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Food Animal Medicine > Rumen/Reticulum Disease > Flashcards

Rumen/Reticulum Disease Flashcards

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1
Q

What makes up the ruminant forestomaches?

A
  • Rumen - fermentation vat
  • Reticulum - mixing bag, collects heavy material
  • Omasum - dehydrating
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2
Q

What is the function of the forestomach?

A
  • Process cellulose and carbohydrates into:
    • VFAs
      • Acetoacetate (70%)
        • used by liver to generate acetyl CoA and Fat Production
      • β - hydroxybutyrate (10%)
        • used by tissue as ketone for energy
      • Proprionate (20%)
        • Major component in gluconeogenesis
    • Proteins
    • Amino Acids
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3
Q

What electrolytes and buffers _______?

A
  • H+ Liberative via VFA production
    • 50L/d saliva
    • 80mEq/L of HCO3
    • PO4 secreted in saliva
  • K is maintained by dietary intake and salivary secretion.
    • Hormone sensitive
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4
Q

How does the Forestomach develope?

A
  • Ruminants are basically monogastric for 4-6 weeks
    • Exposure to forages stimulate the development of the rumen through mechanical irritatoin
  • Age - Abomasum:Rumen)
    • Birth-4wk 1:0.5
    • 8wks 1:1
    • 12wks 1:2
    • Adult 1:9
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5
Q

How do calves digest milk?

A
  • Esophageal Groove
    • shunts milk from esophagus to abomasum
    • suckling stimulates groove to function
  • Failure of Esophageal groove leads to accumulation of milk in immature rumen
    • due to weakness/overloading function (tube feeding)
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6
Q

What causes Rumen putrefaction?

A
  • Ileus, weakness
  • Indegestion
  • Acidosis
  • Bolus (Tube feeding)
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7
Q

What is Rumen motility?

A
  • 2 reticulorumen contractions
    • Independent of each other
      • Primary: mixing - weaker
      • Secondary: eructation - stronger
    • 2 primary : 1 secondary
  • Acusultate 1-3 Primary contractions /2minuts
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8
Q

What Excitatory Input goes into rumen motility?

A
  • Low threshold tension receptors
    • Reticulum wall - stimulated by mild distension (during rest phase)
  • Buccal receptors
    • Mouth - stimulated during chewing
  • Acid receptors
    • Abomasum - stimulated by increased acidity
  • Tension receptors
    • Cranial rumen sac - stimulated by increased gaseous pressure
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9
Q

What inhibitory input is associated with Rumen motility

A
  • High threshold tension receptors
    • Reticulum & cr. Sac - stimulated by bloat
  • Tension receptors
    • Abomasum - stimulated by abomasal distension
  • Chemical receptors
    • Reticulum, rumen - stimulated by increased VFA and toxins
  • Pain receptors
    • Anywhere in the body
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10
Q

What is the vagus nerve? what does it innervate?

A
  • Cranial Nerve X
  • Divides into 2 branches as it passes through the diaphragm
    • Dorsal branch: Rumen, reticulum, omasum
    • Ventral branch: Abomasum
  • Sympathetic control: celiac ganglion
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11
Q

What are the classifications of vagal syndrome?

A
  • Type 1: Failure of eructation or free gas bloat
  • Type 2: Omasal transport failure
  • Type 3: Abomasal impaction
  • Type 4: partial obstruction of the stomach
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12
Q

What is being evaluated when looking are rumen fluid?

A
  • pH
  • Protozoa (visual)
  • Bacteria (New Methylene Blue)
  • Chloride Concentration when suspecting abomasal outflow obstruction
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13
Q

What are the challenges of getting rumen fluid through an oral aspiration?

A
  • Overcoming salivary pH contamination when passing tube
    • sample may be falsely alkaline
  • Getting tube into more fluid portion of rumen
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14
Q

How is Rumenocentesis done?

