Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Food Animal Medicine > Udder Health > Flashcards

Udder Health Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Gourmet Food flashcards
1
Q

Can bacteria spread through the udder quarters?

A
  • NO
  • Bacteria must enter through the streak canal of each quarter
    • Exception - Mycoplasma organisms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is required for mastitis to occur?

A
  • Bacteria
  • Either Animal susceptibility or Environmental/management issues
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the common pathogens that cause mastitis?

A
  • Contagious
    • Staph aureus
    • Mycoplasma bovis
    • Strep agalactiae - very rare in the US
  • Environmental
    • Coliforms (E. coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter sp. )
      • Up to 40% of cases, and 25% of cows in well-managed herds are dx with coliform mastitis anually
    • Environmental streps: Strep uberis, Strep dysgalactiae
    • Other gram negative - Serratia, Proteus, Raoultella
      • clinical mastitis due to gram- is inbersly related to bulk tank somatic cell count
        • BTSCC⇣ = G-⇡
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why are cases of mastitis moving from contagious to environmental causes?

A
  • Due to industry’s adoption of mastitis control program
    • Post milk teat disinfection
    • Universal dry-cow therapy
    • Treatment SOP for clinical cases
    • Routine/regular milking machine maintenance
    • Culling chronic mastitis cows
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How do infections occur with contagious vs environmental pathogens?

A
  • Contagious:
    • able to colonize and live within the udder
    • Infection occurs during the milking process
  • Environmental:
    • Are eliminated rapidly once inside the udder
    • Infection occurs between milking
      • can occur during with dirty udders / poor machine function
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How is environmental mastitis managed?

A
  • Proper human milking procedures/training/monitoring
  • Bedding
  • Manure
  • Environmental moisture
  • Stall design
  • Animal density
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the signs of clinical mastitis?

A
  • Abnormal milk (flakes, clots, etc)
  • Abnormal secretions
  • Quarter(s) that are:
    • red, swollen, or painful
  • Fever
  • Anorexia
  • Lethargy
  • Rumen stasis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How is clinical mastitis severity scored? why?

A
  • Used to monitor how quickly/slowly milkers are recognizing mastitis
  • If 20% or more of the mastitis cases =score 3, the observational intensity or case definitions need to be re-visited
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How is a subclinical mastitis identified?

A
  • California mastitis test (CMT)
    • negative = 100,000
    • Trace = 300,000
    • 1 = 900,000
    • 2 = 2.7mil
    • 3 = 8.1mil
  • Electrolytic conductivity
    • in line or handheld (MasTek)
    • Resistance of milk to electric current
    • Mastitis: Lactose and K decrease, Na and Cl increase
  • Somatic Cell Count
    • Raw SCC >200,000/ml = infection
    • Linear score > 4.0-4.2 = infection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How is Bacterial load at milking reduced?

A
  • Pre-dip - control environmental mastitis
    • reduces bacteria load on the teat at time of milking
  • Post-dip - control of contagious mastitis
    • Removes milk film (lessens nutrients available for bacterial growth & reduces the number of bacteria that can colonize the teat skin between milking)
    • Doesn’t last long enough between milkings to assist with environmental mastitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What teat dips are out there?

A
  • Good universal: 1% iodine with 10% emollients (glycerin, etc)
  • Chlorine
  • Acidified sodium chlorite
  • sodium hypochlorite
  • chlorhexidine
  • Hydrogen peroxide
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What vaccines exist for mastitis?

A
  • Gram Negative core vaccines:
    • E. coli - J5, Mastiguard, JVac
    • Klebsiella - Klebvax, Vaccon
    • labeled for 2-3 doses per year
    • Anticipated Effectiveness:
      • reduces severity of gram negative infections
      • Likely does not reduce infection risk
  • Staph Aureus - Lysigin
    • current research - SA vax increases spontaneous cure rates
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the challenges for Mastitis vaccines?

