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Food Animal Medicine > Small Ruminant GI Parasites > Flashcards

Small Ruminant GI Parasites Flashcards

1
Q

What are the common GI nematodes of small ruminants

A
  • Haemonchus contortus
  • Telodorsagia circumcinta (Ostertagia)
  • Trichostrongylus axei
  • Nematodirus spp
  • Cooperia spp
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2
Q

Who are most susceptible to GI nematode infections

A
  • Young
  • periparturient
  • immuno-compromised
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3
Q

What is the Life cycle of GI nematodes?

A
  • Symbiotic/parasitic
    • need host
  • Contamination
    • eggs
  • Free-living
    • L1 - L3 in fecal mass
  • Infection
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4
Q

What factors affect the magnitude of GIN contamination

A
  • Stocking rate
  • Age
  • Periparturient
  • Season
  • Hypobiosis
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5
Q

What is the pathogenesis of H. contortus

A
  • Adults and L4 attach to abomasal mucosa
    • consume a blood meal
  • Pathogenic effect from:
    • blood loss - anemia
    • Abomasitis - impaired nutrient digestion
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6
Q

What are the clinical signs of H. contortus infection

A
  • Primary reflect anemia
    • lethargy
    • peripheral edema
    • Pale mucous membranes
      • PCV <15% (normal 25-45)
    • Diarrhea
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7
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Telodorsagia circumcincta?

A
  • Type 1:
    • L3 are ingested and enter into the parietal cell of the abomasum
    • L3 ⇢ L4 and immediately ⇢ Adult worms which are released from the cell into the abomasal lumen where they produce eggs that are passed in the feces
    • Abomasitis and protein losing gastropathy
  • Type 2: Hypobiosis
    • Same until L4 develops
    • L4 enters parietal cell
      • receive ‘hold up’ signal from environment
      • L4 emergence w/ improved weather
    • Release large numbers of immature adults ⇢ Abomasitis but no eggs in fecal
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8
Q

What are the important intestinal Nematodes?

A
  • Nematodirus
  • Oesophagostomum
  • Cooperia
  • Ascaris sp
  • Trichuris
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9
Q

small ruminants

How are nematodes treated?

A
  • Anthelmintic therapy - see chart
  • Blood or plasma transfusion
  • Iron/B-viamin supplementation
  • TLC: low competition environment
  • High quality nutrition
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10
Q

What are the Principles for anthelmintic use in small ruminants

A
  • ensure correct dose
  • Use oral anthelmintics
  • Withhold feed for 12-24 hrs
    • Benzimidazoles and/or ivermectin
  • Use combination of anthelmintics
  • Avoid long acting dewormers
  • Do not treat all animals
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11
Q

What is the FAMACHA system?

A
  • System of identifying anemic animals
    • scoring the anemia and treating based on severity
    • more pallor = greater worm burden
  • Only appropriate for adult animals
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12
Q

How does combination deworming work?

A
  • Additive effect of each drug = increased efficacy
  • Increased drug efficacy = fewer resistant worms
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13
Q

What is a Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT)

A
  • sample 10-15 animals at the same time
    • immediately prior to treatment
    • 10-14 days after
  • Calculate difference in egg #
  • animals must have min of 150-200 epg before treatment
  • Ideal reduction >90%
  • reduction <70% suggests significant resistance to the dewormer
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14
Q

What alternative treatments for GIN are there?

A
  • Copper oxide wire particles
    • cause cuticle defect in adult worms
    • effect begins 12h post dose, and lasts 21 days
  • Parasite inhibiting pants
    • condensed tannins
  • Nematophagus fungi
    • Duddingtonia flagrans
  • Pasture management
  • Alternate species
  • Good nutrition
  • Genetic improvement
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15
Q

What is Coccidiosis?

A
  • Common disease of juvenile livestock
    • usually subclinical
  • Caused by Eimeria and Isospora sp
    • NOT worms
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16
Q

What is the pathogenesis of coccidiosis

A
  • Animal becomes infected after consuming infective oocysts
  • Oocysts infect enterocytes resulting in rupture, leading to inflammation and mucosal cell loss
  • Oocysts are passed in feces
  • Oocysts outside the host sporulate to become infective w/in 2-5 days
17
Q

What factors impact the development of coccidiosis

A
  • Dose of organism
    • directly proportional to fecal contamination of the environment
  • Stress
  • Virulence of species
18
Q

What are the clinical signs of coccidiosis

A
  • Diarrhea - bloody
  • Anemia
  • Tenesmus
  • Nervous coccidiosis
  • Subclinical - poor weight gains, failure to thrive
19
Q

What is the treatment for coccidiosis?

A
  • Supportive care:
    • IV fluids
    • Vit B complex
    • Blood transfusion
  • Anti-coccidial drugs- none approved for goats
    • coccidiostat - Ionophores, Decoquinate
    • Coccidiocidal - Amprolim (50 mg/kg PO 5 days)
      • Triazinones
  • Sulfonamide antibiotics - sulfamethazine

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