p. 279 - Flashcards
Brucellosis of sheep and goats caused by brucella melitensis
chronic, asymptomatic, newly inflected flock causes abortion storm
sometimes orchitis and epidydimitis
ENDEMIC in mediterranean areas, some countries in central america, africa, india
obligate pathogenic
main hosts sheep and goat
no clinical signs, sporadic abortions, sexually transmitted
chronic infection - reproduction characteristics decrease with 30-40%
primary way of infection by mating, shed in fetus, milk and semen
inflammatory necrotic foci in the placenta can be seen
self limiting disease
HUMANS ARE HIGHLY SUSCEPTIBLE
intradermal brucellin test
vaccination with modified live vaccine - not in pregnant! abortion
Canine brucellosis
worldwide, sporadic in europe
Caused by brucella canis
dogs and members of wild canidae - zoonosis
infection via oronasal route, through mucous membranes
shedding: bitch - vaginal discharge
male - settle down in prostate and epididymis
no characteristic clinical signs
pregnant bitches - abortion between 45-60 days, reproduction failure, increased neonatal mortality
males - epididymitis, orchitis, prostatitis
removal of infected animal, castration
no vaccine available
Bordetella bronchiseptica
virulence factors: capsule, fimbria, haemagglutination, toxin
in mammals, worldwide occurence
maintained by carrier animals
airborne infection
reversible atrophic rhinitis, bloody, nasal discharge, bronchopneumonia
dog: young - kennel cough - canine infectious tracheobronchitis
cat: sneezing disease
rodents: conjunctivitis
treatment: tetracyclines, quinolones,
vaccines are available
avian bordetellosis, bartonellosis
Bordetella avium - turkey coryza
widespread in major turkey producing regions
virulence factors: capsule, fimbria, cytotoxins
infection in 2-6 week old turkey , highly contagious, high morbitdity low mortality
damage of tracheal cartilage by cytotoxic toxins, sometimes generalisation: dermonecrotoxin
older turkey: dry cough
vaccine available
limited to the respiratory tract
cytotoxins
2-6 week old poults most susceptible
prevented with inactivated vaccine
bartonellosis:
worldwide, asymptomatic
Bartonella hensellae - cat scratch disease
arthropod vectors, self limiting disease
B. bovis - endocarditis
blood smear, PCR, IF
Infectious keratoconjunctivitis of cattle
Moraxella bovis
worldwide, warm climate, summer: animals on pasture with no shade
Moraxella bovies_ cattle, growers <6months old - fimbria, cytotoxin, extra cellular enzymes
Moraxella ovis: young calves (<4m old), sheep (>2m old), fimbria, haemolysin
predisposing factors needed
pathogenesis: limite to the eye (no generalisation) - conjunctivits - cornea - keratitis - heals, sometimes with permanent blindness
Conjunctiva hyperaemia (pink eye)
photophobia, blepharospasm
elimination of predisposing factors, antibiotics local, parenteral
Glanders
gram negative
susceptible: equidae, felidae, dog, camel
Asia, Africa, South America
Burkholderia mallei - Rotzkrankheit
introduction by carrier animals
horse: chronic disease enlarged lymph nods, nodules, ulcers, cough
donkey, mule: acute diease - pneumonia
camel - nasal dischargge, ulcer
cats: infected when eating infected horse meat - pneumonia, granulomas on nose
killing ill and infected animals
regular examinations
humans are susceptible - vets, farmers - fever, depression, pneumonia
THERE ARE NO VACCINES
Meliodosis
Burkholderia pseudomallei
tropical, warm areas - diagnosed in south east asia, sporadic
importation in europe
facultative pathogen
swine, cattle, sheep, goat, human
dont spread from animal to animal - infection with the soil - abscesses in parenchymal organs and the brain
acute: cough dyspnea
chronic: resp signs, dyspnea
treatment - antibiotics
zoonosis - acute septicaemia with fever, depression
antibiotic treatment with large doses, long tretment
Diseases of ruminants caused by campylobacters
Bovine genital campylobacteriosis
Abortion of sheep and goats by campylobacter
Bovine genital campylobacter
worldwide, sporadic, beef cattle
C. fetus sbsp. venerealis affects only bovine
infected bulls maintain, only venereal spread
bull - asymptomatic carriage in prepuce, penis, urethra
cow: ascending infection - purulent infection of vagina, metritis, salpingitis, abortion
treatment with antibiotics - erythromycin, streptomycin
prevention and control with a closed herd, AI with semen of campylobacter free bulls
microaerophilic bacteria
can be diagnosed by staining the stomach content of the fetus
Abortion of sheep and goats caused by Campylobacters
sporadic, widespread, worldwide
C. fetus ssp. fetus, C. jejuni
infection PO , venereal
in most cases male and female are asymptomatic but sometimes cause abortion
they can still shed after antibiotic treatment can still shed
prevention - AI , isolated farrowing
Diseases of birds, dogs, and cats caused by campylobacters
C. jejuni, C. coli, C. lari
thermophilic campylobacters
ruminants: sporadic abortion, mastitis, diarrhea
dogs, cat: dirrhea of young
rodents, rabbits_ slight diarrhea
poultry: widespread asymptomatic carriers
prevent with all in all out, vaccines can reduce rate of carriage
Campylobacter hepatitis of poultry -
widespread, sporadic
C. jejuni, C. hepaticus
only hens - more frequent in backyard poultry
management, physiological, infectious
drop in egg production, diarrhea, recovery
treatment with tetracycline, erythromycin
