undertopics p. 143 Flashcards
Avian Metapneumovirus infection aetiology, occurence, age
Paramxyoviridae, Pneumovirinae, Metapneumovirus genus, Avian metapneumovirus
A) Turkey Rhinotracheitis - europe
B) Chicken Rhinotracheitis - europe
C) Duck Rhinotracheitis- america
D) Swollen Head Syndrome
turkey rhinotrracheitis - production decrease and sinusitis - worst at 4-9w of age
chicken - 2 month old chick - egg production, quality worse
swollen head syndrome - ocular edema, sinusitis
duck rhinotracheitis - resp signs, egg production drop
very fast spread, more severe in turkey then hens, wild birds may be reservoir hosts,
Vesicular Stomatitis
Rhabdoviridae , Vesiculovirus, Vesicular Stomatitis Virus
endemic in America also occurs in france and south africa
different arthropods and indirect/direct transmission with benign vesicles on mith, leg, teats in horse cattle, swine, sheep, goat , human
susceptibility increases with age
mild but zoonosis
increased salivation can be generalized vesicles on the hoof low resistance lesions on the teats endemic in america lesions heal within a few weeks
Ephemeral Fever
Rhabdoviridae, Ephemervirus, Bovine Ephimeral Fever Virus
Africa, South East Asia, Australia, Middle East
spread ONLY by mosquitos, (NOT contagious) more severe in high yielding dairy cows with fever and milk production decrease
high morbidity low mortality
especially in tropical countries
2-3 day fever
Rabies Aetiology with genotypes, pathology, shedding, detection
Rabies has 15 genotypes, and has 3 forms: urban, sylvatic and bat
it occurs worldwide
Rhabdoviridae, Lyssavirus, Rabies virus
cytoplasmic inclusion bodies that are negri bodies in the nerve cells
it sheds the virus in the saliva before clinical signs can even appear! (it replicates in the salivary gland)
ELISA is NOT used, IF and PCR
herbivoris = dead end host
not uniform, not resistant, NOO HAEMATOGENIC SPREAD!! only along the nerve cells
cats - furious rabies
humans can get infected through direct contact with bats
cytoplasmic inclusion bodies
aggressiveness is a frequent sign of rabies
humans are not very susceptible
increased sex drive is a frequent sign of rabies
foxes maintain sylvatic cycle in europe
incubation 2-8w
dogs have to be observed for 14 days if they have bitten humans
immunofluorescence detection
urban rabies is maintained by dogs and cats
herbivores are dead end hostspost exposition vaccine
purulent encephalitis in negri bodies
we can use live vaccines in fox rabies
shed in high titre in the saliva
vaccinated with attenuated bait vaccine
may be vaccinated post exposition
changed behaviour as typical signs
live vaccines are used
Rabies clinical forms, way of infection, shedding, incubation, phases
furious rabies: alteration of behavior
silent rabies: paralysis
infection through bite - stays at the site of the infection, replicates and climbs up the nerve cells while there is NO viraemia
shedding happens before clinical signs appear, the incubation can be 2-8 weeks in general, but in humans can be 2 years
Introductory Phase - shyness, anorexia
Excitation Phase - aggressiveness
Paralysis Phase - jaw paralysis, salivation
Transmissible Gastroenteritis of Swine aetiology, age, occurence
Coronaviridae, Alphacoronavirus
occurence worldwide except tropical countries
seasonal (november-april) during farrowing
age dependent clinical signs: newborne up to 10 days - 100% mortality
2-3 weeks old: 20% mortality
older/adults: absent/mild clinical signs: inappetence, weight loss, water diarrhea
TGE: typical sign is vomiting and diarrhea
can replicate in youngs
colostral immunity protects
AB from resp coronavirus protect the pigs against TGE
virus does not reach foetuses
does not cause haemagglutination in vitro
can cause 100% mortality in newborn piglets
pathology is not characteristic
can replicate in the intestine
enzootic form
high morbidity
cross protection between the resp form and this one, but NOT with the haemagglutinating one
spreads rapidly
can cause disease in winter
transmitted with milk
1-3 d incubation period
Porcine Epidemic Diarrea
Coronaviridae, Alphacoronavirus, PEDV 1+2
Type 1: england: feed/fatteners, no clinical signs in sucklings
type 2: USA - all ages, piglets too
very similar to TGE; usually less severe
profuse diarrhea
infects Large intestine, occassional replication in crypts, profuse diarrhea
clinical signs in older animals repilcates in the colon PEDV also in europe resembles TGE occurs in europe but NOT frequent
Haemagglutinating encephalomyelitis coronavirus of pigs
Coronaviridae, Betacoronavirus, PHEV
world wide presence
sporadic occurence
CNS disease, causes vomiting when in n.vagus ganglion
piglets loose weight, dehydration
vomit/wasting few days after birth unable to suck
ontario disease: less then 3 weeks old, loss of appetite
gets to the CNS via the peripheral nerves, infects young pigs,
