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Examining Livestock Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Signalment for Food Animals?

A
  • Age
  • Sex
  • Breed
  • Owner Questioning/Observation
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2
Q

What questions are important for Food Animal History?

A
  • General Questions:
    • Housing, Nutrition, Vax, Deworming
  • Specific:
    • Duration of problem
    • Onset
    • Associated signs
    • Treatments tried
      • Drugs? Homeopathic? Procedures?
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3
Q

What should be observed when the patient is at rest?

A
  • General Attitude
  • Behaviors
  • Posture
  • Gait
  • BCS
  • Body Symmetry
  • Environmental Awareness/Interation
  • Observe other animals as well
    • for normal vs abnormal comparrison
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4
Q

What are the normal temp, HR, and RR for Cattle?

A
  • 100.5 - 102.5°F
  • 50-80 bpm
  • 12-36 rpm
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5
Q

What are the normal temp, HR, and RR for Sheep?

A
  • 102 - 103.5°F
  • 60 - 120 bpm
  • 12 - 72 rpm
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6
Q

What are the normal temp, HR, and RR for Goats?

A
  • 101.5 - 103.5°F
  • 70 - 110 bpm
  • 15 - 40 rpm
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7
Q

What are the normal temp, HR, and RR for Llamas/Alpacas?

A
  • 99 - 102°F
  • 40 - 60 bpm
  • 20 - 40 rpm
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8
Q

How can Urine be collected in Food Animals?

A
  • Cattle and pigs urinate often when first rising
  • Cows - rub the escutcheon
  • Bulls/Steers - prepuce
  • Ewes - Occlude nares
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9
Q

Which animal is urine collection part of a routine physical examination? why?

A
  • lactating dairy cos
  • Urine ketones -
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10
Q

What should be examined on the left side of cattle?

A
  • Neck/Prescapular lymph nodes
  • Heart
  • Respiratory System
    • lung, trachea
  • Withers pinch
  • Palpate rumen
  • Check for magnet -
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11
Q

What should be auscultated on the left thorax of cattle?

A
  • Auscultate lungs:
    • increased lung sounds - crackles / wheezes
    • Decreased lung sounds - consolidation / pleural fluid
  • Auscultate trachea
    • Differentiate upper from lower respiratory disease
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12
Q

What are lung crackles?

A
  • “Popping open” of small airways collapsed by fluid, exudate or other
  • Inspiratory noise
  • AKA - “Rales”
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13
Q

What are lung wheezes?

A
  • “whistling” due to narrowed or obstructed airway
  • Inspiratory and Expiratory noise
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14
Q

What are lung Friction Rubs?

A
  • “squeaking” oof pleural surfaces rubbing together
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15
Q

What is lung Stridor in cattle?

A
  • Extrathoracic sound from larynx through trachea
    • Necrotic laryngitis, tracheitis
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16
Q

What is lung Stertor in cattle?

A
  • Noise from pharynx rostral
  • Polyps, nasal masses, pharyngeal disease
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17
Q

What are proper restraint methods for livestock?

A
  • Headgate
  • Squeeze chute
  • tilt table
  • chemical Restraint
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18
Q

If this is your auscultation what is the condition of the lungs?

A

normal

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19
Q

If this is your auscultation what is the condition of the lungs?

A

pleural effusion

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20
Q

If this is your auscultation what is the condition of the lungs?

A

acute / generalized Disease

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21
Q

If this is your auscultation what is the condition of the lungs?

A

Bronchopneumonia / consolidation

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22
Q

What is being evaluated when auscultating the heart in cattle?

A
  • Rate
  • Rhythm (gallop can be normal)
  • Murmurs
  • Some cattle will have 4 auscultable heart sounds
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23
Q

What is the most common arrhythmia in cattle?

A

A-fibrillation

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24
Q

What causes heart murmurs in cattle?

