Intestinal Disease Flashcards

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1
Q

What organs can the ultrasound be useful in scanning in cattle?

A

majority of the small intestine

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2
Q

What is the goal of a CBC in cattle?

A
  • Look for differentiating variables of Sx vs Med lesions
  • Clinical exam pointing to GI origin Disease
    • Examples:
      • Severe leukopenia with degenerative left shift make enterotoxemia a top DDx
        • WBC 12,000 /ul 5% bands ⇢ obstruction? localized peritonitis?
        • WBC 3,000/ul 30% bands ⇢ Salmonella / Enterotoxemia
      • Anemia and hypoproteinemia in a Holstein cow with melena makes bleeding abomasal ulcer a top DDx
      • Anemia, leukocytosis and hyperproteinemia?
        • need to differentiate Protein contribution to elevation (fibrinogen fraction vs globulins)
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3
Q

What is the Goal of Chemistry tests in cattle?

A
  • Downer Syndrome
  • Organ Failure/insult
  • Electrolytes consistent with intestinal/forestomach obstruction
    • HypoCL, HypoK, metabolic alkalosis
      • consistent w/ Upper SI/abomasum lesions
      • Obstruction/Displacement
    • HypoCL, HypoK, acidosis or normal pH
      • Suggestive of “indigestion”
      • Or severe intestinal disease/obstruction (necrotic bowel)
    • Hyponatremia, HypoCl, normal pH
      • How long? how severe diarrhea?
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4
Q

How should serum samples from cattle be handled?

A
  • Clot at room temp and remove serum (30 min)
  • Refrigerate up to 36hr / freeze for several days
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5
Q

What can an Albumin to Globulin ratio (A:G) tell you in cattle?

A
  • Less than 0.85 may indicate chronic inflammation
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6
Q

What does Sorbitol Dehydrogenase (SDH) indicate?

A

liver injury

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7
Q

What does GGT indicate in cattle?

A
  • Cholestasis instead of injury
  • great indicator of colostrum intake in calves
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8
Q

What does Creatinine Kinase indicate in ruminants?

A
  • More useful for renal disease than BUN
  • Prognostic enzyme in down animals
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9
Q

How is Fibrinogen measured in cattle?

A
  • Heat precipitate from plasma and measure difference of TP between samples
    • Normal should be less than 500 grams
  • Coffee cup method: 130F water for 3 minutes
  • Difference between TP measurements is estimated fibrinogen
  • EX:
    • initial TP 9.5 on refractometer
    • Post-heat treatment is 8
    • estimated fibrinogen is ~1.5g
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10
Q

OBJ: What are the expected CBC findings for a patient with enterotoxemia?

A

Neutropenia/lymphopenia

Hyperproteinemia

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11
Q

OBJ: What are the expected CBC findings for a cow with hardware disease?

A

Mature Neutrophilia, possibly left shift

Hyperproteinemia

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12
Q

OBJ: What are serum chemistry expectations for Gastro(abomasal)-intestinal obstruction?

A
  • CBC may vary depending on duration and process
  • pH (alkalosis)
  • hypochloremic
  • If a distal lesion - takes a while to develop
  • If an adult with suspected intestinal obstruction is acidotic - poor prognosis and often indicates necrotic bowel
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13
Q

OBJ: What are the serum chemistry expectations for a neonatal calf with diarrhea?

A
  • CBC is variable
  • pH (acidotic)
  • hyponatremic, but may be hypochloremic
  • Hypoproteinemia may indicate passive transfer issues
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14
Q

OBJ: What are the serum chemistry expectations for a Johne’s patient?

A
  • pH tends to remain on the alkalosis side despite profuse waery diarrhea
  • Chloride will drop, as well as sodium
  • Often Panhypoproteinemic
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15
Q

What structures can we readily ultrasound in cattle to assist in diagnosis of abdominal disease?

A

small intestine

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16
Q

What does elevated fibrinogen indicate? How can we measure without submission to the lab?

A
  • indicates inflammatory condition
    • peritonitis, endocarditis, pneumonia, nephritis, etc
  • “coffee cup” method - 130F water for 3 minutes
17
Q

What parameters do we measure with rumen fluid analysis?

A
  • pH
  • protozoa
  • bacteria (New Methylene Blue)
  • Chloride
18
Q

What is the methylene Blue Reduction test?

A
  • evaluates for protazoa
  • Place 10 ml of rumen fluid into a blood tube
  • Add 0.5 ml of 0.04% methylene blue to the tube and invert several times for mixing
  • Record the time needed to return the sample to its original color
19
Q

What does a CSF cytology look for in cattle?

A

indications of meningeal worms