A
  • Milk dilution of immune cells
    • Antibody concentration in milk is much lower than serum
  • Fat and casein reduce effectiveness of immune cells
  • Milk is an excellent growth media for bacteria
  • SA microabscesses, fibrin deposition, intracellular life
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

When should mastitis vaccinations be used?

A

In herds that are performing the 5 step prevention program ad are concentrating on environmental management

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a teat sealant?

A
  • Used to prevent bacteria from entering the streak canal
  • Applied when animals go dry to prevent dry cow/fresh cow mastitis
  • Types:
    • External - silicone/latex based, non-antibiotic
    • Internal - bismuth based, non-antibiotic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Should teat sealant and/or antibiotics be used at dry off?

A
  • internal teat sealants are economically worthwhile
    • can estimate advantage/disadvantage, cost of mastitis case (production loss, treatment, saleable milk loss, increase culling vs sealant cost)
  • Blanket Antibiotic treatment is economically worthwhile
    • also aids in curing infections existing at dryof
  • Select Antibiotic treatment:
    • cows with no count >200,000 in the last 3 months in low SCC herds do not require antibiotic treatments at dryoff
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the economic costs of mastitis in dairy cattle?

A
  • Increased amount of non-saleable milk
  • Decreased milk production
    • decreases amount of saleable milk
  • Decreased milk quality
    • Producer doesn’t receive quality bonus
    • Reduced shelf-life and cheese yield
  • Increased treatments
  • Increased culling
18
Q

What types of milking systems are used in the US?

A
  • 78% of cows milked in parlors
    • Tandem parlor
    • Herringbone parlor
    • Parallel parlor
    • Parabone parlor
    • Rotary parlor
  • Robotic
    • $$$
19
Q

What is the Bulk Tank?

A
  • Where the milk is collected to be transported ot eh milk company
  • Where samples for milk cultures can be collected
  • Milk after the first 6 milkings after calving and not on antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, etc will be collected here
20
Q

How is surveillance for antimicrobial residues in milk done?

A
  • Each arriving truckload of milk at the plant must be tested for the presence of at least 4 of 6 speific Beta-lactam drugs
    • Penifillin
    • Ampicillin
    • Amoxicillin
    • Cloxacillin
    • Cephapirin
    • Ceftiofur
  • Random samples are also tested for other antibiotics, non-steroidal inflammatory drugs and antihistamines
21
Q

What happens to the producer when there are antimicrobials found in their milk?

A
  • Grade A permit suspension
  • Milk sales on hold until further notice
  • Milk must be disposed of in a manner that removes it from the human and animal food chain
  • Producer is liable for value of all milk on the contaminated load
22
Q

How does a producer get reinstated after having their milk test positive for antimicrobials?

A

Representative milk samples tested and not positive for drug residues

23
Q

What is the production cycle for a dairy cow?

A
24
Q

What is the Iceberg principle with mastitis

A

For every clinical mastitis case there are ~15-40 subclinical cases

25
Q

Why is oxytocin important in dairy cattle?

A
26
Q

Do beef cattle get mastitis?

A
  • Usually isolated events
  • Staph aureus common
    • fly transfer, pasture
  • Trueperella pyogenes - common secondary invader
  • Mycoplasma sp - rare
    • more associated with multiple animals affected
    • Common to see calf pneumonia/otitis/joint infections in conjunction
27
Q

How is beef cattle mastitis treated?

A
  • Intramammary treatment not effective
  • Injectable antibiotics not effective
  • Treatment = Teat amputation
    • bottom half of the teat
    • rapid clinical improvement
28
Q

What is Udder cleft dermatitis?

A
  • “necrotic dermatitis”
  • Malodorous
  • weeping wound
  • Udder attachment to body wall
  • Caused by mites in some cases
29
Q

How is Udder cleft dermatitis treated?

A
  • Clean
  • Topical antiseptic
  • Miticide
  • Eprinex
30
Q

What is Herpes mammilitis?

