p 181

Question 1

Anthrax

Answer 1

gram positive, 5 antigens: capsule, cell wall, oedema factor, lethal factor, protective antigen
ruminants, horse, dog, cat, swine
herbivores are especially susceptible
ataxia, bleeding, spleen

Question 2

Clostridium

Answer 2

worldwide, tropical, subtropical more frequent
gram + rods, anaerobes
difficult to diagnose because fast course, toxin has effect, PM lesions are frequently not typical
vaccination with inactivated toxin

Question 3

diseases caused by clostridia

Answer 3

• 1. Gas gangrene diseases (histotoxic diseases)
o Blackleg
o Malignant oedema
o Bradsot (braxy)
o Köves-disease of swine
o Infectious necrotic hepatitis (black disease)
o Bacillary haemoglobinuria
• 2. Enteral and enterotoxaemic diseases
o C. perfringens A (necrotic enteritis of chicken)
o C. perfringens B (lamb dysentery)
o C. perfringens C (struck, pig enterotoxaemia, necrotic enteritis of chicken)
o C. perfringens D (pulpy kidney disease)
o Ulcerative enteritis of chicken (C. colinum)
• 3. Intoxications (neurotoxications): Tetanus, Botulism
• 4. Other (Tyzzers, Poultry clostridial diseases

Question 4

Malignant Edema

Answer 4

worldwide, rare
Clostridium septicum: most common - haemorrhagic lesions, gas bubbles
C. novyi: toxins and enzymes - no gas bubbles
C. sordelli: toxins -
C. histyolyticum: toxins and EC enzymes - haemorrhagic lesions, hystiolysis

wound infection - edema, gas, necrosis
death!! by toxin
general fever, movement problem

anaculture/anavaccine used for prevention!!
acute fatal

Question 5

Blackleg

Answer 5

endemic, ruminants, summer - autumn
Clostridium Chauvoei
fastidius, present in gut
toxins: alpha, beta, gamma, delta
cattle - endogenous infection 2 months - 2 years old
sheep: wound infection
other species rare
acids, gases produced from carbohydrates of the muscles

anaculture, anatoxin vaccine

Question 6

Bradsot

Answer 6

northern europe,
Cl. septicum
PO infection, gas gangrene in wall of stomach, duodenum
proximal small intestine
fast course!
late autumn, winter,
very fast
soil contaminated frozen feed!!!!
rennet in the stomach

Question 7

Köves disease of swine

Answer 7

rare occurence
Cl. septicum
indicator disease - usually something in background
stomach wall thickened, rubber like, sudden death
predisposing factor for classical swine fever, TGE, mycotoxinsm esphageal ulcear

Question 8

Infectious necrotic hepatitis: Black disease

Answer 8

worldwide, summer-early autumn
C. novyi B
sheep: 1-4 year old, sometimes cattle
usually liver fluke in background
liver necrosis by liver fluke - toxic effects from alpha toxin absorbed - death

anatoxin

Question 9

Bacillary hemoglobinuria, red water disease

Answer 9

America, Australia
C. hemolyticum (beta toxin) = phospholipase
sudden onset, haemoglobinuria, jaundice, anemia
predisposing factor: fasciolosis
infection PO from soil - liver
vaccine + antiparasitic

intravascular haemolysis

Question 10

Lamb dysentery

Answer 10

worldwide occurence, sproadic, frequency increased by the end of lambing season
Cl. Perfringens B
beta toxin - necrosis, trypsin inhibits the toxin, in first 2 weeks of life trypsin is inhibited so lambs 1-2 w of age are affected: anorexia, abdominal pain. brownish, foamy haemorrhagic diarrhea
haemorrhagic necrotic enteritis coming from the small intestine
vaccinating ewes - toxoid vaccine
diagnosis by culture

Question 11

Struck

Answer 11

sporadic occurence
C. perfringens C - toxins alpha and beta
predisposing factors are needed - overeating for example
necrotic gut epithelium of adult sheep , fast course

Question 12

Necrotic enteritis of piglets

Answer 12

worldwide, regional 
C. perfringens C - alpha and beta toxin
piglets of young sows
fever, anorexia, weightloss, diarrhea - 2-4 day old piglet
prevention with penicillin for the sow