A
  • valvular insufficiency
  • ventricular septal defect
  • washing machine murmur (hardware)
25
Where is the jugular pulse in cattle?
~ ⅓ of the way up the neck with the head extended
26
What is being evaluated on the left abdomen of cattle?
* Ruminations * left paralumbar fossa * 1 - 3 contractions every 2 minutes * Auscultation - “ocean wave” * Ballottement and Succession * Percussion (pinging) * WIthe'rs Pinch * Magnet
27
What is Ballottement?
* Detecting solid content floating in fluid
28
What is the point of succussion? how is it performed?
Detect fluid sloshing in viscus succussion
29
What are the differentials for left sided pings in cattle?
* Left displaced abomasum - centered around 9-12th ribs * Rumen Gas Cap * Physometra * Pneumoperitoneum
30
What is a Liptak test?
* Needle aspirate of viscus * Abomasum - acidic pH * Rumen - relatively neutral * unless grain overload
31
What are the differentials for Right sided pings?
* Right Displaced Abomasum * Right Abomasal Volvulus * Cecal DIlation/Volvulus * Spiral Colon / Small Intestinal Gas * Physometra * Pneumoperitoneum
32
What is evaluated on the right thorax of cattle?
* Heart * Respiratory system * lung, trachea * Withers pinch * Prescapular lymph node
33
What lymph nodes are palpated in cattle?
* 4 sets of external lymph nodes * Suprascapular * Submandibular * Prefemoral * Supramammary * Rectal Palpation * sublumbar * Iliac Lymph nodes
34
How is the mammary gland of cattle evaluated?
* Palpation of udder * swollen quarter/teats * Palpation of supramammary lymph nodes * Ease of milkings * Mastitis Tests * Black Plate * California Mastitis Test
35
What is the Black Plate test?
tests for clinical mastitis
36
What is the California Mastitis Test?
* Tests for subclinical mastitis (increase in somatic cells) * Agglutinates with DNA * Results: Negative, Trace, +, ++, +++ * False positives possible
37
What is evaluated during a rectal examination of cattle?
* Done after taking temp * Presence & consistency of manure * Pelvic bones * Rumen (size, consistency, position) * Left Kidney (size, position, pain)
38
What structures are being palpated during rectal palpation?
* Rumen * dorsal / ventral sac * size * Kidney (left) - caudal pole * check for dilated loops of intestines * blockage? distended viscus? * iliac lymph nodes * Reproductive system * uterus * ovaries * seminal vesicles, ampula * Feces within tectum
39
When are vaginal exams of cattle performed?
* Pre/Post calving * Before rectal examination * Wash * Note for any evidence of: * tears * retained fetal membranes, metritis, fetus
40
What is being evaluated during an oral exam of cattle?
* Aging * Mucosal lesions * trauma * foreign bodies
41
What is an exploratory Laparotomy?
42
What is an exploratory Laparotomy?
* Extension of the physical exam * Systematic exploratory of abdomen * Right or Left Flank * Right - better access to most abdominal viscera * Left - access to rumen, LDA
43
What organs are evaluated during an Exploratory laparotomy?
* Liver: * lobe edges (round or sharp) * Gall bladder cattle, none in camelids * Abomasum: * Right ventral abdomen behind liver * normally feel flaccid * Palpate pylorus * Kidneys, Uterus, SI, Cecum * Behind Omental Sling to the left side to feel rumen, LDA
44
What other tests can be performed during an exam?
* Ultrasound * Pass Stomach tube * Blood work * Abdominocentesis
45
OBJ: Describe the basic Components of the following Patient/Problem Assessment
* Histology/Signalment * Client Complaint * Signalment * Age, Sex, Breed * Owner Questioning/Observations * General Questioning * Housing * Nutrition * Vaccination * Deworming * Specific Questioning: * Duration of the problem * Onset (Acute vs Chronic) * Associated Signs * History: * What's been tried so far? * drugs * homeopathics * Procedures * Observation: * Assess Patient at Rest * Assess General Attitude * Behavior * Posture * Gait * BCS * Body Symmetry * Environmental Awareness/Interaction * Observe other animals as well * Physical Exam * Need Proper Restraint * Temperature (rectal) * Heart Auscultation * Rate * Rhythm * Murmurs * Lung Auscultation * Rate * Lung Sounds * Urine collection * Mucous Membranes / CRT * Left Side: * Neck/Prescapular LN * Heart * Respiratory System * lung, trach * Wither's pinch * Palpate rumen * Check for magnet * Ruminations * Ballotment and Succussion * Percussion * Right Side: * Heart * Respiratory system * Lung, Trach * Withers pinch * Prescapular LN * Mammary Glands * Rectal Exam * Interpretation
46
OBJ: What order of events should you undertake while collecting physical exam parameters in livestock?
Head observations LAST
47
OBJ: What are normal T.P.R. Parameters? Species differences?
48
OBJ: How might you interpret an elevated respiratory rate without a fever? With a Fever? How are you going to determine the significance of an elevated body temperature in a black steer during a hot sunny Kansas July day?
* Without Fever: * With Fever: * Temperature Significance:
49
OBJ: How should the normal lung field auscultate? Where is the auscultatable lung field located?
* Free of Crackles, Wheezes, Friction Rubs, Stridor, Stertor * Loudest near the sternum
50
OBJ: What is a BCS?
* Body condition sore * Beef 1-9 * Dairy 1-5 * Sheep 0-5 * Camelids 1-9
51
OBJ: What is a “ping”? What pings on the right? where are they located?
52
OBJ: what is a “wither's Pinch Test”? How is it interpreted?
* Pinching the withers a normal animal should ventro-flex to avoid the noxious stimulus of the pinch. * Failure to ventroflex, or grunting indicates cranial abdominal pain or thoracic pain is likely
53
OBJ: What are Ruminations?
* The muscular contraction of the rumen * "Ocean wave" sound
54
OBJ: What is the difference between Ballottement and Succussion? What are their interpretations?
“punching” the cows stomach Ballotment: * detects solid content floating in fluid Succussion: * Detects fluid sloshing in viscus succusion
55
OBJ: Where can you palpate Lymph nodes?
* External: * Suprascapular * Submandibular * Prefemoral * Supramammary * Rectal: * Sublumbar * Iliac
56
OBJ: How is the udder evaluated? What does a CMT tell you? What does it measure?
* Palpation: * swollen quarters/teats * Palpation of supramammary lymph nodes * ease of milking * Mastitis tests * Black Plate * California Mastitis Test (CMT) * tests for _subclinical mastitis_ (increased somatic cells) * Agglutinates with DNA * Results: * Negative, Trace, +, ++, +++ * thickness of test material correlates with more somatic cells * False Positive Possible
57
OBJ: What can be felt on rectal examination?
* Rumen: * Dorsal/ventral Sac * Consistency of contents (doughy) * Size * Left Kidney - Caudal Pole * loops of the intestine * iliac lymph nodes * Reproductive system * uterus * ovaries * Seminal vesicles, ampulla * Feces within the rectum
58
OBJ: Body Contour Information? what is a “Papple”
* Symmetry of the abdomen of the cow * Papple is apple on one side and pear on the other * could be impacted abomasum * could be motility issues and the rumen is completely full and an extended “L”
59
OBJ: What pings on the left? Where are they located?
* The Rumen * Left displaced abomasum

Food Animal Medicine (43 decks)

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