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Food Animal Medicine > Examining Livestock > Flashcards

Examining Livestock Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Signalment for Food Animals?

A
  • Age
  • Sex
  • Breed
  • Owner Questioning/Observation
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2
Q

What questions are important for Food Animal History?

A
  • General Questions:
    • Housing, Nutrition, Vax, Deworming
  • Specific:
    • Duration of problem
    • Onset
    • Associated signs
    • Treatments tried
      • Drugs? Homeopathic? Procedures?
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3
Q

What should be observed when the patient is at rest?

A
  • General Attitude
  • Behaviors
  • Posture
  • Gait
  • BCS
  • Body Symmetry
  • Environmental Awareness/Interation
  • Observe other animals as well
    • for normal vs abnormal comparrison
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4
Q

What are the normal temp, HR, and RR for Cattle?

A
  • 100.5 - 102.5°F
  • 50-80 bpm
  • 12-36 rpm
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5
Q

What are the normal temp, HR, and RR for Sheep?

A
  • 102 - 103.5°F
  • 60 - 120 bpm
  • 12 - 72 rpm
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6
Q

What are the normal temp, HR, and RR for Goats?

A
  • 101.5 - 103.5°F
  • 70 - 110 bpm
  • 15 - 40 rpm
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7
Q

What are the normal temp, HR, and RR for Llamas/Alpacas?

A
  • 99 - 102°F
  • 40 - 60 bpm
  • 20 - 40 rpm
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8
Q

How can Urine be collected in Food Animals?

A
  • Cattle and pigs urinate often when first rising
  • Cows - rub the escutcheon
  • Bulls/Steers - prepuce
  • Ewes - Occlude nares
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9
Q

Which animal is urine collection part of a routine physical examination? why?

A
  • lactating dairy cos
  • Urine ketones -
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10
Q

What should be examined on the left side of cattle?

A
  • Neck/Prescapular lymph nodes
  • Heart
  • Respiratory System
    • lung, trachea
  • Withers pinch
  • Palpate rumen
  • Check for magnet -
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11
Q

What should be auscultated on the left thorax of cattle?

A
  • Auscultate lungs:
    • increased lung sounds - crackles / wheezes
    • Decreased lung sounds - consolidation / pleural fluid
  • Auscultate trachea
    • Differentiate upper from lower respiratory disease
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12
Q

What are lung crackles?

A
  • “Popping open” of small airways collapsed by fluid, exudate or other
  • Inspiratory noise
  • AKA - “Rales”
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13
Q

What are lung wheezes?

A
  • “whistling” due to narrowed or obstructed airway
  • Inspiratory and Expiratory noise
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14
Q

What are lung Friction Rubs?

A
  • “squeaking” oof pleural surfaces rubbing together
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15
Q

What is lung Stridor in cattle?

A
  • Extrathoracic sound from larynx through trachea
    • Necrotic laryngitis, tracheitis
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16
Q

What is lung Stertor in cattle?

A
  • Noise from pharynx rostral
  • Polyps, nasal masses, pharyngeal disease
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17
Q

What are proper restraint methods for livestock?

A
  • Headgate
  • Squeeze chute
  • tilt table
  • chemical Restraint
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18
Q

If this is your auscultation what is the condition of the lungs?

A

normal

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19
Q

If this is your auscultation what is the condition of the lungs?

A

pleural effusion

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20
Q

If this is your auscultation what is the condition of the lungs?

A

acute / generalized Disease

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21
Q

If this is your auscultation what is the condition of the lungs?

A

Bronchopneumonia / consolidation

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22
Q

What is being evaluated when auscultating the heart in cattle?

A
  • Rate
  • Rhythm (gallop can be normal)
  • Murmurs
  • Some cattle will have 4 auscultable heart sounds
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23
Q

What is the most common arrhythmia in cattle?

A

A-fibrillation

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24
Q

What causes heart murmurs in cattle?

A
  • valvular insufficiency
  • ventricular septal defect
  • washing machine murmur (hardware)
25
Q

Where is the jugular pulse in cattle?

A

~ ⅓ of the way up the neck with the head extended

26
Q

What is being evaluated on the left abdomen of cattle?

