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Question 1

Brucellosis of sheep and goats caused by brucella melitensis

Answer 1

chronic, asymptomatic, newly inflected flock causes abortion storm
sometimes orchitis and epidydimitis
ENDEMIC in mediterranean areas, some countries in central america, africa, india
obligate pathogenic
main hosts sheep and goat
no clinical signs, sporadic abortions, sexually transmitted
chronic infection - reproduction characteristics decrease with 30-40%
primary way of infection by mating, shed in fetus, milk and semen
inflammatory necrotic foci in the placenta can be seen
self limiting disease
HUMANS ARE HIGHLY SUSCEPTIBLE
intradermal brucellin test
vaccination with modified live vaccine - not in pregnant! abortion

Question 2

Canine brucellosis

Answer 2

worldwide, sporadic in europe
Caused by brucella canis
dogs and members of wild canidae - zoonosis
infection via oronasal route, through mucous membranes
shedding: bitch - vaginal discharge
male - settle down in prostate and epididymis
no characteristic clinical signs
pregnant bitches - abortion between 45-60 days, reproduction failure, increased neonatal mortality
males - epididymitis, orchitis, prostatitis
removal of infected animal, castration
no vaccine available

Question 3

Bordetella bronchiseptica

Answer 3

virulence factors: capsule, fimbria, haemagglutination, toxin
in mammals, worldwide occurence
maintained by carrier animals
airborne infection
reversible atrophic rhinitis, bloody, nasal discharge, bronchopneumonia
dog: young - kennel cough - canine infectious tracheobronchitis
cat: sneezing disease
rodents: conjunctivitis
treatment: tetracyclines, quinolones,
vaccines are available

Question 4

avian bordetellosis, bartonellosis

Answer 4

Bordetella avium - turkey coryza
widespread in major turkey producing regions
virulence factors: capsule, fimbria, cytotoxins
infection in 2-6 week old turkey , highly contagious, high morbitdity low mortality
damage of tracheal cartilage by cytotoxic toxins, sometimes generalisation: dermonecrotoxin
older turkey: dry cough
vaccine available
limited to the respiratory tract
cytotoxins
2-6 week old poults most susceptible
prevented with inactivated vaccine

bartonellosis:
worldwide, asymptomatic
Bartonella hensellae - cat scratch disease
arthropod vectors, self limiting disease
B. bovis - endocarditis
blood smear, PCR, IF

Question 5

Infectious keratoconjunctivitis of cattle

Answer 5

Moraxella bovis
worldwide, warm climate, summer: animals on pasture with no shade
Moraxella bovies_ cattle, growers <6months old - fimbria, cytotoxin, extra cellular enzymes
Moraxella ovis: young calves (<4m old), sheep (>2m old), fimbria, haemolysin
predisposing factors needed
pathogenesis: limite to the eye (no generalisation) - conjunctivits - cornea - keratitis - heals, sometimes with permanent blindness
Conjunctiva hyperaemia (pink eye)
photophobia, blepharospasm
elimination of predisposing factors, antibiotics local, parenteral

Question 6

Glanders

Answer 6

gram negative
susceptible: equidae, felidae, dog, camel
Asia, Africa, South America
Burkholderia mallei - Rotzkrankheit
introduction by carrier animals
horse: chronic disease enlarged lymph nods, nodules, ulcers, cough
donkey, mule: acute diease - pneumonia
camel - nasal dischargge, ulcer
cats: infected when eating infected horse meat - pneumonia, granulomas on nose
killing ill and infected animals
regular examinations
humans are susceptible - vets, farmers - fever, depression, pneumonia
THERE ARE NO VACCINES

Question 7

Meliodosis

Answer 7

Burkholderia pseudomallei
tropical, warm areas - diagnosed in south east asia, sporadic
importation in europe
facultative pathogen
swine, cattle, sheep, goat, human
dont spread from animal to animal - infection with the soil - abscesses in parenchymal organs and the brain
acute: cough dyspnea
chronic: resp signs, dyspnea
treatment - antibiotics
zoonosis - acute septicaemia with fever, depression
antibiotic treatment with large doses, long tretment

