BRD Pre-weaning

Question 1

OBJ: Describe vaccines and expected response (Killed vs modified live; viral / bacterial)

Question 2

Why are diagnostic tests used?

Answer 2

• Confirm or rule-out a disease/condition/pathogen
• Regulatory testing
• Influence or justify a medical recommendation
  
  • Antimicrobial selection
  • Autogenous vaccination
• Support research / field trials
• Antimicrobial stewardship

Question 3

What is the Diagnostic Testing process?

Answer 3

• Pre- Pre-Analytical
  
  • history, physical exam
• Pre-analytical
  
  • Test selection & collection, transport, and receipt of specimen
• Analytical
  
  • Processing and testing of sample
• Post-analytical
  
  • Test reporting and interpretation

Question 4

What are some Pre-Analytical errors?

Answer 4

• Improper sample type
• Improper collection technique
• Administrative errors
  
  • Patient / sample misidentification
• Inappropriate sample transport
• Improper test ordering/inadequate case history
• Sample/test mismatch
  
  • Joint fluid submitted for bacterial culture in EDTA tubes
  • Swabs in gel media for PCR
• Incorrect pre-test processing
  
  • Laboratory routing errors
  • Pipetting errors
  • centrifugation errors

Question 5

What are some Analytical errors?

Answer 5

• Sample misidentification (lab)
• Equipment malfunctions
• Reagent issues
• Improper training of personnel

Question 6

What are some Post-analytical errors?

Answer 6

• Reporting errors
  
  • Incorrect report sent
  • Report sent to wrong clinician
  • Report delayed / not sent at all
• Failed/inadequate followed-up flan

Question 7

How can diagnostic errors be minimized?

Answer 7

• Pre-Analytical
  
  • Sample clinically affected but untreated animals (ideal)
    
    • Unaffected close contacts, and chronic cases would be the least rewarding
  • Samples to send
    
    • If there is a dead animal send everything (lung, trachea, thoracic ln, + maybe heart, kidney, spleen, liver, rumen content, intestine, and skeletal muscle)
    • Not dead - deep nasopharyngeal swab
  • Proper sample packaging
    
    • Protect sample form the environment/people
    • Protect people/environment form the sample (no leaks)
  • Provide case history
    
    • only indicate desired testing if you know exactly what is wanted
    • include signalment, clinical signs, duration of illness, necropsy findings, vaccination history, treatment history, Differential diagnoses