Question 13

Enterotoxaemia of sheep and goats

Answer 13

Pulpy Kidney Disease
worldwide, common
C. perfringens D - alpha and epsilon toxin
predisposing factors: overeating low fiber, high carb contejt
endothelial damage, kidney glomerular damage, neurological signs
prevent predisposing effects, vaccination

Question 14

Tetanus

Answer 14

tropics, moderate climate
all mammals are susceptible of all ages
C. tetani toxin - strict anaerobic
predispose: wounds, anaerobic conditions
vegetative bacterium produces toxin
RIGID paralysis
lockjaw, sawhorse, third eyelid

Question 15

Botulism

Answer 15

worldwide, warmer climate
C. botulinum A-G 
ABEF -humans
CD: animals
mammals are susceptible
toxin production in the environment! most intense at 30°C

IRREVERSIBLE toxic effect - toxicoinfection botulism
FLACCID PARALYSIS weakness, trunk extremities, head, neck tremor
treatment with antitoxin

Question 16

Tyzzers disease

Answer 16

Cl. pilliforme
obligate intracellular
resistant spore
rodents carry and shed in faeces asymptomatically, mainly young animals will be ill (foal<6weeks, rabbit 3-12weeks)
susceptible: rodents, dogs, cats, foals
PO infectoin - liver, heart effected - haemorrhages, hepatitis

Question 17

Ulcerative enteritis of chicken

Answer 17

variable occurence - big economic losses
C. colinum
4-12 week old chicken
2-8 week turkey
predisposing: coccidiosis, infectious bursitis, chicken anemia, overcrowding
diarrhea - watery, brown with very few gas bubbles
decreased egg production

ulcers with pseudomembranes in the large intestine

Question 18

Necrotic enteritis of poultry

Answer 18

occurence: sporadic
C. perfringens A&C (alpha, beta, tau) - facultative pathogenic
coccidiosis predisposing
depression, anorexia, watery foamy brownred faeces
lesions in jejunum and ileum
broilers 2-5 week old
turkey 7-12 week old

Question 19

Gangrenous Dermatitis of poultry

Answer 19

C. septicum, C. perfringens A, Staph. Aureus
bacterial synergy results in anaerobic conditions - good for clostridia
mainly in 4 weeks to 5 months old chicken
predisposing factors: infectious bursitis, chicken anemia, adenovirus, reovirus
depression, clinical signs on wings, belly, thigh
skin: edema, haemorrhages, crepitating ; muscles: edema

prevention by removing predisposing factors

Question 20

Diseases caused by Staphylococcus

Answer 20

1 - local purulent diseases
2 - morels disease
3 - bronchopneumonia of rabbits caused by s. aureus
4 - staphylococcus of poultry
5 - exudative dermatitis of swine
6 - diseases caused by meticilin resistant s. auerus

Question 21

Rabbit Staphylococcosis

Answer 21

common, large scale farms
S. aureus sb. aureus
young suckling, aerogen infection through wounds
septicemia, inflammation of middle ear (otitis)
bronchopneumonia, resp. signs, subcutaeneous abscesses
4-16 week old rabbits

high ammonia is a predisposing factor. overcrowding as well

Question 22

Poultry Staphylococcosis

Answer 22

common
S. aureus, S. intermedius (pigeon)
predisposing factors needed
infection: egg,!!! umbilical, aerogen, wound, gumboro disease, marek disease
septicaemia in day olds, - can kill
 dermatitis in growers and hens
local infection in growers, adults
septicaemis, arthritis dermatitis form, omphalitis

Question 23

Staphylococcus of swine

Answer 23

Greasy Pig disease
widespread, depending on management, sporadic
S. hyicus (coagulase negative)
exfoliative toxin - hyaluronidase:
1-4 week old piglets extended lesions - sows: udder
predisposing factors include overcrowding
if below 3 weeks die
vesicles, pustules, scabs
crust formation
passed from piglets to sows
prevention with taking away predisposing factors

Question 24

Streptococcus of Swine

Answer 24

widespread occurence
Streptococcus suis, S. porcinus - epiphyte, S. dysgalactiae, S. equi subsp. equisimilis
local - can happen anytime, sporadic: swollen joints, limping
generalised: 1-5 week old piglets, sometimes older, anorexia, fever, neuro signs, arthritis
treatment with narrow spectrum penicillin, erythromycin
inactivated vaccine

predisposing: iron deficiency

can cause encephhalitis in slaughterhouse workers!

