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Question 1

Bovine Tuberculosis

Answer 1

Mycobacterium bovis, M. caprae
occurence - worldwide, but some countries are TB free
aerogenic infection,
1-2 year old animals , no typical signs: pulmonary, intestinal, organic tuberculosis, renal tuberculosis, epidydimitis, female genitals
central nervous system
bones, joint
Tuberculosis nodosa: small tubercles, calcification, lesions in lymph nodes

facultative intracellular in the post primary phase of tuberculosis
acid and alcohol fast
ziehl niehlsen
high resistance
mycolic acid in the cell wall and LPS
skin intradermal test - type IV hypersensitivity reaction
waxes and lipids as virulence factos
tubercle = histiocytes + giant cell
infections with M. tuberculosis are frequently asymptomatic
fresh lesions in the early generelisation
highly resistant
have several shared antigens

poor immunity -> mainly exudative lesions
good immunity - mainly proliferative lesions
test is read after 72h
PPD contains tuberculoproteins

Primary Phase
Early Generalization
Post-Primary Phase
Exhaust Phase

Question 2

M. diseases of pigs

Answer 2

M. bovis - ingestion of dairy products, grazing on pasture as cattle
lymph nodes on head and neck - can become fistula

M. avium & atypical mycobacteria
M. avium subsp avium - generalized, productive lesions, facultative pathogenic
lymphadenitis
presdiposing factors

M. tuberculosis
human contact as source of infectoin, pigs and dogs are capable to shed, primary complex in gut, local lesions

Question 3

Fowl tuberculosis

Answer 3

M. avium subsp. avium - hen, phaesant, water fowl
M. tuberculosis: cage birds and parrots
M avium subsp. silvaticum in wild living birds

weight loss, anemia, tubercules in liver, drop in egg production

generalised disease
per os infection
can survive in soil for several months
seen in old birds
not frequent
resistant bacterium
tubercules in liver and spleen
m. tuberculosis can cause signs in some birds
over 1 year of age
tuberculin test unreliable in poultry

Question 4

Paratuberculosis

Answer 4

JOHNES DISEASE
worldwide, mainly large farms 
cattle mainly but sheep, goats, lamas, camels, deer, ruminants also
M. avium subsp paratuberculosis
tuberculoid and lepromatous phase
infected at 0-6months: clinical signs
infected at >6 months: asymptomatic

shed in faeces and milk
in cows above 2 years of age (incubation is 9 months)
NO tuberculi
demonstrated by LST in the early stages of infectio
can be prevented with early vaccination of calves
aerosol infection
SI lesions at PM inspection
early infection in calf age - young are more susceptible however its a chronic disease with diarrhea affecting mainly ruminants aged 2-5 years
proliferative enteritis in small intestines
cattle show more severe lesions than sheep/goat
phospholipase C

Question 5

Actinomyces

Answer 5

gr +
A. bovis, A. hordeovulneris(dog), A. viscous(dog + human), A. israeli (ho)
cattle lumpy jaw - chronic rarefying osetomyelitis, feed intake disorder
swine - udder actinomycosis - fistulation, viscous pus
dog - canine actinomycosis - subcutaneous pyogranuloma, fistulation in skin
extensive fibrovascular proliferation on the pleural surfaces
treatment with surgery, local desinfectants, streptomycin, florfenicol

LUMPY JAW
sulphur granules in the lesions
swine actinomycosis can be caused by actinomyces bovis
fastidious bacteria, found on the mucous membranes
respiratory distress
epiphytes
primary route through wound infection

Question 6

Nocardiosis

Answer 6

gram positive branching filaments
Granulomatous lesions of dogs and cattle - sporadic and worldwide, more frequent in tropical and subtropical regions
lymphadenitis
present
N. asteroides: dog: cutaneous pyelogranulomas, pyothorax; under 1 year of age
cattle: chronic purulent granulomatosis, chronic mastitis; can be infected from soil
antibiotic treatment, mastitis
zoonotic
bovine farcy = chronic infction of lymph nodes and vessesls

Question 7

Rhodococcus Equi

Answer 7

suppurative bronchopneumonia of 1-4 months old foals, abscesses in lungs, granulomatous ulcerative enterocolitis, mesenteric lymphadenitis, arthritis
chronic purulent bronchopneumonia!!