A
  • Prepare a small area in the cranial lower let flank
  • Use a large bore needle of sufficient length to reach through the body wall and into the rumen 16ga to 14ga; 2inch
  • Aspirate 10ml of rumen fluid
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15
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages to rumenocentesis?

A
  • Advantage: 1 person operation
  • Disadvantages:
    • difficult to recover large enough volume of fluid for full analysis
      • good for pH analysis
    • Risk of peritonitis/ omental bursitis
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16
Q

How should a rumen fluid sample be handled?

A
  • Attempt to keep the sample at body temperature for evaluation
    • protozoa are very sensitive to temp. change
  • Measure pH
  • put 10ml in test tube for the Methylene Blue Reduction test
  • Put a drop of fluid on a warm slid, cover and examine at 10x for protozoa
  • Set aside a small amount for chloride determination if needed
17
Q

How does diet effect ruminal pH?

A
  • Exclusively forage: 7.0-7.5
  • Mixed grain/hay: 6.5
  • High concentrate: 5.5 - 6.5
18
Q

How do problems with the forestomach affect rumen pH?

A
  • Protein increases pH
    • Tissue (placenta)
    • NPN/Urea Toxicity
  • Carbs decrease pH
    • Acidosis in grazing animals
    • Treatments: milk replacers to mature ruminants
19
Q

What is the methylene Blue reduction test for?

A
  • Measure of bacterial activity, especially ability to break down carbohydrates
  • Percentage of concentrate in the diet will effect the time needed to reduce the dye
20
Q

What is Rumen Tympany?

A
  • Free Gas Bloat
  • Frothy Bloat
  • Rumen is continuously producing gas (methane) as a by-product. Accumulated gas gathers dorsally and is eructated off
  • Processes that interfere with eructation result in distension of the rumen (dorsal left paralumbar distension)
21
Q

What is Free Gas Bloat?

A
  • Causes:
    • interference with rumen motility
    • Obstructions at the cardia or esophagus
      • papilloma at the cardia
      • esophageal choke
  • Treatment:
    • Stomach tube passed into the rumen results in complete deflation of the rumen
22
Q

What causes Frothy Bloat?

A
  • Number of factors affecting the formation of stable froth
    • Water content of plants such as Alfalfa, Clover (effect on saliva production)
    • Soluble proteins in plants contribute to the surface tension of fluid in the rumen
    • Population of slime-producing bacteria and mucinolytic bacteria proliferate as the pH approaches 5.4 (feedlot bloat)
  • Gas production continues but the soluble proteins, denatured by pH and affected by the slime-producing bacteria, get beaten into a meringue-type foam
    • foam traps the gas so that it can’t be eructated
    • more gas forms and the rumen distends
23
Q

What are the clinical signs of Tympany?

A
  • Distension of the abdomen, especially the left paralumbar fossa
  • Respiratory distress
  • Elevated heart rate
  • Deaths due to asphyxia
24
Q

How is tympany diagnosed?

A
  • Pass a stomach tube and probe for gas pockets
    • eliminates choke and distal esophageal obstructions
  • Aspirate rumen contents for analysis
    • looking for frothy fluid
25
Q

What is the treatment for tympany?

A
  • Tube and relive free gas bloat
  • Consider rumen fistula for recurring gas bloat
  • For frothy bloat - change the surface tension of the contents
    • Poloxalene, mineral oil, vegetable oil, (turpentine)
  • Increase saliva production
    • tie a stick or gag across the mouth (owner treatment)
  • Consider rumenotomy
26
Q

How can bloat be prevented?

A
  • Limit grazing in alfalfa/clover fields
  • use of poloxalene blocks for pastured cattle
  • feed dry hay along with grazing in problem pastures
  • Spray forages with surfactants
27
Q

What is indigestion in cattle?

