p 181 Flashcards
Anthrax
gram positive, 5 antigens: capsule, cell wall, oedema factor, lethal factor, protective antigen
ruminants, horse, dog, cat, swine
herbivores are especially susceptible
ataxia, bleeding, spleen
Clostridium
worldwide, tropical, subtropical more frequent
gram + rods, anaerobes
difficult to diagnose because fast course, toxin has effect, PM lesions are frequently not typical
vaccination with inactivated toxin
diseases caused by clostridia
• 1. Gas gangrene diseases (histotoxic diseases)
o Blackleg
o Malignant oedema
o Bradsot (braxy)
o Köves-disease of swine
o Infectious necrotic hepatitis (black disease)
o Bacillary haemoglobinuria
• 2. Enteral and enterotoxaemic diseases
o C. perfringens A (necrotic enteritis of chicken)
o C. perfringens B (lamb dysentery)
o C. perfringens C (struck, pig enterotoxaemia, necrotic enteritis of chicken)
o C. perfringens D (pulpy kidney disease)
o Ulcerative enteritis of chicken (C. colinum)
• 3. Intoxications (neurotoxications): Tetanus, Botulism
• 4. Other (Tyzzers, Poultry clostridial diseases
Malignant Edema
worldwide, rare
Clostridium septicum: most common - haemorrhagic lesions, gas bubbles
C. novyi: toxins and enzymes - no gas bubbles
C. sordelli: toxins -
C. histyolyticum: toxins and EC enzymes - haemorrhagic lesions, hystiolysis
wound infection - edema, gas, necrosis
death!! by toxin
general fever, movement problem
anaculture/anavaccine used for prevention!!
acute fatal
Blackleg
endemic, ruminants, summer - autumn Clostridium Chauvoei fastidius, present in gut toxins: alpha, beta, gamma, delta cattle - endogenous infection 2 months - 2 years old sheep: wound infection other species rare acids, gases produced from carbohydrates of the muscles
anaculture, anatoxin vaccine
Bradsot
northern europe, Cl. septicum PO infection, gas gangrene in wall of stomach, duodenum proximal small intestine fast course! late autumn, winter, very fast soil contaminated frozen feed!!!! rennet in the stomach
Köves disease of swine
rare occurence
Cl. septicum
indicator disease - usually something in background
stomach wall thickened, rubber like, sudden death
predisposing factor for classical swine fever, TGE, mycotoxinsm esphageal ulcear
Infectious necrotic hepatitis: Black disease
worldwide, summer-early autumn C. novyi B sheep: 1-4 year old, sometimes cattle usually liver fluke in background liver necrosis by liver fluke - toxic effects from alpha toxin absorbed - death
anatoxin
Bacillary hemoglobinuria, red water disease
America, Australia
C. hemolyticum (beta toxin) = phospholipase
sudden onset, haemoglobinuria, jaundice, anemia
predisposing factor: fasciolosis
infection PO from soil - liver
vaccine + antiparasitic
intravascular haemolysis
Lamb dysentery
worldwide occurence, sproadic, frequency increased by the end of lambing season
Cl. Perfringens B
beta toxin - necrosis, trypsin inhibits the toxin, in first 2 weeks of life trypsin is inhibited so lambs 1-2 w of age are affected: anorexia, abdominal pain. brownish, foamy haemorrhagic diarrhea
haemorrhagic necrotic enteritis coming from the small intestine
vaccinating ewes - toxoid vaccine
diagnosis by culture
Struck
sporadic occurence
C. perfringens C - toxins alpha and beta
predisposing factors are needed - overeating for example
necrotic gut epithelium of adult sheep , fast course
Necrotic enteritis of piglets
worldwide, regional C. perfringens C - alpha and beta toxin piglets of young sows fever, anorexia, weightloss, diarrhea - 2-4 day old piglet prevention with penicillin for the sow
Enterotoxaemia of sheep and goats
Pulpy Kidney Disease
worldwide, common
C. perfringens D - alpha and epsilon toxin