Question 25

Strangles

Answer 25

widespread occurence, less frequent
Streptococcus equi subsp. equi
hyaluronic acid capsule, EC enzymes, pyrogen proteins, M protein = virulence factors
younger foals: 6m-2y purulent inflammation of lymph nodes, abscessation
older horses wont show clinical signs
swallowing is painful - food to lung, necrotic pneumonia
sometimes septicaemia
surgical treatment, desinfection, Abs - penicillin

colic, arthritis
diagnose by staining abscess content
the causative agent has to be introduced into the herd
obligate pathogen!
high mortbidity low mortality

Question 26

Erysipelas

Answer 26

worldwide, summer, sporadic, in small farms, ZOONOTIC

Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae
gr+ rods, virulence factors: Thin polysacharide capsule, EC enzymes, Neuroaminidase, Hyaluronidase, Coagulase
Cell wall antigens, Surface protein
mammals, birds humans
predisposing factors needed
acute septicaemia, Diamond Skin disease: haemorrhages + enlarged spleen, chronic - endocarditis
treatment with penicillin IV, penmates treated metaphylatically
inactivated vaccine possible

can be asymptomatic in pigs in the tonsils
can be seen in winter after introduction of carrier animals
can be an acute septicaemia in pigs
survive in environment for a few months
septicaemia form often
facultative pathogenic
inactivated vaccine
chronic erysipelas causes endocarditis
its resistant
extracellular enzymes as virulence factor
NO serotype specific protection - there is cross protection between the strains so its not specific

Question 27

Listeriosis

Answer 27

Circling disease (zoonotic)
worldwide, sporadic
gr+, non spore forming bacteria, facultative pathogen
L. monocytogenes, L. ivanovii - both cause same disease
wide temp. range for replic. (0-42)
virulence factors: phospholipase, haemolysin, lipids in cell wall, phospholipase
animals shed bact. in faeces, no animal to animal
intracellular bacterium
sheep and goat: encephalitis - circling (hindlegs still, front legs moving), salivation, abortion, death
septicaemia in suckling lambs!
cattle: abortion
rabbits: abortion
rodents, rabbits, foxes, birds also susceptile
treatment with penicillin and tetracyclin

zoonotic, causes mastitis
haemlysin!!
silage can be a source, can travel along the nerve
unpasteurized milk!
soil bacteria - survives in pools and puddles
intracellular
can be isolated from the brain stem

Question 28

Diseases caused by corynebacteria

Answer 28

1) caseous lymphadenitis of sheep and goats - C. pseudotuberculosis
2) oedematous skin disease - C. pseudotuberculosis
3) ulcaerative lymphanngitis of horses - C. pseudotuberculosis
4) pyelonephritis, urethritis and cystitis caused by corynebacteria - C. renale, C. pilosum, C. cystitidis

Question 29

Caseous lymphadenitis of sheep and goat

Answer 29

C. pseudotuberculosis
exotoxin
signs in growers above 3-4 months of age and adults
can be asymptomatic
never seen in suckling lambs
abscess formation, abortion, arthritis 
oedema of the limbs!!!

phospholipase D
arthritis
wounds- introduction - dipping can be source of infection 
vaccination can be used
onion like pattern LN

Question 30

-

Answer 30

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Question 31

ulcerative lymphangitis of horse

Answer 31

sporadic , rare in europe
C. pseudotuberculosis
lymphangitis, edema on effected legs, weight loss -> death

result of navel infection
enters host through wounds
consequence of umbilical infection
abscess formation
purulent inflammation of lymphatic vessels
microscopic exam detection
symptoms seen in pectoral region, legs, ventral abdomen
may evolve during navel infection
can be seen in lymphatic vessels
chronic disease

Question 32

contagious bovine pyelonephritis

Answer 32

Corynebacterium renale, C. pilosum, C. cystitidis
sporadic, chronic, typically in adults afer 2nd/3rd calving
slow appearance pyelonephritis, urethritis, cystitis

Question 33

Morels disease

Answer 33

S. aureus sp. anaerobius
frequent above 1/2 year old - 3 year old sheep, goat
LN - abscesses - fistulas

Question 34

Virulence factors of Staphylococcus

Answer 34

Extracellular enzymes: coagulase, hyaluronidase, lecitinase
Toxins - haemolysis only on blood agar, leucocidins for damage of RBC, enterotoxin
Protein A - on the surface can bind the Ig of the host from the FC part of the IG