Zoonosis: c. jejuni/coli - fever, nausea, vomit, diarrhea
c. foetus sp foetus: septicaemia, abortion
Proliferative enteropathies of swine
Lawsonia intracellularis diseases: 1) Intestinal adenomatosis 2) Necrotic Enteritis 3) Regional Ileitis D) Proliferative haemorrhagic enteropathy
worldwide, frequent
Su, Eq, Ov, Dog, Rodents
Swine - acute form 4-12 months old pig - haemorrhagic diarrhea
chronic - 6-20 w old piglets - anorexia
Foals - 4-7 months old - diarrhea, colic, oedema
treatment with macrolides
prevention with vaccine
Spirochaetes general
antigens: elastic membrane, axial filament, cell wall
silver impregnanetion staining, unstained prefered
periplasmis flagella, elatic membrane
low, short survival in the environment, sensitive to pH
Avian spirochaetosis (Borreliosis)
warm climate, tropical, subtropical countries, sporadic in europe
host range: water fowl, hen, turkey, pheasant
B. anserina
blood sucking arthropods, lice, mosquitos, direct infection, iatrogen
infection: blood sucking, eating infected arthropods, cannibalism
acute: fever, anorexia, somnolence
chronic: diarrhea, weight loss
penicillin, streptomycin
control of arthopods, vaccines not used in europe
grouping of spirochaetes
1) Borrelia
2) Brachyspira
3) Treponema
4) Leptospira
Lyme borreliosis
widespread infection clinical form is rare in animals frequent in humans B. burgdorferi, B afzelii, B. garinii all three species present in europe natural hosts are dorents, small mammals, wild living ruminants, birds nesting on the ground vector - tick (ixodes ricinus) dog: inflammation of different joints at different times, chronic polyarthritis horse: arthritis cat: corneal opacity human: erythema, enlargement of LN ruminants: rare No death usually penicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, early treatment is necessary, long treatment
Rabbit syphilis
rabbits and hares worldwide, rare Treponema paraluiscunniculi sexual transmission, indirect infection hyperaemia, oedema, papules, ulcers, myelitis, paralysis penicillin and hay
Swine dysentery
worldwide, widespread, great economic impact
Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, B innocens, B pilosicoli, B intermedia
transmission with faeces
diarrhea, fever, decreased appetite, thirst
stomach - hyperaemic
necrosis of large intestinal
treatment wuth lincomyin, tylosine
antibiotic susceptibility is changing
prevention of introduction, no vaccination
Intestinal spirochaetosis of swine
B. pilosicoli - major genetic differences
Su, Ho, Apes, Eq, Dog, Birds
mild disease in growers and adults, infection from faeces
younger pigs compated to dysentery
infection PO - large intestine - inflammation
watery feces, mucous gray
Avian intestinal spirochaetosis
common in geese, ducks, hens, turkey B. alvinipulli, B. pilosicoli infection from faeces large intestinal inflammation diarrhea, arthritis, drop in egg production macrolide, tiamulin
Leptospirosis general
worldwide occurence, tropical subtropical areas more frequent
21 species 9 pathogenic, 7 saprophytes, 5 intermediates
geographical differences aming the serotypes
infection maintained by carrier/shedder animals
mainting hosts, secondary hosts
young animals more susceptible
old animals: frequently asymptomatic infection
long carriage in the kidney
penicillins, streptomycin, macrolides
spiral/question mark shaped
commonly excreted in urine -> transmitted to humans by swimming in urine contaminated water
severe form: weils disease (whale)
renal dysfunction and jaundice after septiicaemia
equine leptospirosis
worldwide, sporadic clinical L. Pomona, L. Bratislava PO infection foetus: abortion eye: equine recurrent uveitis young foals: fever, jaundice pregnant mare: abortion chronnic: recureent uveitis treatment with penicilin, cephalosporn
MOON BLINDNESS
Canine Leptospirosis
worldwide, more frequent in cities
L. canicola: old dogs, chronic leptospirosis
L. icterohaemorrhagiae: young dogs, acute leptospirosis
risk - hunting dogs, swim in lakes/river
young dogs:(1-2 years) acute - fever, jaundice, vomiting, urine brown
old - chronic: into kidney - ueramia, foal smellng breath, oral ulcers, depression
acute: jaundice, hepatitis, serous nephritis
chronic: interstitial nephritis
vaccination available
uremic dogs cannot be saved
chronic nephritis
ZOONOTIC! flu like fever, headache, then meningitis, vomiting, nephritis
healing with antibiotis, electrolyte, dialysos
leptospiral disease of cattle
worldwide, common, intensive units + pastuere L. Pomona, L. grippotyphosa young animals: more severe od animals: frequent asymptomatic, abort, mastitis calf - fever, anorexia, haemaglobinuria chronic. interstitial nephritis pregnant cow: abortion, stillbirth milking cow: fever, anorexia, mastitis penicillin, streptomycin, tetracyclin
in ovine and caprine: rare, lambs, kids - acute septicaemia, 2-4m of age; adults: aborion, stillbirth, interstitial nephritis
inactivated vaccine!!! (PQ)
Leptospirosis of swine
worldwide, great economic impact, eradication programs
L. pomona, L. Taravossi
swine is the maintaining host, shed in urine, spreads fast in herd
infection: per os, sometimes percutaneous - septicaemia
gilts, adults: asymptomatic flu like fever anorexia,
pregnant sows: decreased litter before 40-45 days of resorption, abortion, sets of fetuses: 40-45 mummification
detection of antibodies: MAT, high titre!