endemic disease
oblidate aerobic
infection by inhalation of dust
purulent bronchopneumonia, fever, rifampicin treatment  + macrolide (clarithromycin)
no vaccine

aseptic arthritis in young foals
especially in the summer time
humans can also get rhodococcus equi
mainly summer
infection from dust
can cause abscesses
EHV2 predisposes
chronic disease 
NOO serous pneumonia - purulent pneumonia!!
ulcerative enteritis
pneumonia with large abscesses
rifampicin and erythromycin for 4-10w

Question 8

Dermatophilosis - Dermatophilus congolensis

Answer 8

world wide, more in tropical and subtropical regions: west and central africa
exudative, pustular dermatitis of ruminants and horses
present on the skin of carrier animals
obligate aerobic
virulence factors: phospholipases, proteases, alkaline ceramidase
cattle, sheep, goat, horse, camel and human susceptible
skin lesions: exudative, pustular dermatitis in younger animals can lead to fever, anorexia and death

heavy rain and wet skin are predisposing
remains viable for several months in the environment
remains viable for several months
serous dermatitis
ONLY on the skin! but can cause fever and death in lambs and calves

Question 9

E. coli antigens and virulence factors

Answer 9

O 
K
F
H antigen
factors: capsule, adhesin, endotoxin - LPS  , exotoxin - enterotoxin, verotoxin, cytotoxic necrosis factor

Question 10

pathogenic e.coli strains

Answer 10

• Enterotoxigenic strains (ETEC) – adhesive factors, enterotoxin
• Verotoxigenic strains (VTEC) – VT1, VT2, VT2e
• Necrotoxic – Cytotoxic necrotic factor producing CNF1 & CNF2 strains (NTEC)
• Enteroinvasive strains – enter into mucous membranes of large intestine → necrosis, diarrhea
• Enteroadhesive-aggregative strains (EAEC)
• Enterohemorrhagic strains (EHEC) – O157-H7
• Septicemic strains

Question 11

Diseases caused by e.coli

Answer 11

• Enteric dis. – Calves (ETEC, VTEC), piglets (ETEC, VTEC, EPEC), rabbits (EPEC), Dogs & cats (ETEC, VTEC, EPEC)
• Septicemic d. – Calves (pigs), Poultry – turkey, chicken, duck
• Urinary tract infection – pigs
• Mastitis – cows and pigs

Question 12

diseases of cattle caused by e.coli

Answer 12

coli septicaemia of calves
coli diarrhea of calves
calf dysentery

Question 13

Coli septicaemia of calves

Answer 13

sporadic but frequent occurence
caused by septicaemic e. coli strains
clinical signs in several day old calves - an acute fatal disease

Question 14

coli diarrhea of calves

Answer 14

widespread occurence
caused by enterotoxigenic e.coli
large scale farms in 2-4 day old calves - yellow stinking diarrhea

Question 15

calf dysentery

Answer 15

sporadic occurence
caused by verotoxigenic e.coli
subclinical infection is common
clinical signs in 2-8 day old calves with chronic diarrhea

Question 16

diarrheal diseases of swine caused by e.coli

Answer 16

coli diarrhea of newborn piglets

coli diarrhea of weaned piglets

Question 17

coli diarrhea of new born piglets

Answer 17

enterotoxigenic e.coli strains 
worldwide in large scale farms
more frequent in litters of first farrowing sows
0-10 days of age
yellow diarrhea, dehydration

Question 18

coli diarrhea of weaned piglets

Answer 18

caused by ETEc strains (enterotoxigenic e.coli)
worldwide occurence in large scale farms
clinical signs appear in 1 or 2 weeks after weaning
watery smelly diarhrea, purple discoloration of areas of the skin

Question 19

edema disease of swine

Answer 19

sporadic, mainly in small farms
verotoxigenic e.coli strange
mainly 1-2 weeks after weaning in rapidly growing pigs
predisoping factors
irreversible damage of endothelial cells and small arteries after enterotoxemia - subcutaenous edema of eyelids, mortality is 100% no subclinical cases
prevention by preventing predisposing factors such as overeating

Question 20

e. coli diseases in poultry

Answer 20

worldwide occurrence
invasive e- coli (avian pathogenic e.coli
horizontal and vertical infectoin
predipsosing factors like management nutrition and overcrowding
replication in gut - aerogenic embryonal or per cutan infection
septicaemia in young, grower/adult or hen -> leads to death
day old chicken: navel inflammation, diarrhea death
growers, adults: septicaemia, arthritis, cellulitis