Coronaviral diarrhea of cattle and dogs
bovine coronavirus - betacoronavirus 1
coronaviridae, betacoronavirus 1, BCoV
calf until 3 weeks: calf diarrhea watery diarrhea
calf and weaner: (2-6 months): respiratory disease, sometimes co ifnection with adeno
adults: winter dysentery november-april (after calving) quick spread, milk production drop, watery then haemorrhagic diarrhea
corona of dogs:
canine enteric coronavirus
canine pantropic coronavirus
canine respiratory coronavirus
bovine coronavirus can cause diarrhea in adult animals
can cause watery diarrhea in calves up to 3 months
the feline coronavirus causes viraemia
clostridium botulinum has a wide host range
yo
Coronavirus in Canine
1) Canine Enteric Coronavirus
Coronaviridae, Alphacoronavirus, CCoV
small intestinal epithel destruction, no fever, diarrhea, healing in 8-10days
loss of appetite, depression, vomit
2) Canine Pantropic Coronavirus: Coronaviridae, Alphacoronavirus, 2a genotype
50-60 day old: typical clinical symptoms with fever, lethargy, inappetence, vomiting
3) Canine Respiratory Coronavirus
Coronaviridae, Betacoronavirus, CRCoV
sometimes asymptomatic, mild respiratory
Diseases of Cats Caused by Coronavirus
1) Feline Infectious Peritonitis
Coronaviridae, Alphacoronavirus, FeCoV
type 3 hypersensitivity: effusive FIP (wet)
type 4 hypersensitivity: non-effusive FIP (dry)
young cat: diarrhea
every cat: weight loss, fever, anorexia
Infectious Bronchitis of chicken
avian coronavirus Coronaviridae, Gammacoronaviridae, IBV worldwide presence below 6 weeks: permanent oviduct damage grower: transient damage layer: transient damage - drop in egg production nephropathogen: nephritis/arthritis NO vertical transmission
Coronaviral enteritis of turkey
Coronaviridae, Gammacoronavirus, TCoV
worldwide presence
more severe in younger animals, no maternal immunity
foamy watery diarrhea
Retroviridae subfamilies and in general
Alpharetrovirus: avian leukosis-sarcoma virus, avian sarcoma,
Betaretrovirus: ovine pulmonary adenomatosis virus, ovine enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma virus
Gammaretrovirus: feline leukosis, feline sarcoma virus, reticuloendotheliosis virus
Deltaretrovirus: enzootic bovine leukosis virus
Epsilonretrovirus: fish tumour viruses
Lentivirus: Maedi-Visna virus, caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus, equine infectious anemia virus, feline immune deficienxcy virus bovine immune deficiency virus
so: alpha-avian beta-ovine gamma-feline delta-bovine epsilon - fish lenti - immunosuppressive, not oncogenic
lifelong carriage carry an integrase enzyme malignant transformation of host cells! enveloped virus with very low resistance they are unstable - genetic changes happen really fast very stenoxen viruses immunosuppression integrate into the genome of the host cells reverse transcriptase: RNA viruses lifelong infection not very resistant causing permanent infection high host specificity carried lifelong transcribe their nucleic acid into dna generally narrow host range converst RNA of retroviruses into DNA shed in infected lymphoid cells proliferation of the lymphoid cells spread with infected lymphocytes incorporate into the genome widely distributed in hungary can replicate without helper retroviruses good antigens own metabolic system
Enzootic Bovine Leukosis
retroviridae, orthoretrovirinae, deltaretrovirus, enzootic bovine leukosis virus
world wide occurence, eradication program in many countries
pretumor phase: no clinical signs
tumor phase: lymphnode enlarged, depression, fatigue, anorexia
Ovine pulmonary adenomatosis
Retroviridae, Ortoretrovirinae, Betaretrovirus, Ovine Pulmonary Adenomatosis Virus
occurence: south africa, wide spread
2-4 year old sheep lots of mucoiid discharge, respiratory signs
2) Enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma of sheep and goat
retroviridae, ortoretrovirinae, betaretrovirus, ovine enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma
disease in sheep and goat, everywhere except AUS and NZ
SLOW spread transmitted with tracheal discharge metastasis is rare has NO ONC GEN no vaccine spreads with nasal discharge replicates in endothelium of airways can be complicated with pasteurella and mannheimia no antibody production!!!!!! so NO ELISA
also called JAAGSIEKTE - all of them are false
The disease has also been called “jaagsiekte”, after the Afrikaans words for “chase” (jaag) and “sickness” (siekte), to describe the respiratory distress observed in an animal out of breath from being chased, indicating the breathing difficulty experienced by infected sheep
Feline leukosis
feline leukosis: retroviridae, ortoviridae, gammaretrovirus, feline leukosis virus
widespread infections in europe and usa
horizontal and vertical spread, all age groups are susceptible most frequent 2-4 year old cats, young cats are more susceptible