A
  • Ruminations
    • left paralumbar fossa
    • 1 - 3 contractions every 2 minutes
  • Auscultation - “ocean wave”
  • Ballottement and Succession
  • Percussion (pinging)
  • WIthe’rs Pinch
  • Magnet
27
Q

What is Ballottement?

A
  • Detecting solid content floating in fluid
28
Q

What is the point of succussion? how is it performed?

A

Detect fluid sloshing in viscus succussion

29
Q

What are the differentials for left sided pings in cattle?

A
  • Left displaced abomasum - centered around 9-12th ribs
  • Rumen Gas Cap
  • Physometra
  • Pneumoperitoneum
30
Q

What is a Liptak test?

A
  • Needle aspirate of viscus
    • Abomasum - acidic pH
    • Rumen - relatively neutral
      • unless grain overload
31
Q

What are the differentials for Right sided pings?

A
  • Right Displaced Abomasum
  • Right Abomasal Volvulus
  • Cecal DIlation/Volvulus
  • Spiral Colon / Small Intestinal Gas
  • Physometra
  • Pneumoperitoneum
32
Q

What is evaluated on the right thorax of cattle?

A
  • Heart
  • Respiratory system
    • lung, trachea
  • Withers pinch
  • Prescapular lymph node
33
Q

What lymph nodes are palpated in cattle?

A
  • 4 sets of external lymph nodes
    • Suprascapular
    • Submandibular
    • Prefemoral
    • Supramammary
  • Rectal Palpation
    • sublumbar
    • Iliac Lymph nodes
34
Q

How is the mammary gland of cattle evaluated?

A
  • Palpation of udder
    • swollen quarter/teats
    • Palpation of supramammary lymph nodes
    • Ease of milkings
  • Mastitis Tests
    • Black Plate
    • California Mastitis Test
35
Q

What is the Black Plate test?

A

tests for clinical mastitis

36
Q

What is the California Mastitis Test?

A
  • Tests for subclinical mastitis (increase in somatic cells)
  • Agglutinates with DNA
  • Results: Negative, Trace, +, ++, +++
  • False positives possible
37
Q

What is evaluated during a rectal examination of cattle?

A
  • Done after taking temp
  • Presence & consistency of manure
  • Pelvic bones
  • Rumen (size, consistency, position)
  • Left Kidney (size, position, pain)
38
Q

What structures are being palpated during rectal palpation?

A
  • Rumen
    • dorsal / ventral sac
    • size
  • Kidney (left) - caudal pole
  • check for dilated loops of intestines
    • blockage? distended viscus?
  • iliac lymph nodes
  • Reproductive system
    • uterus
    • ovaries
    • seminal vesicles, ampula
  • Feces within tectum
39
Q

When are vaginal exams of cattle performed?

A
  • Pre/Post calving
  • Before rectal examination
  • Wash
  • Note for any evidence of:
    • tears
    • retained fetal membranes, metritis, fetus
40
Q

What is being evaluated during an oral exam of cattle?

A
  • Aging
  • Mucosal lesions
  • trauma
  • foreign bodies
41
Q

What is an exploratory Laparotomy?

A
42
Q

What is an exploratory Laparotomy?

A
  • Extension of the physical exam
  • Systematic exploratory of abdomen
  • Right or Left Flank
    • Right - better access to most abdominal viscera
    • Left - access to rumen, LDA
43
Q

What organs are evaluated during an Exploratory laparotomy?

A
  • Liver:
    • lobe edges (round or sharp)
    • Gall bladder cattle, none in camelids
  • Abomasum:
    • Right ventral abdomen behind liver
    • normally feel flaccid
    • Palpate pylorus
  • Kidneys, Uterus, SI, Cecum
  • Behind Omental Sling to the left side to feel rumen, LDA
44
Q

What other tests can be performed during an exam?

