Types of Mutations Flashcards
What are frame shift mutations?
Add or delete a nucleotide to change the codon arrangement
What are point mutations?
Changes in singular nucleotides
change of one nucleotide to another
What are the 4 types of mutations?
- Forward Mutation
- Reverse Mutation
- Back Mutations
- Suppressor Mutations - Neutral Mutation
- Null Mutation
What is Forward Mutation?
Result in a change of phenotype
What is Reverse Mutation?
Restoration of a normal phenotype by a second mutation
What are the 2 subcategories of Reverse mutation?
a. Back Mutations
b. Suppressor Mutation
What are Back Mutations?
Original Mutation is reversed by a second mutation.
What are Suppressor Mutations?
Restoration of normal phenotype by mutation in another location
What are Neutral Mutations?
They result in NO change in phenotype
What are Null Mutation?
NO Functions product is made
What are the 4 types of DNA Repair Mechanisms?
- Base Excision Repair
- Nucleotide Excision Repair
- Recombination
- SOS Response
What is Base Excision Repair?
DNA repairing mechanism for very small damage enzymes remove the damaged nucleosides second enzyme cuts out the sugar polymerase refills the gap ligase seals it shut
Nucleotide Excision Repair
more serious damage enzymes remove a string of nucleotides around the damage tear out a strip polymerase refills the area ligase seals it shut.
What is Recombination?
3rd degree of DNA repair mechanism Use pieces of other chromosomes to attempt to fix the damage.
pretty severe damage
What is SOS Response?
Very severe damage
cell turns on all of its repair mechanisms
its like the last resort for a cell to save itself
results in large scale mutations then result of apoptosis
