p. 279 - Flashcards

1
Q

Brucellosis of sheep and goats caused by brucella melitensis

A

chronic, asymptomatic, newly inflected flock causes abortion storm
sometimes orchitis and epidydimitis
ENDEMIC in mediterranean areas, some countries in central america, africa, india
obligate pathogenic
main hosts sheep and goat
no clinical signs, sporadic abortions, sexually transmitted
chronic infection - reproduction characteristics decrease with 30-40%
primary way of infection by mating, shed in fetus, milk and semen
inflammatory necrotic foci in the placenta can be seen
self limiting disease
HUMANS ARE HIGHLY SUSCEPTIBLE
intradermal brucellin test
vaccination with modified live vaccine - not in pregnant! abortion

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2
Q

Canine brucellosis

A

worldwide, sporadic in europe
Caused by brucella canis
dogs and members of wild canidae - zoonosis
infection via oronasal route, through mucous membranes
shedding: bitch - vaginal discharge
male - settle down in prostate and epididymis
no characteristic clinical signs
pregnant bitches - abortion between 45-60 days, reproduction failure, increased neonatal mortality
males - epididymitis, orchitis, prostatitis
removal of infected animal, castration
no vaccine available

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3
Q

Bordetella bronchiseptica

A

virulence factors: capsule, fimbria, haemagglutination, toxin
in mammals, worldwide occurence
maintained by carrier animals
airborne infection
reversible atrophic rhinitis, bloody, nasal discharge, bronchopneumonia
dog: young - kennel cough - canine infectious tracheobronchitis
cat: sneezing disease
rodents: conjunctivitis
treatment: tetracyclines, quinolones,
vaccines are available

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4
Q

avian bordetellosis, bartonellosis

A

Bordetella avium - turkey coryza
widespread in major turkey producing regions
virulence factors: capsule, fimbria, cytotoxins
infection in 2-6 week old turkey , highly contagious, high morbitdity low mortality
damage of tracheal cartilage by cytotoxic toxins, sometimes generalisation: dermonecrotoxin
older turkey: dry cough
vaccine available
limited to the respiratory tract
cytotoxins
2-6 week old poults most susceptible
prevented with inactivated vaccine

bartonellosis:
worldwide, asymptomatic
Bartonella hensellae - cat scratch disease
arthropod vectors, self limiting disease
B. bovis - endocarditis
blood smear, PCR, IF

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5
Q

Infectious keratoconjunctivitis of cattle

A

Moraxella bovis
worldwide, warm climate, summer: animals on pasture with no shade
Moraxella bovies_ cattle, growers <6months old - fimbria, cytotoxin, extra cellular enzymes
Moraxella ovis: young calves (<4m old), sheep (>2m old), fimbria, haemolysin
predisposing factors needed
pathogenesis: limite to the eye (no generalisation) - conjunctivits - cornea - keratitis - heals, sometimes with permanent blindness
Conjunctiva hyperaemia (pink eye)
photophobia, blepharospasm
elimination of predisposing factors, antibiotics local, parenteral

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6
Q

Glanders

A

gram negative
susceptible: equidae, felidae, dog, camel
Asia, Africa, South America
Burkholderia mallei - Rotzkrankheit
introduction by carrier animals
horse: chronic disease enlarged lymph nods, nodules, ulcers, cough
donkey, mule: acute diease - pneumonia
camel - nasal dischargge, ulcer
cats: infected when eating infected horse meat - pneumonia, granulomas on nose
killing ill and infected animals
regular examinations
humans are susceptible - vets, farmers - fever, depression, pneumonia
THERE ARE NO VACCINES

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7
Q

Meliodosis

A

Burkholderia pseudomallei
tropical, warm areas - diagnosed in south east asia, sporadic
importation in europe
facultative pathogen
swine, cattle, sheep, goat, human
dont spread from animal to animal - infection with the soil - abscesses in parenchymal organs and the brain
acute: cough dyspnea
chronic: resp signs, dyspnea
treatment - antibiotics
zoonosis - acute septicaemia with fever, depression
antibiotic treatment with large doses, long tretment

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8
Q

Diseases of ruminants caused by campylobacters

A

Bovine genital campylobacteriosis

Abortion of sheep and goats by campylobacter

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9
Q

Bovine genital campylobacter

A

worldwide, sporadic, beef cattle
C. fetus sbsp. venerealis affects only bovine
infected bulls maintain, only venereal spread
bull - asymptomatic carriage in prepuce, penis, urethra
cow: ascending infection - purulent infection of vagina, metritis, salpingitis, abortion
treatment with antibiotics - erythromycin, streptomycin
prevention and control with a closed herd, AI with semen of campylobacter free bulls

microaerophilic bacteria
can be diagnosed by staining the stomach content of the fetus

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10
Q

Abortion of sheep and goats caused by Campylobacters

A

sporadic, widespread, worldwide
C. fetus ssp. fetus, C. jejuni
infection PO , venereal
in most cases male and female are asymptomatic but sometimes cause abortion
they can still shed after antibiotic treatment can still shed
prevention - AI , isolated farrowing