A
  • Any dysfunction of reticulorumen
  • 1° - direct problems
    • Abnormal motor function
      • nervous or musclular
      • Scratch or chemical (rapid diet change)
  • 2° - Indirect problems
    • systemic disease affecting muscular or nervous or microbes
28
Q

What are the signs of ‘simple’ indigestion?

A
  • Partial to complete inappetence
  • secession of ruminations
  • Changes in fecal character
    • can be diarrhea or more firm
  • Loss of striated ruminal contents (succuss)
  • lethargy
29
Q

What is the treatment/prevention for ‘simple’ indigestion?

A
  • Treatment: most spontaneously cure w/in a few days
    • rumen transfaunations
      • collected from fistulated cow or slaughter house cow
    • Probiotics: lactobacillus products
    • Diet adjustment: hay only for a few days, reintroduce grain slowly
  • Prevention:
    • Ration management, Bunk reading
30
Q

What is D-lactic acidosis (‘grain overload’)

A
  • Ingestion of increased quantities of fermentable CHO or in a form that is more readily fermented can result in changes in proportions of rumen bacteria, resulting in production of large amounts of D-lactic acid
  • Fermentable CHO is broken down by Streptococcus bovis which produces acid and lowers the rumen pH to 5.0
  • At pH 5, Strep bovis dies off and Lactobasillus proliferates.
    • further lowers pH to less than 4.5
  • D-lactic acid is absorbed systemically
  • L-lactic avid is metabolized by the body
31
Q

What are the clinical signs of D-lactic acidosis?

A
  • Distension - fluid succussion in rumen
  • Dehydration - due to pooling
  • Diarrhea - mild or later stages
  • Depression
  • Dementia - affect of acidosis
  • Death
32
Q

How is D-lactic acidosis diagnosed?

A
  • Rumen fluid analysis
    • pH <5.0
    • No protozoa
  • Systemic metabolic acidosis
    • blood pH <7.2
  • Clinical history of grain engorgement
33
Q

What is the treatment for D-lactic acidosis?

A
  • Mild cases:
    • remove feed, lavage rumen, administer rumen buffers
    • follow-up with transfaunation
  • Severe cases
    • Treat metabolic acidosis, rumenotomy, buffers
    • follow-up with transfaunatoin, antibiotics
    • Watch for signs of rumenitis
34
Q

What are the common sequela of D-lactic acidosis?

A
  • Rumenitis with mycotic infection
  • Seeding of the liver with rumen bacteria (liver abscess
  • Caval thrombosis
  • Necrotic, hemorrhagic omasitis
35
Q

What is Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis or reticulopericarditis?

A
  • Reticulum is a small, honeycombed sac lying under the opening of the esophagus into the rumen. Serves as a muscular bag that contracts to mix rumen contents. Also acts as repository for heavy objects that the animal eats (rocks and metal)
  • Contraction of the reticulum can force sharp objects through the wall
36
Q

What are the clinical signs of Hardware/TRP?

A
  • Both
  • Inappetence
  • No ruminations
  • Signs of abdominal pain
    • winged out elbows
    • bruxism (teeth grinding)
    • reluctance to rise or lie down
  • Dramatic fall in milk production
  • Hardware
  • W/ Pericarditis - signs of right heart failure
    • Jugular distension
    • splashy heart sounds
    • brisket edema
  • Fever
37
Q

How is Hardware diagnosed?

A
  • Abdominal pericentesis
  • hyperfibrinogenemia
  • Radiographs of the reticular area
  • Pericardiocentesis
  • Leukogram
  • PE:
    • Withers pinch
    • winged elbow
    • mild fever
  • Ultrasound:
    • inflammatory fibrinous changes and abscesses canb e imaged
    • Cannot image magnets and foreign bodies
38
Q

What is the treatment for Hardware?

A
  • Left flank laparotomy/rumenotomy
    • most effective within the first week post penetration
  • Administer a magnet
  • Systemic antibiotics
  • Elevate the front quarters of the cow
  • Pericardiostomy

Food Animal Medicine (43 decks)

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