Intestinal Diseases Flashcards
What causes Hemorrhagic Diarrhea?
- Bovine Coronavirus
- Salmonella
- Clostridium perfringens
- Coccidia (unlikely in mature cattle)
- BVD
- Oak toxicity
- Colitis (Enteroviruses (Bovine enterovirus type II), NSAIDS, Steroids
What causes Watery Diarrhea?
- Johne’s Disease, other Mycobacterium spp. Prototheca
- Ostertagia
- Toxic (ionophores, Oak and other caustic plants)
- Indigestion (acidosis, abrupt feed changes, fresh grass)
- Peritonitis
What causes Tenesmus/Mucus?
- Obstruction/displacement
- Mucus indicates decreased transit time through colon which can occur with generalized Malaize from various causes
What is Winter Dysentery
- An explosive diarrhea outbreak most commonly associated with adult dairy cows
- High morbidity: low mortality
- 3-5 day clinical course in individuals
- Agent is thought to be a Coronavirus
- possibly the same one that causes calf scours
- Respiratory disease often accompanies diarrhea
- Brown/bloody diarrhea w/ ‘sweet’’ stinking smell - characteristic
What are the clinical signs of Winter dysentery?
- Most sever in cows >2yo
- Effortless, projectile diarrhea
- may see hemorrhage
- Dramatic decrease in milk production
- Mild changes in TPR
How is Winter Dysentery diagnosed
- ID BCV in feces
How is Winter Dysentery Treated/controlled?
- Maintain hydration
- Can try cathartics - charcoal
- NO vaccines - will run its course in 2-3weeks
What are the risk factors for Winter Dysnetery?
- Presence of adult cattle with low coronavirus titers
- BVD within the herd
- Tiestall or stanchion barn housing compared to free-stall or dry lot facilities
- Use of equipment to handle manure and subsequently handle feed
What is Salmonellosis?
- Acute diarrhea, not always hemorrhagic
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What is Hemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome?
- Intramural/Intraluminal hemorrhage
Pathogenesis fo Hemorrhagic Bowel syndrome
Clinical signs of Hemorrhagic Bowel syndrome
- TPR - depends on stage of disease
- HR>100bpm
- Abdominal percussion, succussion
- splashing sounds, variable pings
- Rectal palpation:
- multiple loops of distended intestine
- segments of “sausage”
how is Hemorrhagic Bowel syndrome diagnosed?
How is HBS managed?
- High doses of Penicillin (20-30K IU/lb)
- Oral laxatives and Water
- NSAIDS
- IV fluid therapy
- Surgery:
- Resection and anastomosis - poor
- Enterotomy - poor
- Manual manipulation of hematoma
- Poor to Grave prognosis if obstructed
How can HBS be prevented
- Vaccination
- Autogenous from clinical animal
- Ration and feed management
What are the daily fluid requirements of cattle?
- Non-lactating - 5%BW (50ml/kg) per day
- 6gal for 500kg cow
- Lactating - have to replace fluid loss from milk production as well
- lactating with diarrhea in the heat of summer may require 200ml/kg/day (25gal for 500kg cow)
- Easy way to estimate maintenance:
- 1ml/lb/hr ~ equal to 24hr needs
How can dehydration be estimated?
- Enopthalmus and skin tent
- PCV and TP
How can IV fluids be given to cattle?
- Jugular vein
- Auricular vein
How much water can be safely given to a cow at one time
5 - 10 gallons
What fluids are used for dehydration in cattle
- Saline (Nromal, ½ strength, or hypertonic)
- Ringers (not lactated)
- NON- alkalinizing solutions
- except in choke, grain overload, renal failure, pregnancy toxemia, severe diarrhea/pneumonia (sometimes)
- Added Calcium and potassium frequently performed
- mature cattle almost always hypochloremic, hypokalemic and alkalotic
How does Hypertonic Saline work for dehydration in cattle
- For rapid vascular fluid expansion
- 4ml/kg bolus over a few minutes
- follow with oral fluids (~8x vol of IV dose)
- Produces rapid redistribution of interstitial fluids and rumen fluids for vascular support