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11
Q

Diseases of birds, dogs, and cats caused by campylobacters

A

C. jejuni, C. coli, C. lari
thermophilic campylobacters
ruminants: sporadic abortion, mastitis, diarrhea
dogs, cat: dirrhea of young
rodents, rabbits_ slight diarrhea
poultry: widespread asymptomatic carriers
prevent with all in all out, vaccines can reduce rate of carriage

Campylobacter hepatitis of poultry -
widespread, sporadic
C. jejuni, C. hepaticus
only hens - more frequent in backyard poultry
management, physiological, infectious
drop in egg production, diarrhea, recovery
treatment with tetracycline, erythromycin

Zoonosis: c. jejuni/coli - fever, nausea, vomit, diarrhea
c. foetus sp foetus: septicaemia, abortion

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12
Q

Proliferative enteropathies of swine

A
Lawsonia intracellularis
diseases: 1) Intestinal adenomatosis
2) Necrotic Enteritis
3) Regional Ileitis
D) Proliferative haemorrhagic enteropathy

worldwide, frequent
Su, Eq, Ov, Dog, Rodents
Swine - acute form 4-12 months old pig - haemorrhagic diarrhea
chronic - 6-20 w old piglets - anorexia
Foals - 4-7 months old - diarrhea, colic, oedema
treatment with macrolides
prevention with vaccine

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13
Q

Spirochaetes general

A

antigens: elastic membrane, axial filament, cell wall
silver impregnanetion staining, unstained prefered
periplasmis flagella, elatic membrane
low, short survival in the environment, sensitive to pH

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14
Q

Avian spirochaetosis (Borreliosis)

A

warm climate, tropical, subtropical countries, sporadic in europe
host range: water fowl, hen, turkey, pheasant
B. anserina
blood sucking arthropods, lice, mosquitos, direct infection, iatrogen
infection: blood sucking, eating infected arthropods, cannibalism
acute: fever, anorexia, somnolence
chronic: diarrhea, weight loss
penicillin, streptomycin
control of arthopods, vaccines not used in europe

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15
Q

grouping of spirochaetes

A

1) Borrelia
2) Brachyspira
3) Treponema
4) Leptospira

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16
Q

Lyme borreliosis

A
widespread infection
clinical form is rare in animals
frequent in humans
B. burgdorferi, B afzelii, B. garinii
all three species present in europe
natural hosts are dorents, small mammals, wild living ruminants, birds nesting on the ground
vector - tick (ixodes ricinus) 
dog: inflammation of different joints at different times, chronic polyarthritis
horse: arthritis
cat: corneal opacity
human: erythema, enlargement of LN
ruminants: rare
No death usually
penicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, early treatment is necessary, long treatment
17
Q

Rabbit syphilis

A
rabbits and hares
worldwide, rare
Treponema paraluiscunniculi
sexual transmission, indirect infection
hyperaemia, oedema, papules, ulcers, myelitis, paralysis
penicillin and hay
18
Q

Swine dysentery

A

worldwide, widespread, great economic impact
Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, B innocens, B pilosicoli, B intermedia
transmission with faeces
diarrhea, fever, decreased appetite, thirst
stomach - hyperaemic
necrosis of large intestinal
treatment wuth lincomyin, tylosine
antibiotic susceptibility is changing
prevention of introduction, no vaccination

19
Q

Intestinal spirochaetosis of swine

A

B. pilosicoli - major genetic differences
Su, Ho, Apes, Eq, Dog, Birds
mild disease in growers and adults, infection from faeces
younger pigs compated to dysentery
infection PO - large intestine - inflammation
watery feces, mucous gray

20
Q

Avian intestinal spirochaetosis

A
common in geese, ducks, hens, turkey
B. alvinipulli, B. pilosicoli
infection from faeces
large intestinal inflammation
diarrhea, arthritis, drop in egg production
macrolide, tiamulin
21
Q

Leptospirosis general

A

worldwide occurence, tropical subtropical areas more frequent
21 species 9 pathogenic, 7 saprophytes, 5 intermediates
geographical differences aming the serotypes
infection maintained by carrier/shedder animals
mainting hosts, secondary hosts
young animals more susceptible
old animals: frequently asymptomatic infection
long carriage in the kidney
penicillins, streptomycin, macrolides

spiral/question mark shaped
commonly excreted in urine -> transmitted to humans by swimming in urine contaminated water
severe form: weils disease (whale)
renal dysfunction and jaundice after septiicaemia

22
Q

equine leptospirosis

A
worldwide, sporadic clinical
L. Pomona, L. Bratislava
PO infection
foetus: abortion eye: equine recurrent uveitis
young foals: fever, jaundice
pregnant mare: abortion
chronnic: recureent uveitis
treatment with penicilin, cephalosporn