more common in catterys; lymphoid leucosis, myeloid leucosis, sarcomatosis
FOCMA antigen for detecion FeLV lifelong infection -> persistent infection can cause immune tolerance horizontal and vertical infection can cause immune tolerance can cause protective immunity anemia! diagnosis with PCR immunosuppressive frequently spread with saliva can cross the placenta spreads by discharge of the infected animals is a defect virus can cross the placenta is spreading by discharge of the infected animals persistently infected cats shed the feline leukosis virus in a high tire spreads by direct contact
Aquired immune deficiency of cats
Retroviridae, Orthoretrovirinae, Lentivirus, Feline immune deficiency virus widespread occurence horizontal and vertical infection immunosupression mainly in cats older then 2 years
replicates in lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages persistent infection widespread can be asymptomatic is spread by excretes develops in 3 phases:
Avian Leukosis
Retroviridae, Orthoretrovirinae, Alpharetrovirus, Avian Leukosis Virus
Forms: Lymphoid leukosis, Erythroblastosis, Myeloblastosis, Fibrosarcoma, haemangioma
vertical and horizontal spread
lymphoid: lesions in animals at 4-5months old are more severe
J subtype: 9 weeks old, meat type parent stick higher diversity, higher virulence, myeloblastoma, haemangioma
j subtype more virulent
diagnosed with cofal antigen detection
lymphoid leukosis most frequent
germinative infection
all are oncogenic
several subgroups
malignant transformation of b lymphocytes can happen
malignant transformation in different tissues
every avian leukosis virus is oncogenic
1-4% of the animals in the flock have tumors
tumors in parenchymal organs
sarcoma infections are very common
congenital transmission results in immune tolerance
Reticuloendotheliosis
Retroviridae, Orthoretroviridae, Gammaretrovirus, Reticuloendotheliosis virus REV-T: oncogen REV-A: helper- immunosuppression horizontal and vertical infection tumors, stomach ulcers, bursa atrophy
germinative infection shed in the faeces stunted growth immunosuppression retardation vaccination isnt used immunotolerant chicken can be hatched found in parenchymal organs may be similar to mareks disease
Maedi Visna
Retroviridae, Orthoretrovirinae, Lentivirus, Maedi-visna virus
worldwide occurence except NZ, Australia
maedi - more frequent, pneumonia disease
visna - less frequent, CNS disease
incubation can take months-years, maedi:3-4 year old dyspnoe
visna: above 2 years old, weakness, ataxia, paralysis, weight loss
Caprine arthritis encephalitis
Retroviridae, Orthoretroviridae, Lentivirus, CAE virus worldwide occurence encephalitis: 2-4months old arthritis: >1 year old resp signs in adults mastitis can cause persistent infection can be transmitted in milk more frequent in dairy gots than in rural breeds kids are recommended to be isolated when in a herd where caprine arthritis encephalitis is present kids can be infected through the milk characterized by CNS in young goats
Equine Infectious Anemia
Retroviridae, Orthoretrovirinae, Lentivirus, EIA virus
worldwide
horses, donkey, mule, zebra susceptible
arthropod infection
acute: fever, depression, tottering, weakness, tiredness deathafet 3-5d
is transmitted with the blood of infected animaks blood sucking arthropods can transmit agar gel diffusion iatrogenic transmission can happen can damage the bone marrow fever is a major clinical signs it can survive for several months in the environment only equidae are susceptible! is a vector borne disease is caused by a lentivurs lifelong carriers can be asymptomatic may cause recurrent fever in horses horseflies are mechanical vectors is a notifiable disease
Borna disease
comes from borna, saxony
occurence: europe, japan, usa
eq, ov, bo, cap, rabbit, cat, human susceptible
reservoir: shrew mouse, rodents
meningoencephalitis, death of the cells of the limbic system - animals die soon when they have symptoms
Proventricular Dilation disease
Bornaviridae, Bornavirus genus, avian bornavirus
worldwide
parrot stocks, canary, wild birds,
alimentary and neurological signs and high lethality
Scrapie
Prion, classical or atypical scrapie
carriage in tonsils and nasal discharge
CAN BE SHED !!!
keeping different age groups increases risk
worldwide occurence except NZ and Australia
1,5 - 5 year old sheep with altered behaviour - CNS signs, itching ataxia, hypermetria
Mink transmissible encephalopathy
occurence: uncommon, in mink stocks
by feeding infective meat
movement disorders, death
bovine spongiforme encephalopathy
europe BSE free status since 2017
classical prion, atypical prion
NO TRANSMISSION FROM ANIMAL TO ANIMAL; NO COW TO CALF
change of behaviour, movement disorders, incubation 3-5 years
Feline spongiform encephalopathy
older cats, mainly ggreat britain, zoo cats, infected food