A
  • Ultrasound
  • Pass Stomach tube
  • Blood work
  • Abdominocentesis
45
Q

OBJ: Describe the basic Components of the following Patient/Problem Assessment

A
  • Histology/Signalment
    • Client Complaint
    • Signalment
      • Age, Sex, Breed
      • Owner Questioning/Observations
    • General Questioning
      • Housing
      • Nutrition
      • Vaccination
      • Deworming
    • Specific Questioning:
      • Duration of the problem
      • Onset (Acute vs Chronic)
      • Associated Signs
    • History:
      • What’s been tried so far?
        • drugs
        • homeopathics
        • Procedures
  • Observation:
    • Assess Patient at Rest
      • Assess General Attitude
      • Behavior
      • Posture
      • Gait
      • BCS
      • Body Symmetry
      • Environmental Awareness/Interaction
      • Observe other animals as well
  • Physical Exam
    • Need Proper Restraint
    • Temperature (rectal)
    • Heart Auscultation
      • Rate
      • Rhythm
      • Murmurs
    • Lung Auscultation
      • Rate
      • Lung Sounds
    • Urine collection
    • Mucous Membranes / CRT
    • Left Side:
      • Neck/Prescapular LN
      • Heart
      • Respiratory System
        • lung, trach
      • Wither’s pinch
      • Palpate rumen
      • Check for magnet
      • Ruminations
      • Ballotment and Succussion
      • Percussion
    • Right Side:
      • Heart
      • Respiratory system
        • Lung, Trach
      • Withers pinch
      • Prescapular LN
    • Mammary Glands
    • Rectal Exam
  • Interpretation
46
Q

OBJ: What order of events should you undertake while collecting physical exam parameters in livestock?

A

Head observations LAST

47
Q

OBJ: What are normal T.P.R. Parameters? Species differences?

A
48
Q

OBJ: How might you interpret an elevated respiratory rate without a fever? With a Fever? How are you going to determine the significance of an elevated body temperature in a black steer during a hot sunny Kansas July day?

A
  • Without Fever:
  • With Fever:
  • Temperature Significance:
49
Q

OBJ: How should the normal lung field auscultate? Where is the auscultatable lung field located?

A
  • Free of Crackles, Wheezes, Friction Rubs, Stridor, Stertor
  • Loudest near the sternum
50
Q

OBJ: What is a BCS?

A
  • Body condition sore
    • Beef 1-9
    • Dairy 1-5
    • Sheep 0-5
    • Camelids 1-9
51
Q

OBJ: What is a “ping”? What pings on the right? where are they located?

A
52
Q

OBJ: what is a “wither’s Pinch Test”? How is it interpreted?

A
  • Pinching the withers a normal animal should ventro-flex to avoid the noxious stimulus of the pinch.
  • Failure to ventroflex, or grunting indicates cranial abdominal pain or thoracic pain is likely
53
Q

OBJ: What are Ruminations?

A
  • The muscular contraction of the rumen
  • “Ocean wave” sound
54
Q

OBJ: What is the difference between Ballottement and Succussion? What are their interpretations?

A

“punching” the cows stomach

Ballotment:

  • detects solid content floating in fluid

Succussion:

  • Detects fluid sloshing in viscus succusion
55
Q

OBJ: Where can you palpate Lymph nodes?

A
  • External:
    • Suprascapular
    • Submandibular
    • Prefemoral
    • Supramammary
  • Rectal:
    • Sublumbar
    • Iliac
56
Q

OBJ: How is the udder evaluated? What does a CMT tell you? What does it measure?

A
  • Palpation:
    • swollen quarters/teats
    • Palpation of supramammary lymph nodes
    • ease of milking
  • Mastitis tests
    • Black Plate
    • California Mastitis Test (CMT)
      • tests for subclinical mastitis (increased somatic cells)
      • Agglutinates with DNA
      • Results:
        • Negative, Trace, +, ++, +++
        • thickness of test material correlates with more somatic cells
      • False Positive Possible
57
Q

OBJ: What can be felt on rectal examination?

A
  • Rumen:
    • Dorsal/ventral Sac
    • Consistency of contents (doughy)
    • Size
  • Left Kidney - Caudal Pole
  • loops of the intestine
  • iliac lymph nodes
  • Reproductive system
    • uterus
    • ovaries
    • Seminal vesicles, ampulla
  • Feces within the rectum
58
Q

OBJ: Body Contour Information? what is a “Papple”

A
  • Symmetry of the abdomen of the cow
  • Papple is apple on one side and pear on the other
    • could be impacted abomasum
    • could be motility issues and the rumen is completely full and an extended “L”
59
Q

OBJ: What pings on the left? Where are they located?

A
  • The Rumen
  • Left displaced abomasum

Food Animal Medicine (43 decks)

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