u cardio

Question 1

what determines the severity of mitral stenosis?

Answer 1

(s2) a2 - to - opening snap time

as mistral stenosis worsens, left atrial pressures continue to rise and casues the mitral valve to open more forecfully

Question 2

what what demostrate severity of mitral regurgitation?

Answer 2

presense of an s3

large volume of regurgitant flow reenters the left ventrilce causing s3

so heart failure can lead to mitral rerurgit -> s3

or mitral regurgi can cause s3 by itself

Question 3

evolution of mitral regurgitation

Answer 3

clinical findings include acute shortness of breath, bilateral crackles.

in acute phase, very high RAP lead to pulmonary edema. Also leads to increased preload, decreased afterload, increased ejection fraction (decreased afterload and increased preload), reduced cardiac output (forward stroke volume), manifesting as hypotension and cardiogenic shock. Contractile fxn is normal.

in chronic MR, the enlarged left atrium accomdates the increased regurg and pulmonary edema goes away. the LV undergoes substantial eccentric hypertrophy, eventually decompensating and oncce again getting decreased CO and pulmonary edema

Question 4

specific sign of left sided heart failure

Answer 4

orthopnea

Question 5

sputum like in heart failure

Answer 5

pink and frothy