MOON BLINDNESS

23
Q

Canine Leptospirosis

A

worldwide, more frequent in cities
L. canicola: old dogs, chronic leptospirosis
L. icterohaemorrhagiae: young dogs, acute leptospirosis
risk - hunting dogs, swim in lakes/river
young dogs:(1-2 years) acute - fever, jaundice, vomiting, urine brown
old - chronic: into kidney - ueramia, foal smellng breath, oral ulcers, depression
acute: jaundice, hepatitis, serous nephritis
chronic: interstitial nephritis
vaccination available
uremic dogs cannot be saved

chronic nephritis

ZOONOTIC! flu like fever, headache, then meningitis, vomiting, nephritis
healing with antibiotis, electrolyte, dialysos

24
Q

leptospiral disease of cattle

A
worldwide, common, intensive units + pastuere
L. Pomona, L. grippotyphosa
young animals: more severe
od animals: frequent asymptomatic, abort, mastitis
calf - fever, anorexia, haemaglobinuria
chronic. interstitial nephritis
pregnant cow: abortion, stillbirth
milking cow: fever, anorexia, mastitis
penicillin, streptomycin, tetracyclin

in ovine and caprine: rare, lambs, kids - acute septicaemia, 2-4m of age; adults: aborion, stillbirth, interstitial nephritis

inactivated vaccine!!! (PQ)

25
Leptospirosis of swine
worldwide, great economic impact, eradication programs L. pomona, L. Taravossi swine is the maintaining host, shed in urine, spreads fast in herd infection: per os, sometimes percutaneous - septicaemia gilts, adults: asymptomatic flu like fever anorexia, pregnant sows: decreased litter before 40-45 days of resorption, abortion, sets of fetuses: 40-45 mummification detection of antibodies: MAT, high titre! ampicillin, amoxicillin, lincomycin isolation of age groups, rodent control. vaccination eradication by herd replacement and heneration shift sets of fetuses can be seen
26
Mycoplasma general
worldwide, widespread, common large scale farms great economic impact cell wall is absent - diversified morphology gram negative, however no gram staining because cell wall absent smallest bacteria, low resistance infection mainly aerogenic, PO, arthropod borne, germinative clinical signs: MAKPS - mastitis, arthritis, keratitis, pneumonia, septicaemia treatment: quinolones, macrolides, tiamulin, tetracyclines
27
Mycoplasma bovis
widespread occurence, great economic impact M. bovis mainly young animals, aerogenic infection, asymptomatic animals introduce, predisposes to secondary disease involved in BRDC respiratoy, arthritis, mastitis, abortion, reproduction disorders - metritis, salpingitis Macrolides, tiamulin carriers remain vaccines are still being developed
28
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
Africa, Asia, sometimes in Europe M. mycoides subsp. mycoides narrow host range - cattle, buffalo, bison sheep , goat virulence variants: african - more virulent, european agent present only in infected animals aerogenic infection - lung, replication in bronchioli marble like lesions of the lung thrombus formation in blood vessels bacteraemia acute: susceptible animals chronic: more resistant animals - arthritis, edema incubation: 1-4 months fevre 41-41.5°C treatment only in endemic areas antimycoplasma antibiotics: tiamuline, tylosine eliminate clinical signs only
29
Mycoplasma diseases of small ruminants
``` contagious caprine pleuropneumonia Africa, Middle East, Asia M. capricolum subs. capripneumoniae sheep can carry asymptomatically goats, some wild ruminants susceptible aerogenic infection, direct contact disease is restricted to the lung - dyspnea, cough ``` ``` Contagious agalactia of goats and sheep Mediterranean, Middle East, S. America Aetiology: M. agalactiae 1st pregnancy ewes are more susceptible MAKPS antibiotics - macrolides, fluoroquinolones vaccination is available ``` M. ovis disease of sheep fever, anemia, haemorrhage, spread with infected animals M capricolum susp capricolum M mycoides subsp capri M ovipneumoniae pneumonia M conjunctivae keratoconjunctivits
30
Swine mycoplasmosis
Enzootic pneumonia of Swine/Mycoplasma pneumonia of swine widespread, worldwide mainly large scale farms great economic impact M. hyopneumoniae ONLY swine is susceptible damage of respiratory epithelial aerosol infection: bacteria attach to the respiratory epithelium, alveoli clinical signs: dry cough, interstitial pneumonia frequently seen in slaughter house treatment with tiamulin, macrolides mass treatment in feed, water prevention with inactivated vaccine - can prevent clinical signs 1 - SPF 2 - generation shift M. hyorhinis widespread, on mucous membreanes, mainly asymptomatic in 3-10 week old piglets M. hyosynovia 3-4 months old fattening pigs - arthritis
31
Chronic respiratory disease of poultry (mycoplasmosis)
M. gallisepticum worldwide, common horizontal and vertical infection more frequenr in 3-8 week old early laying season cocks slow spread within the herd, long presence eggs: some dead eggs, infected birds will be hatched growers: serous nasal discharge, sneezing: conjunctivits, sinusitis layers: weight loss, drop of egg production treatment : cull seriously ill animals antibiotic treatment repeatedly with food and water
32
Infectious synovitis
worldwide, more frequent then M. gallisepticum M. synoviae 4-16 week old chicken, 10-24 week old turkey infection PO blood, bacteremia: joints, muscular bursae Arthritis, Bursitis Antibiotics, Vaccination