Uk Urban Policy Since 1979 Cardiff Bay

Question 1

Urban regeneration

Answer 1

A program of land redevelopment in inner city areas designed to improve the physical, economic and social characteristic of the area.

Question 2

Property led regeneration

Answer 2

Involves the regeneration of an inner city area by changing the image of the area, improving the environment, attracting private investment and improving confidence for further investment.
. Involves tackling the physical, social, economic and environmental fabric of an area
. Most of this property led regeneration was carried out by urban development corporations

Question 3

Urban development corporations

Answer 3

. Set up in the 1980s and 1990s taking responsibility for the regeneration of inner city areas
. Given planning powers over the local authority and were encouraged to spend public money
. Private investment was 4-5 times greater than the public money invensted
. UDCs were set up and accounted for 40% of all urban regeneration expenditure
. Have built 35,000 houses and created 190,000 jobs

Question 4

Cardiff bay background

Answer 4

. In the 1980s the bay suffered from deindustrialisation and the decline of the Welsh coal industry - much exported through Cardiff docks
. The closureof East Moors steel works which had provided large nubers of well paid jobs were there are few
. It became a neglected wasteland and derelict
. Population suffered from social exclusion and above average levls of unemployment

Question 5

Aim of regeneration

Answer 5

. To put Cardiff on the international map
. To reunite the city centre with the waterfront
. Create more jobs

Question 6

Why did Cardiff need an urban development corporation?

Answer 6

. Global demand for coal decreased and docks declined
. Areas had no use after decline
. High unemployment, people left the area
. Ethnic minorities migrated inwards
. Crime rates incraesed

Question 7

Cardiff bay development corporation

Answer 7

. Responsible for the spending of £2.4 billion total
. Corporation han an annual budget of £40m from central government on condition that a further £160m was attracted from other sources

Question 8

The barrage

Answer 8

. Part of the regeneration
. Cost £220 mill
. Purpose - to create a permanent freshwater lake frontage for hotels, bars, restaurants and new apartments

Question 9

Success

Answer 9

. Has put Cardiff on the map, attracted 2 million tourists per year
. 17,000 jobs created
. More accessible to rest of the city
. Over 5000 new homes created
. Attracted new investment such as Dr Who museum

Question 10

Issues

Answer 10

. Area may have been overdeveloped
. Contains hundreds of empty flats proving difficult to sell or rent
. Houses are too expensive
. Over £400 million of public money used
. Many of the businesses have merely moved from other parts of teh city having a negative impact on where they left
. Jobs created are the wrong sort i.e. service sector not manufacturing
. Social projects only accounted for 2% of total spending
. Locals resent the development and feel socially excluded

Question 11

Positive social impacts

Answer 11

. Preservations of crafts

. Provision of community facilities

Question 12

Negative social imoacts

Answer 12

. Conflicts with the host community
. Crime
. Loss of cultural identity
. Social problems

Question 13

Positive economic impacts

Answer 13

. Increased Income
. Increased Employment
. Improved Infrastructure
. Multiplier Effect

Question 14

Negative economic impacts

Answer 14

. Increased living costs
. Decline of traditional employment opportunities
. Seasonality of employment
. Increased taxes
. Leakages

Question 15

Positive environmental impacts

Answer 15

. Improved assets
. Landscaping
. Conservation
. Regeneration
. Building regulations

Question 16

Negative environmental impacts

Answer 16

. Traffic congestion
. Pollution of air, water; litter and noise
. Destruction of natural wildlife systems and breeding patterns