ampicillin, amoxicillin, lincomycin
isolation of age groups, rodent control.
vaccination
eradication by herd replacement and heneration shift
sets of fetuses can be seen
Mycoplasma general
worldwide, widespread, common
large scale farms
great economic impact
cell wall is absent - diversified morphology
gram negative, however no gram staining because cell wall absent
smallest bacteria, low resistance
infection mainly aerogenic, PO, arthropod borne, germinative
clinical signs: MAKPS - mastitis, arthritis, keratitis, pneumonia, septicaemia
treatment: quinolones, macrolides, tiamulin, tetracyclines
Mycoplasma bovis
widespread occurence, great economic impact
M. bovis
mainly young animals, aerogenic infection,
asymptomatic animals introduce, predisposes to secondary disease
involved in BRDC
respiratoy, arthritis, mastitis, abortion, reproduction disorders - metritis, salpingitis
Macrolides, tiamulin
carriers remain
vaccines are still being developed
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
Africa, Asia, sometimes in Europe
M. mycoides subsp. mycoides
narrow host range - cattle, buffalo, bison sheep , goat
virulence variants: african - more virulent, european
agent present only in infected animals
aerogenic infection - lung, replication in bronchioli
marble like lesions of the lung
thrombus formation in blood vessels
bacteraemia
acute: susceptible animals
chronic: more resistant animals - arthritis, edema
incubation: 1-4 months
fevre 41-41.5°C
treatment only in endemic areas
antimycoplasma antibiotics: tiamuline, tylosine
eliminate clinical signs only
Mycoplasma diseases of small ruminants
contagious caprine pleuropneumonia Africa, Middle East, Asia M. capricolum subs. capripneumoniae sheep can carry asymptomatically goats, some wild ruminants susceptible aerogenic infection, direct contact disease is restricted to the lung - dyspnea, cough
Contagious agalactia of goats and sheep Mediterranean, Middle East, S. America Aetiology: M. agalactiae 1st pregnancy ewes are more susceptible MAKPS antibiotics - macrolides, fluoroquinolones vaccination is available
M. ovis disease of sheep
fever, anemia, haemorrhage, spread with infected animals
M capricolum susp capricolum
M mycoides subsp capri
M ovipneumoniae pneumonia
M conjunctivae keratoconjunctivits
Swine mycoplasmosis
Enzootic pneumonia of Swine/Mycoplasma pneumonia of swine
widespread, worldwide
mainly large scale farms
great economic impact
M. hyopneumoniae
ONLY swine is susceptible
damage of respiratory epithelial
aerosol infection: bacteria attach to the respiratory epithelium, alveoli
clinical signs: dry cough, interstitial pneumonia
frequently seen in slaughter house
treatment with tiamulin, macrolides
mass treatment in feed, water
prevention with inactivated vaccine - can prevent clinical signs
1 - SPF
2 - generation shift
M. hyorhinis
widespread, on mucous membreanes, mainly asymptomatic in 3-10 week old piglets
M. hyosynovia
3-4 months old fattening pigs - arthritis
Chronic respiratory disease of poultry (mycoplasmosis)
M. gallisepticum
worldwide, common
horizontal and vertical infection
more frequenr in 3-8 week old early laying season cocks
slow spread within the herd, long presence
eggs: some dead eggs, infected birds will be hatched
growers: serous nasal discharge, sneezing: conjunctivits, sinusitis
layers: weight loss, drop of egg production
treatment : cull seriously ill animals
antibiotic treatment repeatedly with food and water
Infectious synovitis
worldwide, more frequent then M. gallisepticum
M. synoviae
4-16 week old chicken, 10-24 week old turkey
infection PO
blood, bacteremia: joints, muscular bursae
Arthritis, Bursitis
Antibiotics, Vaccination