Question 8

Diseases of ruminants caused by campylobacters

Answer 8

Bovine genital campylobacteriosis

Abortion of sheep and goats by campylobacter

Question 9

Bovine genital campylobacter

Answer 9

worldwide, sporadic, beef cattle
C. fetus sbsp. venerealis affects only bovine
infected bulls maintain, only venereal spread
bull - asymptomatic carriage in prepuce, penis, urethra
cow: ascending infection - purulent infection of vagina, metritis, salpingitis, abortion
treatment with antibiotics - erythromycin, streptomycin
prevention and control with a closed herd, AI with semen of campylobacter free bulls

microaerophilic bacteria
can be diagnosed by staining the stomach content of the fetus

Question 10

Abortion of sheep and goats caused by Campylobacters

Answer 10

sporadic, widespread, worldwide
C. fetus ssp. fetus, C. jejuni
infection PO , venereal
in most cases male and female are asymptomatic but sometimes cause abortion
they can still shed after antibiotic treatment can still shed
prevention - AI , isolated farrowing

Question 11

Diseases of birds, dogs, and cats caused by campylobacters

Answer 11

C. jejuni, C. coli, C. lari
thermophilic campylobacters
ruminants: sporadic abortion, mastitis, diarrhea
dogs, cat: dirrhea of young
rodents, rabbits_ slight diarrhea
poultry: widespread asymptomatic carriers
prevent with all in all out, vaccines can reduce rate of carriage

Campylobacter hepatitis of poultry -
widespread, sporadic
C. jejuni, C. hepaticus
only hens - more frequent in backyard poultry
management, physiological, infectious
drop in egg production, diarrhea, recovery
treatment with tetracycline, erythromycin

Zoonosis: c. jejuni/coli - fever, nausea, vomit, diarrhea
c. foetus sp foetus: septicaemia, abortion

Question 12

Proliferative enteropathies of swine

Answer 12

Lawsonia intracellularis
diseases: 1) Intestinal adenomatosis
2) Necrotic Enteritis
3) Regional Ileitis
D) Proliferative haemorrhagic enteropathy

worldwide, frequent
Su, Eq, Ov, Dog, Rodents
Swine - acute form 4-12 months old pig - haemorrhagic diarrhea
chronic - 6-20 w old piglets - anorexia
Foals - 4-7 months old - diarrhea, colic, oedema
treatment with macrolides
prevention with vaccine

Question 13

Spirochaetes general

Answer 13

antigens: elastic membrane, axial filament, cell wall
silver impregnanetion staining, unstained prefered
periplasmis flagella, elatic membrane
low, short survival in the environment, sensitive to pH

Question 14

Avian spirochaetosis (Borreliosis)

Answer 14

warm climate, tropical, subtropical countries, sporadic in europe
host range: water fowl, hen, turkey, pheasant
B. anserina
blood sucking arthropods, lice, mosquitos, direct infection, iatrogen
infection: blood sucking, eating infected arthropods, cannibalism
acute: fever, anorexia, somnolence
chronic: diarrhea, weight loss
penicillin, streptomycin
control of arthopods, vaccines not used in europe

Question 15

grouping of spirochaetes

Answer 15

1) Borrelia
2) Brachyspira
3) Treponema
4) Leptospira

Question 16

Lyme borreliosis

Answer 16

widespread infection
clinical form is rare in animals
frequent in humans
B. burgdorferi, B afzelii, B. garinii
all three species present in europe
natural hosts are dorents, small mammals, wild living ruminants, birds nesting on the ground
vector - tick (ixodes ricinus) 
dog: inflammation of different joints at different times, chronic polyarthritis
horse: arthritis
cat: corneal opacity
human: erythema, enlargement of LN
ruminants: rare
No death usually
penicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, early treatment is necessary, long treatment