A
  • Cause: Bovine Herpesvirus II
  • Vesicles form and rapidly rupture
    • may be a few to the entire teat
  • Almost always 1st lactation animals
  • Histo and virus isolation to dx
31
Q

How is Herpes mammillitis treated?

A
  • Milk last
  • teat dips with emollients
32
Q

What is Mycoplasma wenyonii and how does it affect dairy cattle?

A
  • RBC parasite
  • Symptoms:
    • Bilateral rear limb edema +/-
    • Teat and udder edema
  • Not associated with calving
  • Usually resoles in 6-8 days
    • injectable oxytet - speeds recovery
33
Q

How is the severity of mastitis graded?

A
  • Score 1 - abnormal milk only
  • Score 2 - abnormal milk & red/swollen quarter
  • Score 3 - Abnormal milk, red/swollen quarter, & systemic signs (fever, rumen stasis, lethargy, severe production loss)
34
Q

What are the treatment options for mastitis?

A
  • Not culture based
    • clinical signs ⇢ IMM treatment
  • Culture based
    • clinical signs ⇢ IMM treatment ⇢ Culture ⇢ reassess treatment
    • clinical signs ⇢ culture ⇢ maybe IMM treatment
35
Q

What are the considerations when choosing an IMM treatment?

A
  • Target organism
  • Number of treatment
  • Milk withhold
  • slaughter withhold
  • Cost usually NOT a consideration
36
Q

What are the benefits of using a non-culture based approach to treating mastitis?

A
  • Increases probability of bacterial cure
  • Decreases probability of chronicity
  • Rapid return to saleable milk
37
Q

Why would one not use the culture based approach to treating mastitis?

A
  • Large percentage of gram negative infections will self-cure regardless of treatment
  • Concentration on reducing antimicrobial use
38
Q

How does the culture based therapy work? when do you use antimicrobials?

A
  • Immediate antimicrobial treatment:
    • Intramammary antibiotics while waiting for culture results
  • Delayed antimicrobial treatment - wait for results
  • Results:
    • No growth - stop treatment/ no treatment
    • Gram Neg - stop treatment/no treatment or change to IMM with gram neg spectrum
    • Gram Pos CNS/Streps - continue IMM, narrow spectrum antibiotics for 1-3 days as per label.
    • Staff aureus - consider history
      • treat - early lactation
      • do not treat - mid lactation
      • Dry early - late lactation
      • Cull - chronic cows
39
Q

What is the treatment for severe mastitis?

A
  • Fluids (if IV practical) 5-10 gallons PO 2-3x / day
    • Fluid option - 1L hypertonic saline IV followed by PO water
  • Anti-inflammatory - flunixin / Dexamethasone
  • Systemic antibiotics:
    • no labeled antibiotic for systemic mastitis
    • Excenel at labeled dose, route frequency (ELDU)
  • IMM antibiotics - collect sterile sample first!
    • More likely gram negative
    • Spectramast or Polymast
40
Q

How can a vet tell if the cause of mastitis is environmentally based?

A
  • Many time see an increase in BTSCC 7-10 days later
  • Once resolved, BTSCC will decrease within a day or two
41
Q

How can a vet tell if the cause of mastitis is contagious?

A
  • Slow increase in BTSCC over weeks to months
    • especially staph aureus
  • Sudden increase in BTSCC or clinical mastitis due to contagious pathogens is rare
42
Q

How is a sterile milk sample collected?

A
  • Use a new set of gloves for each cow
  • remove the first 2-3 squirts from each teat onto the ground
  • Pre-dip each teat, leave for 30sec
  • Dry teats with individual paper towel
  • Scrub each teat end with an alcohol soaked cotton ball
    • furthest teat first, closer last
  • alcohol swab should show no signs of dirt
  • Sample closest teat first, farthest last
    • 2-4 squirts
    • do NOT hold the vial directly under the udder. Hold it horizontally and direct the milk flow into the vial

Food Animal Medicine (43 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions