinical infections in most dogs
high lethality
airborne infection with conjunctivitis, vomit, diarrhea, pustule hyperkeratosis
enamel hypoplasia!!! in transplacental infection
abortion
demyelinisation, encephalitis
Immunofluoresence cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in urinary bladder cells 1 serotype with 7 genotypes droplet infection foetopathy infect species belonging to felidae too
Hendra Virus
zoonotic - Paramyxoviridae, Henipa genus Hendra virus
ONLY in Australia
reservoir is the flying fox, hosts are Eq, Ho
Enzootic, reservoirs are fruit eating bats that occassionally infect horses and humans
respiratory signs and encephalitis
non human to human transmission, high human mortality
vaccine for horses has been licensed
Nipah Virus
Paramyxoviridae, Henipa Genus, Nipah virus
South East Asia
Enzootic, Reservoirs are fruit eat bats - ocassionally infect horse, swine, humans - humans can get infected from swine
respiratory signs, flu like symptoms encephalitis in horse, pig and human
differentiation from Hendra:
Hendra mainly in resp tract, while Nipah mainly in LN
New Castle Disease occurence, age, etiology
Paramyxoviridae, - avian paramyxoviruses have 9 serotypes
Avulavirus genus, New Castle Disease Virus
World wide occurence
all ages, can infect embryo
wide host range
New Castle Disease pathotypes
Velogenic (viscerotropic and neuro/pneumotropic) - severe disease with resp and CNS signs - often sudden death, drop in egg production
only velogenic strains produce significant pathological lesions
lymphocytic encephalitis!
Mesogenic: acute resp disease, CNS
Lentogenic: subclinical disease, mild resp
Apathogenic
new castle disease
virulence factors
serological tests
vaccination
pathogenicity index 0,7 chicken embryo survival index intracerebral pathogenicity index nucleotide sequence analysis virus f0 splice can survive long in environment
HAI, HA
ELISA
vaccination is a lentogenic or a mesogenic strain