predisposing factors: overeating low fiber, high carb contejt
endothelial damage, kidney glomerular damage, neurological signs
prevent predisposing effects, vaccination
Tetanus
tropics, moderate climate all mammals are susceptible of all ages C. tetani toxin - strict anaerobic predispose: wounds, anaerobic conditions vegetative bacterium produces toxin RIGID paralysis lockjaw, sawhorse, third eyelid
Botulism
worldwide, warmer climate C. botulinum A-G ABEF -humans CD: animals mammals are susceptible toxin production in the environment! most intense at 30°C
IRREVERSIBLE toxic effect - toxicoinfection botulism
FLACCID PARALYSIS weakness, trunk extremities, head, neck tremor
treatment with antitoxin
Tyzzers disease
Cl. pilliforme
obligate intracellular
resistant spore
rodents carry and shed in faeces asymptomatically, mainly young animals will be ill (foal<6weeks, rabbit 3-12weeks)
susceptible: rodents, dogs, cats, foals
PO infectoin - liver, heart effected - haemorrhages, hepatitis
Ulcerative enteritis of chicken
variable occurence - big economic losses
C. colinum
4-12 week old chicken
2-8 week turkey
predisposing: coccidiosis, infectious bursitis, chicken anemia, overcrowding
diarrhea - watery, brown with very few gas bubbles
decreased egg production
ulcers with pseudomembranes in the large intestine
Necrotic enteritis of poultry
occurence: sporadic
C. perfringens A&C (alpha, beta, tau) - facultative pathogenic
coccidiosis predisposing
depression, anorexia, watery foamy brownred faeces
lesions in jejunum and ileum
broilers 2-5 week old
turkey 7-12 week old
Gangrenous Dermatitis of poultry
C. septicum, C. perfringens A, Staph. Aureus
bacterial synergy results in anaerobic conditions - good for clostridia
mainly in 4 weeks to 5 months old chicken
predisposing factors: infectious bursitis, chicken anemia, adenovirus, reovirus
depression, clinical signs on wings, belly, thigh
skin: edema, haemorrhages, crepitating ; muscles: edema
prevention by removing predisposing factors
Diseases caused by Staphylococcus
1 - local purulent diseases
2 - morels disease
3 - bronchopneumonia of rabbits caused by s. aureus
4 - staphylococcus of poultry
5 - exudative dermatitis of swine
6 - diseases caused by meticilin resistant s. auerus
Rabbit Staphylococcosis
common, large scale farms
S. aureus sb. aureus
young suckling, aerogen infection through wounds
septicemia, inflammation of middle ear (otitis)
bronchopneumonia, resp. signs, subcutaeneous abscesses
4-16 week old rabbits
high ammonia is a predisposing factor. overcrowding as well
Poultry Staphylococcosis
common S. aureus, S. intermedius (pigeon) predisposing factors needed infection: egg,!!! umbilical, aerogen, wound, gumboro disease, marek disease septicaemia in day olds, - can kill dermatitis in growers and hens local infection in growers, adults septicaemis, arthritis dermatitis form, omphalitis
Staphylococcus of swine
Greasy Pig disease
widespread, depending on management, sporadic
S. hyicus (coagulase negative)
exfoliative toxin - hyaluronidase:
1-4 week old piglets extended lesions - sows: udder
predisposing factors include overcrowding
if below 3 weeks die
vesicles, pustules, scabs
crust formation
passed from piglets to sows
prevention with taking away predisposing factors
Streptococcus of Swine
widespread occurence
Streptococcus suis, S. porcinus - epiphyte, S. dysgalactiae, S. equi subsp. equisimilis
local - can happen anytime, sporadic: swollen joints, limping
generalised: 1-5 week old piglets, sometimes older, anorexia, fever, neuro signs, arthritis
treatment with narrow spectrum penicillin, erythromycin
inactivated vaccine
predisposing: iron deficiency
can cause encephhalitis in slaughterhouse workers!