Question 21

Salmonella Diseases of Swine

Answer 21

Swine typhoid
Swine Paratyphoid
Typhocolitis of swine
asymptomatic carriage of salmonella by swine

Question 22

Swine typhoid

Answer 22

S. typhisuis, only swine are susceptible
nowdays rare, formerly common
obligate pathogen, chronic disease in growing-finishing pigs (above 5-6 weeks of age), good management
oral infection, typhoma in lungs, spleen, liver, kidney (fofal inflammation and necrosis)
chronic and slow disease: underdevelopment, cough, diarrhea

Question 23

Swine Parathyphoid

Answer 23

worldwide occurence, relatively frequent
S. choleraesuis, S. typhimurium, S. derby
facultative pathogen
acute generalized disease in 2-5 months old animals
predisposing factors
high fever, anorexia, cyanosis in acute phase
in chronic phase tenosynovitis and arthritis

tetracyclines

Question 24

Typhocolitis of swine

Answer 24

S. typhimurium and other salmonella serotypes
mainly in growers and finishing pigs
morbidity 100%, mortality 4-5%
yellow watery diarrhea

Question 25

asymptomatic carriage of salmonella by swine

Answer 25

S. typhimurium and S. derby
infection from environment
shedding and contamination at slaughter
usually clinical signs are an exception 
antibiotics does not eliminate it

Question 26

Salmonellosis of Cattle

Answer 26

endemic in calves, sporadic in adults
S. typhimurium, S. dublin, S. newport
S. abortusbovis - sometimes abortions in pregnant cows
2-6 week old calves: acute: gastroenteritis, sometimes bacteraemia
chronic: arthritis, mastitis - lameness
ELISA from serum or milk
vaccination for prevention
eradication by eliminate predisposing factors

Question 27

Salmonellosis of Small Ruminants

Answer 27

Salmonellosis of small ruminants and goats
S. typhimurium, S. Dublin, S. Enteritidis, S. Anatum
Abortion form: S. abortusovis
more frequent in winter - replication and abortion 2-4weeks after septicaemia, intensive shedding during abortion
birth of non-viable lambs - diarrhea, pneumonia, death

Question 28

Salmonellosis of Horses

Answer 28

S. typhimurium, S. agona
foal septicaemia, infection with faeces, acute - fever, colic, death, chronic - arthritis, bursitis

S. abortusequi - Abortion form
in mares in first pregnancy - brought in stable when older mares present
before abortions sometimes asymptomatic
after abortions purulent metritis , arthritis
eliminate predispoing factors, metaphylactic treatment of contact animals

Question 29

Fowl Typhoid

Answer 29

S. gallinarum/S. pullorum
in large scale farms before, but now eradication program so sporadic occurence
in hen, other bird species
double peak curve 3-5th day and 12-15th day, influenced by: first curve - grade of infection, second curve - management and treatment
mass losses in the first 4 weeks
eggs - decreased hatching, death
chicken - omphalitis, white diarrhea (increase production of uric acid)
growers/adult: chronic, atrophy and rupture of ovarian follicles

tetracycline,

Question 30

Fowl Paratyphoid

Answer 30

worldwide, common, management can influence
S: enteritidis, S: typhimurium, S. hadar, S. anatium, S. infantis, S. virchow
0-2weeks, horizontal and vertical
predisposing factors - transport, hygiene, management, coccidiosis
young: septicaemia, purulent conjunctivits
adult: inapparent, decreased egg production
antibiotics: fluoroquinolone

Question 31

Parallergy in tuberculosis

Answer 31

Parallergy
- caused by other bacteria e.g. actinomyces
reacting animals in a herd without reaction history - a lot of positive cases
gives the feeling that the positive reactions are jumping
• large number of reactors
• different reactor animals when examined repeatedly
• reaction for a limited time (6-8 months)
• feed contaminated with soil

Question 32

Praeallergy TB

Answer 32

false negative: the animal is infected, but we read negative in the test
at the beginning of the pathogenesis, in the first 3 weeks after infection when the host still hasnt started an allergic reaction yet

Question 33

Anergy TB

Answer 33

In the exhaust phase of the pathogenesis: the immune system is not able to respond to the tuberculin test, its also negative but we can see the clinical signs!