Alimentary Disease Flashcards
1
Q
What complaints warrant an Oral examination?
A
- Losing weight
- Not eating
- Salivating, chewing, nasal discharge (milk?)
- Obvious swellings
- Bad Breath
- Infectious Diseases
2
Q
How are cattle aged? Why?
A
- Regulatory needs (Brucella Vaccine)
- Young/yearling development
- Sales/auctions
3
Q
What causes Actinobacillosis or “wooden tongue”? How?
A
-
Actinobacillis ligniersii
- Gram neg, normal flora of mouth
- Causes a granulomatous abscess
- Enters soft tissue via wound:
- tongue
- lymph nodes
- cheek
- nose
4
Q
How is Actinobacillosis diagnosed?
A
- Clinical signs
- hypersalivation
- poor ability to prehend feed
- Histopathology
- Gram negative rods
- “sulfur granules” in pus
5
Q
What is the treatment of Actinobacillosis?
A
- Sodium Iodide 20% solution 70mg/kg IV
- about 20-25ml/100lb BW
- Often repeated at 7-10 days
6
Q
What are the side effects of Sodium Iodide?
A
- Lacrimation
- Dandruff
- Cough
- Fever
- Nasal Discharge
7
Q
What causes an inability to retract the tongue in cattle?
A
- Trauma
- Oropharyngeal inflammation/infection
- Actinobacillosis
8
Q
What are causes of Mandibular Swellings? How are they differentiated?
A
- Mandibular edema (bottle jaw)
- Actinomycosis (lumpy jaw)
- Use appearance, consistency and other systemic disease to differentiate
9
Q
What causes Actinomycosis “Lumpy Jaw”? How?
A
-
Actinomyces bovis
- Gram positive branching filamentous rod
- Normal flora of mouth
- Bony tissue
- Primarily mandible (maxilla possible)
- Enters tissues via gingival/mucosal abrasion or puncture
10
Q
What are the clinical signs of Actinomycosis?
A
- Firm, non-movable mass
- Non-painful
11
Q
How is Actinomycosis diagnosed?
A
- Clinical signs
- hard bone expansion, possibly fistulous tracks
- Radiographs
- Histopath/Biopsy
- gram positive filamentous rods
- “sulfur granules”
12
Q
What is the treatment for Actinomycosis?
A
- IV Sodium Iodide 7-0mg/kg 2x 7 days apart
- +/- antibiotics
- pennicillin, tetracyclines
- Reduce stemmy, coarse feed
13
Q
What are the differential diagnoses for Actinomycosis?
A
- Abscess due to other causes (pharyngeal trauma)
- Tumor
14
Q
What are the causes of pharyngeal trauma & abscess?
A
- Usage of balling gun, esophageal tube feeder
- Rough feed stuff
- External trauma
- Damage leads to abscess formation
15
Q
What are the clinical signs of pharyngeal abscess?
A
- Head & neck extension
- Ptyalism
- Dysphagia, dyspnea
- Anorexia
- Regurgitation of water/feedstuffs
- Pneumonia (secondary)
- Visible mass around jaw line
16
Q
How are pharyngeal abscesses diagnosed?
A
- Palpation (external/internal)
- Radiographs
- Ultrasound
- Endoscopy
17
Q
What is the treatment for pharyngeal abscesses?
A
- Antibiotics (broad spectrum)
- Lance abscess and drain
- Soft green grass or mash 48hrs post lance
- Tracheotomy to breath - may be required
- Esophagotomy, Pharyngotomy to drain
- Rumenostomy to feed
18
Q
What is “Choke”
A
- Esophageal obstruction
- Partial or complete
- Due to eating characteristics of cattle
- EMERGENCY
19
Q
What are the clinical signs of Choke?
A
- Ptyalorrhea (Ptyalism)
- Projectile “vomiting”
- Repeated swallowing action
- Head/neck extension/swinging
- Failure of oro/naso esophageal tube to pass
20
Q
How is Choke diagnosed?
A
- Hx, Clinical signs
- Failure of tube pass
- Palpate external or internal
21
Q
What is the treatment for Choke?
A
- Sedation - maybe
- Relieve bloat
- Use large tube
- water lavage with head down
- Proximal obstruction - grasp with fingers
- Distal Obstruction - may do rumenotomy
- depends on size of patient
22
Q
What complications can arise from treatment of Choke?
A
- Esophageal stricture possible
- Pneumonia possible
23
Q
What other disease presents similar to alimentary diseases?
A
RABIES
24
Q
What are the vesicular, papular, and erosive diseases that affect the mouths of cattle?
A
- Foot and Mouth
- Bovine Papular Stomatitis
- BVDV
- Vesicular Stomatitis
- Epizootic Hemorrhagic Diseases (EHD)/Bluetongue
- Malignant Catarrhal Fever
25
What is Foot and Mouth Disease? Cause? signs?
* Caused by a Picornavirus
* Highly contagious
* Primary in Cattle and Swine
* Mild to subclinical in Sheep/Goats
* Signs:
* Fever
* Oral vesicles
* Ptyalism
* Feet
* teats
26
What is BVDV? causes? signs?
* PI
* Mucosal Disease
* Acute BVDV
* Oral/GI/Intestinal erosions
27
What is Vesicular Stomatitis? causes? signs?
* Highly contagious - Reportable!
* Caused by a Rhabdovirus
* affects horses, cattle, pigs, sheep, humans
* Common in Late Spring/Early Fall
* Insect and mechanical vectors
* Incubation 24hr post oral inoculation
* Signs:
* Fever, Inappetence, lameness, ptyalism
* Oral vesicles, large erosive lesions
* Decreased milk production
* Less severe in young
28
How is Vesicular Stomatitis diagnosed?
* Call State Vet!
* SN, CF, VI
29
What is Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease? Who is affected?
* Widespread in white-tailed deer
* most subclinical
* increased w/ overpopulation
* Caused by Orbivirus (related to Bluetongue)
* Transmitted by vectors (culicoides)
* Uncommon in cattle - sporadic in association w/ EHDV in deer epidemics
* Clinical signs are rare in sheep
* Goats do not become viremic
30
What are the signs of EHDV in cattle?
* Low morbidity
* Fever
* Anorexia
* Dysphagia
* **Oral edema, vesicles, erosions**
* **lips & coronary bands also common**
* **Ptyalism**
31
How is EHDV diagnosed?
serology
32
What is Malignant Catarrhal Fever (MCF)?
* Cause:
* Alcelaphine herpesvirus-1
* Ovine herpesvirus-2
* Forms:
* Wildebeest (African) AHV-1
* Sheep-associated OHV-2
33
What are the clinical signs of MCF
* High mortality, low morbidity
* Diarrhea
* Catarrhal nasal exudate with ocular discharge
* Lymphadenopathy - generalized
* Pneumonia
34
How is MCF diagnosed?
* Clinical signs
* Histopathology
* lymphoid panarteritis
* GI ulcerations
* Attempt virus isolation
35
What is Bovine Papular Stomatitis?
* Parapoxvirus
* many strains
* Young, naïve cattle (1mo - 1yr)
* Usually asymptomatic
* Papular
* Morbidity can reach 100%
* common in feeder cattle
36
What are the clinical signs of BPS?
* Mild:
* Ugly muzzle, gingiva, and dental pads
* Rarely more severe ulcerations
* Papular lesions may look red and extensive