Strangles
widespread occurence, less frequent
Streptococcus equi subsp. equi
hyaluronic acid capsule, EC enzymes, pyrogen proteins, M protein = virulence factors
younger foals: 6m-2y purulent inflammation of lymph nodes, abscessation
older horses wont show clinical signs
swallowing is painful - food to lung, necrotic pneumonia
sometimes septicaemia
surgical treatment, desinfection, Abs - penicillin
colic, arthritis diagnose by staining abscess content the causative agent has to be introduced into the herd obligate pathogen! high mortbidity low mortality
Erysipelas
worldwide, summer, sporadic, in small farms, ZOONOTIC
Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae
gr+ rods, virulence factors: Thin polysacharide capsule, EC enzymes, Neuroaminidase, Hyaluronidase, Coagulase
Cell wall antigens, Surface protein
mammals, birds humans
predisposing factors needed
acute septicaemia, Diamond Skin disease: haemorrhages + enlarged spleen, chronic - endocarditis
treatment with penicillin IV, penmates treated metaphylatically
inactivated vaccine possible
can be asymptomatic in pigs in the tonsils
can be seen in winter after introduction of carrier animals
can be an acute septicaemia in pigs
survive in environment for a few months
septicaemia form often
facultative pathogenic
inactivated vaccine
chronic erysipelas causes endocarditis
its resistant
extracellular enzymes as virulence factor
NO serotype specific protection - there is cross protection between the strains so its not specific
Listeriosis
Circling disease (zoonotic)
worldwide, sporadic
gr+, non spore forming bacteria, facultative pathogen
L. monocytogenes, L. ivanovii - both cause same disease
wide temp. range for replic. (0-42)
virulence factors: phospholipase, haemolysin, lipids in cell wall, phospholipase
animals shed bact. in faeces, no animal to animal
intracellular bacterium
sheep and goat: encephalitis - circling (hindlegs still, front legs moving), salivation, abortion, death
septicaemia in suckling lambs!
cattle: abortion
rabbits: abortion
rodents, rabbits, foxes, birds also susceptile
treatment with penicillin and tetracyclin
zoonotic, causes mastitis
haemlysin!!
silage can be a source, can travel along the nerve
unpasteurized milk!
soil bacteria - survives in pools and puddles
intracellular
can be isolated from the brain stem
Diseases caused by corynebacteria
1) caseous lymphadenitis of sheep and goats - C. pseudotuberculosis
2) oedematous skin disease - C. pseudotuberculosis
3) ulcaerative lymphanngitis of horses - C. pseudotuberculosis
4) pyelonephritis, urethritis and cystitis caused by corynebacteria - C. renale, C. pilosum, C. cystitidis
Caseous lymphadenitis of sheep and goat
C. pseudotuberculosis exotoxin signs in growers above 3-4 months of age and adults can be asymptomatic never seen in suckling lambs abscess formation, abortion, arthritis oedema of the limbs!!!
phospholipase D arthritis wounds- introduction - dipping can be source of infection vaccination can be used onion like pattern LN
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ulcerative lymphangitis of horse
sporadic , rare in europe
C. pseudotuberculosis
lymphangitis, edema on effected legs, weight loss -> death
result of navel infection enters host through wounds consequence of umbilical infection abscess formation purulent inflammation of lymphatic vessels microscopic exam detection symptoms seen in pectoral region, legs, ventral abdomen may evolve during navel infection can be seen in lymphatic vessels chronic disease
contagious bovine pyelonephritis
Corynebacterium renale, C. pilosum, C. cystitidis
sporadic, chronic, typically in adults afer 2nd/3rd calving
slow appearance pyelonephritis, urethritis, cystitis
Morels disease
S. aureus sp. anaerobius
frequent above 1/2 year old - 3 year old sheep, goat
LN - abscesses - fistulas
Virulence factors of Staphylococcus
Extracellular enzymes: coagulase, hyaluronidase, lecitinase
Toxins - haemolysis only on blood agar, leucocidins for damage of RBC, enterotoxin
Protein A - on the surface can bind the Ig of the host from the FC part of the IG
