Musculoskeletal Disease Flashcards
1
Q
What is lameness?
A
- Change in pattern of gait
- resulting form injury, disease, or dysfunction of 1+ limbs
- Most often due to PAIN secondary to disease
- Mechanical lameness due to abnormalities in conformation
- may or may not be painful
2
Q
Where do most cases of lameness in cattle originate from?
A
- `Most often in the foot
- 90% rule:
- 90% of lameness originates in the foot
- 90% of foot lameness in the rear foot
- 90% of rear foot lameness is in the lateral claw
- 90% of foot lameness in the rear foot
- 90% of lameness originates in the foot
- 90% rule:
- Many affect the hoof capsule or interdigital space
- Sole ulcers
- White line disease ⇢ Sole abscesses
- Footrot, hairy heel warts
3
Q
What were the risk factors for lameness in cattle?
A
- Nutritional influences
- High energy diets ⇢ rumen acidosis ⇢ laminitis
- Environmental influences
- Confinement
- Concrete/rocky surface
- wet/filthy conditions
- Genetics
- Heritability of conformation
- Abnormal hoof growth
- Structural weakness
- Infectious agents
- Footrot (infectious pododermatits, Fusobacterium necrophorum)
- Hairy heel wart (digital dermatitis, Treponema sp)
- Subsolar abscesses (mixed infectious agents, Trueperella pyogenes)
4
Q
What is the anatomy of the hoof capsule? (lateral view)
A
5
Q
What is the anatomy of the hoof capsule? (ventral view)
A
6
Q
Which digit bears the majority of a cows weight?
A
- Front - Medial claw
- Hind - Lateral
7
Q
What is the Sprecher Lameness scoring
A
8
Q
What is Footrot? Signs? Causes? Treatment?
A
- Interdigital necrobacillosis, Interdigital phlegmon, Interdigital pododermatitis, “foul in the foot”
- Signs:
- Symmetrical swelling of the coronary band
- Can extend above the fetlock
- Erosive lesion of interdigital skin
- Maceration/Injury of skin ⇢ bacteria gain entry ⇢ Necrosis
- Necrotic smell
- Symmetrical swelling of the coronary band
- Causes: Gram Negative Anaaerobe
- Fusobacterium necrophorum
- Bacteroides melaninogenicus
- Porphyromonas spp.
- Prevotella spp.
- Peptostreptococcus spp
- Dichelobacter nodosus
- Treatment:
- Antibiotics
- Debride wound +/-
9
Q
What is Hairy Heel Wart?
A
- Signs: interdigital dermatitis, painful to the touch
- Cause: Treponema spp (spirochete)
- CONTAGIOUS
- Treatment:
- Oxytetracycline, Topical/Bandage
- Footbaths
10
Q
What is the M-Score?
A
11
Q
What is the M-Score?
A
12
Q
What Questions should a Lameness exam answer?
A
- Lameness exam:
- Which limb(s) are affected?
- Locomotor scoring
- Abnormal stance?
- Swellings? Be precise with location and extent
- Wounds?
- Discharge?
- Other information you can glean from watching an animal walk?
13
Q
What are some of the common foot lesions of cattle?
A
- Footrot (Interdigital pododermatitis)
- Hairy Heel wart (digitial dermatitis)
- Corn (interdigital fibroma)
- Abnormal growth of hoof wall/claw
- Corkscrew claw
- Sole ulcer
- White line disease
- Sole abscess
- Vertical hoof crack
- heel erosion
14
Q
What is corkscrew Claw? signs? causes? treatmen?
A
- “Slipper/Scissor/Hooked claws”
- Conformational abnormality - rear lateral claws (almost always)
- Inward (+/- upward) spiral of affected claw
- Abaxial hoof wall curls under
- Changes weight distribution
- Changes to bony structures
- Excessive pressure white line/sole
- Sole ulcer is extremely common
- Cause: complex and not completely understood
- Heritable
- hereditary condition
- Lateral claws of rear legs
- malalignment and angulation of middle and distal phalanges
- Obesity
- Other pathology of the foot (abscesses/laminitis)
- Strong individual-environmental interaction
- Heritable
- Treatment:
- Cull
- Frequent hoof trimming (3-4 times per year)
- straighten hoof wall
- Balance sole
- Re-create normal weight bearing surface
15
Q
What are the basic principles of Corrective hoof trimming?
A
- Trim the dorsal toe length (7-8cm for mature bovine)
- trim to just inside the white line
- trim perpendicular to the weight-bearing surface
- Straight line across both toes
- Trim heel to ⅔ length of the toe
- Trim sole parallel to weight bearing surface
- Straight line from abaxial hoof wall to abaxial hoof wall
- Straight line from heel to toe
- Re-create natural concavity of each toe
- Grind to finish
16
Q
What is a Sole Ulcer?
A
- Starts as bruise ⇢ pressure necrosis, becomes devitalized and leads to granulation bed at sole
- Can become septic
- Etiology: Genetics, nutrition, trauma
- Treatment:
- feather edge of sole around granulation tissue
- Wooden blocks or other lift
17
Q
What is White Line Disease?
A
- Inferior quality laminar horn that is at increased susceptibility to mechanical damage
- Separation of hoof wall from sole near the heel
- Often see gravel, stones or dirt/mud packed into separation ⇢ abscessation
- Is an indication of altered growth of horn and is often associated with laminitis
21
Q
What is Septic Arthritis?
A
- Most commonly affects the DIP joint
- Unilateral painful swelling of coronary band
- Draining tract: proximal aspect of coronary band, or under sole
- Diagnosis can usually be confirmed with radiographs
- Usually caused by extension of sole ulcer, abscess or footrot
22
Q
What is Pedal Osteitis?
A
- Septic process of distal phalanx
- Result of
- extension of solar abscess
- exposure of P3 by trauma
- Sole, infected corium, and distal phalanx are debrided until healthy, hard bone is felt
23
Q
What is Facilitated Ankylosis?
A
- Treatment indicated for deep sepsis of a digit
- Approaches
- Solar
- Bulbar (plantar)
- Abaxial
- Depend on structures involved and location of draining tract
- Goals:
- Resection of infected/necrotic bone and synovial structures
- Adequate drainage to allow healing by second intension
- Pain management
24
Q
What is Claw amputation? indications? Advantages/Disadvantages?
A
- Indications:
- Pedal osteitis
- Luxation or fracture of distal phalanx
- Deep sepsis of the digit
- Septic arthritis
- Advantages:
- Rapid & Inexpensive
- Resection of all affected tissues
- Cattle rapidly become sound
- Disadvantages:
- Reduced productive lifespan
- Heavy animals do poorly
- Cosmetic result is poor
