New Urban Landscapes

Question 1

Gentrification

Answer 1

. Individuals purchase and renovate run down property/industrial space to make it more valuable and appealing
. Can end up pricing long term locals on low incomes out of the marker
. Desierable as it reduces commuting time as new residents will be living in the heart of the urban area

Question 2

Town centre mixed development

Answer 2

• Should help to prevent/address CBD decline
• Occurring due to stricter control placed on out of town development
• Many cities are encouraging the development of other functions than retail to increase the attraction of the city centre g.Thinktank in Birmingham
• Street entertainment in Covent Garden
• Nightlife- Broad Street
• Constructing new offices, apartments- Mailbox/Rotunda and conference centres- ICC Birmingham, The Cube

Question 3

Development of cultural and heritage quarters

Answer 3

• A prerequisite for a cultural quarter is the presence of cultural production (making objects, goods, products) or consumption (galleries, shows etc.) eg. Sheffield Cultural Industries Ouarter
• Heritage quarters focus on the history of the area based around small-scale industries eg. Jewellery Quarter Birmingham
• These areas make use of long term associations with certain (hings (e.g. redevelopment of Gloucester docks)

Question 4

Fortress landscapes

Answer 4

• Landscapes designed for security, which can involve deliberate segregation of people to keep others safe
Includes:
• CCTV
• Railings and fencing around private spaces
• Mosquito alarms- which emit a high-pitched sound only heard by young people, to discourage loitering around buildings
• Street lighting
• Speed bumps

Question 5

Edge cities

Answer 5

• Self contained settlements which have emerged beyond the original city boundary and developed into cities in their own right
• Happen because of urban sprawl
• LA is a classic example
• Usually develop close to major roads or airports
• Have heen linked to extreme social segregation - white flight

Question 6

Gentrification gone wrong

Answer 6

. Grenfell Towers
. On 14th June 2017 the Grenfell tower apartment building in Kensington London experienced a devastating fire
. Over 80 people were killed and hundreds left homeless
. Reports focussed on the buildings recent gentrification especially its non fire retardant claddig

Question 7

Changes in the city centre and mixed development

Answer 7

. Mixed use development such as residential, commercial, industrial - all interconnected physically and functionally
. Decline in last 30 years due to decentralisation, high parking costs, congestion
. Should help prevent the decline
. Entertainment, leisure facility, attractions, new offices, providing residential areas
. Cons - high level of policy needed
. E.g. Longbridge Village

Question 8

Changes in the city centre, cultural and heritage quarters

Answer 8

. Model for urban regeneration of declinning inner urban areas
. Focus more in the history of the area based around small scale industies
. Encourages growth and revitalises the local economy in arts
. Improves a places perception
. Areas with a national reputation attracts vistitors from further away
. E.g. Birmingham Jewllery Quarter
. E.g. Cardiff Bay

Question 9

Gentrified areas

Answer 9

. Form of inner city regeneration
. Movement of affluent into run down area
. Local servies upgraded
. Carried out by individuals rather than companies
. Property prices increase and locals can be priced out
. Increased local tax income for local authority
. Greater employment opportunities e.g. building
. Higher car ownership - more congestion
. Nottinghill
. Islington - super gentrification

Question 10

Fortres Landscapes (A3 Sheet)

Answer 10

. Considering the needs of defensive spaces
. Planned and physical use of space creates strong boundaries
. Does not encourage social mixing
. Landscapes designed with security, protection + surveillance
. Greater use of CCTV, railings + fences, steet lighting, speed bumps, mosquito alarms (only heard by young people)
. Burglary reduced by 75%
. Crime rates are reduced
. People feel safer
. Measures can be seen as threatening
. Anti homeless due to spikes
. Alienates outsiders
. South Africa - Oscar P shot his girlfriend in a gated community

Question 11

Edge Cities (A3 Sheet)

Answer 11

. Mixed offices, residential and leisure spaces
. Located in outer suburbs near main roads
. Self contained settlements which have emerged beyond the original city
. Result of urban sprawl
. Lack a clear structure
. Shorter commute, affordable housinh
. Extreme social segregation
. E.g. Bunkers Hill to the East of London