Question 17

Rabbit syphilis

Answer 17

rabbits and hares
worldwide, rare
Treponema paraluiscunniculi
sexual transmission, indirect infection
hyperaemia, oedema, papules, ulcers, myelitis, paralysis
penicillin and hay

Question 18

Swine dysentery

Answer 18

worldwide, widespread, great economic impact
Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, B innocens, B pilosicoli, B intermedia
transmission with faeces
diarrhea, fever, decreased appetite, thirst
stomach - hyperaemic
necrosis of large intestinal
treatment wuth lincomyin, tylosine
antibiotic susceptibility is changing
prevention of introduction, no vaccination

Question 19

Intestinal spirochaetosis of swine

Answer 19

B. pilosicoli - major genetic differences
Su, Ho, Apes, Eq, Dog, Birds
mild disease in growers and adults, infection from faeces
younger pigs compated to dysentery
infection PO - large intestine - inflammation
watery feces, mucous gray

Question 20

Avian intestinal spirochaetosis

Answer 20

common in geese, ducks, hens, turkey
B. alvinipulli, B. pilosicoli
infection from faeces
large intestinal inflammation
diarrhea, arthritis, drop in egg production
macrolide, tiamulin

Question 21

Leptospirosis general

Answer 21

worldwide occurence, tropical subtropical areas more frequent
21 species 9 pathogenic, 7 saprophytes, 5 intermediates
geographical differences aming the serotypes
infection maintained by carrier/shedder animals
mainting hosts, secondary hosts
young animals more susceptible
old animals: frequently asymptomatic infection
long carriage in the kidney
penicillins, streptomycin, macrolides

spiral/question mark shaped
commonly excreted in urine -> transmitted to humans by swimming in urine contaminated water
severe form: weils disease (whale)
renal dysfunction and jaundice after septiicaemia

Question 22

equine leptospirosis

Answer 22

worldwide, sporadic clinical
L. Pomona, L. Bratislava
PO infection
foetus: abortion eye: equine recurrent uveitis
young foals: fever, jaundice
pregnant mare: abortion
chronnic: recureent uveitis
treatment with penicilin, cephalosporn

MOON BLINDNESS

Question 23

Canine Leptospirosis

Answer 23

worldwide, more frequent in cities
L. canicola: old dogs, chronic leptospirosis
L. icterohaemorrhagiae: young dogs, acute leptospirosis
risk - hunting dogs, swim in lakes/river
young dogs:(1-2 years) acute - fever, jaundice, vomiting, urine brown
old - chronic: into kidney - ueramia, foal smellng breath, oral ulcers, depression
acute: jaundice, hepatitis, serous nephritis
chronic: interstitial nephritis
vaccination available
uremic dogs cannot be saved

chronic nephritis

ZOONOTIC! flu like fever, headache, then meningitis, vomiting, nephritis
healing with antibiotis, electrolyte, dialysos

Question 24

leptospiral disease of cattle

Answer 24

worldwide, common, intensive units + pastuere
L. Pomona, L. grippotyphosa
young animals: more severe
od animals: frequent asymptomatic, abort, mastitis
calf - fever, anorexia, haemaglobinuria
chronic. interstitial nephritis
pregnant cow: abortion, stillbirth
milking cow: fever, anorexia, mastitis
penicillin, streptomycin, tetracyclin

in ovine and caprine: rare, lambs, kids - acute septicaemia, 2-4m of age; adults: aborion, stillbirth, interstitial nephritis

inactivated vaccine!!! (PQ)

Question 25

Leptospirosis of swine

Answer 25

worldwide, great economic impact, eradication programs
L. pomona, L. Taravossi
swine is the maintaining host, shed in urine, spreads fast in herd
infection: per os, sometimes percutaneous - septicaemia
gilts, adults: asymptomatic flu like fever anorexia,
pregnant sows: decreased litter before 40-45 days of resorption, abortion, sets of fetuses: 40-45 mummification
detection of antibodies: MAT, high titre!
ampicillin, amoxicillin, lincomycin
isolation of age groups, rodent control.
vaccination
eradication by herd replacement and heneration shift

sets of fetuses can be seen

Question 26

Mycoplasma general

Answer 26

worldwide, widespread, common
large scale farms
great economic impact
cell wall is absent - diversified morphology
gram negative, however no gram staining because cell wall absent
smallest bacteria, low resistance
infection mainly aerogenic, PO, arthropod borne, germinative
clinical signs: MAKPS - mastitis, arthritis, keratitis, pneumonia, septicaemia
treatment: quinolones, macrolides, tiamulin, tetracyclines

Question 27

Mycoplasma bovis

Answer 27

widespread occurence, great economic impact
M. bovis
mainly young animals, aerogenic infection,
asymptomatic animals introduce, predisposes to secondary disease
involved in BRDC
respiratoy, arthritis, mastitis, abortion, reproduction disorders - metritis, salpingitis
Macrolides, tiamulin
carriers remain
vaccines are still being developed

Question 28

Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia

Answer 28

Africa, Asia, sometimes in Europe
M. mycoides subsp. mycoides
narrow host range - cattle, buffalo, bison sheep , goat
virulence variants: african - more virulent, european
agent present only in infected animals
aerogenic infection - lung, replication in bronchioli
marble like lesions of the lung
thrombus formation in blood vessels
bacteraemia
acute: susceptible animals
chronic: more resistant animals - arthritis, edema
incubation: 1-4 months
fevre 41-41.5°C
treatment only in endemic areas
antimycoplasma antibiotics: tiamuline, tylosine
eliminate clinical signs only

Question 29

Mycoplasma diseases of small ruminants

Answer 29

contagious caprine pleuropneumonia
Africa, Middle East, Asia
M. capricolum subs. capripneumoniae
sheep can carry asymptomatically
goats, some wild ruminants susceptible
aerogenic infection, direct contact
disease is restricted to the lung - dyspnea, cough

Contagious agalactia of goats and sheep
Mediterranean, Middle East, S. America
Aetiology: M. agalactiae
1st pregnancy ewes are more susceptible
MAKPS
antibiotics - macrolides, fluoroquinolones
vaccination is available

M. ovis disease of sheep
fever, anemia, haemorrhage, spread with infected animals

M capricolum susp capricolum
M mycoides subsp capri
M ovipneumoniae pneumonia
M conjunctivae keratoconjunctivits

Question 30

Swine mycoplasmosis

Answer 30

Enzootic pneumonia of Swine/Mycoplasma pneumonia of swine
widespread, worldwide
mainly large scale farms
great economic impact
M. hyopneumoniae
ONLY swine is susceptible
damage of respiratory epithelial
aerosol infection: bacteria attach to the respiratory epithelium, alveoli
clinical signs: dry cough, interstitial pneumonia
frequently seen in slaughter house
treatment with tiamulin, macrolides
mass treatment in feed, water
prevention with inactivated vaccine - can prevent clinical signs

1 - SPF
2 - generation shift

M. hyorhinis
widespread, on mucous membreanes, mainly asymptomatic in 3-10 week old piglets
M. hyosynovia
3-4 months old fattening pigs - arthritis

Question 31

Chronic respiratory disease of poultry (mycoplasmosis)

Answer 31

M. gallisepticum
worldwide, common
horizontal and vertical infection
more frequenr in 3-8 week old early laying season cocks
slow spread within the herd, long presence
eggs: some dead eggs, infected birds will be hatched
growers: serous nasal discharge, sneezing: conjunctivits, sinusitis
layers: weight loss, drop of egg production
treatment : cull seriously ill animals
antibiotic treatment repeatedly with food and water

Question 32

Infectious synovitis

Answer 32

worldwide, more frequent then M. gallisepticum
M. synoviae
4-16 week old chicken, 10-24 week old turkey
infection PO
blood, bacteremia: joints, muscular bursae
Arthritis, Bursitis
Antibiotics, Vaccination