The Cell Pt 2. Eukaryotic cells Flashcards
Cytosol
Water & Solutes
Cytoplasm
Fluid internal environment of the cell
Plasma membrane
External boundary of the cell.
Nucleus
Where the genetic blueprint is contained.
double membrane bound
2 layers of the membrane.
Nuclear pores
pores that allow for controlled interaction w/ the nuclear material.
little tunnels.
Nucleolus
center of the nucleus
ribosome production begins
Chromosome/s
Large groupings of genes.
-linear
Mitochondria
Energy production site for a cell
multiple mitochondria per cell
double membrane organelle bound
key player in the self distruct mechanism
What are some unique features of the mitochondria?
Contains its own DNA
partial genome
still relies on the nucleus for some infromation
circular chromosome
capable of replicating independently from the rest of the cell
you inherit all of your mitochondria from your mother
Ribosomes
protein production machines no membrane seen in both prokaryotes & eukaryotes multiple ribosomes per cell some are free in the cytosol some are bound to the Endoplasmic Reticulum.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
proof reading/quality controlling proteins modifying proteins synthesizing hormones steroids.
membrane bound
continuos w/ the nuclear membrane
2 forms of Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Smooth ER - Has no ribosomes attached hormone & steroid synthesis
- Rough ER - Has ribosomes attached, protein modification & quality control.
* Most of the cellular calcium ions are locked away in the ER
Golgi Apparatus
Shipping & receiving center for the cell
membrane bound
proteins can undergo additional modifications here
Vesicles
Tiny membrane bound shipping containers
from the cell surface to the Golgi
in & out of the cell
2 types of specialized vesicles are
lysosomes
peroxisomes
Lysosomes
Membrane bound vesicles containing digestive chemicals.
break cells or macromolecules down into simple components.
if a lysosome were to break in a cell it would start to digest a cell
Peroxisomes
membrane bound vesicles contain ROS reactive oxigen species.
charged o2 molecules that break chemical bonds
since they cant release their contents into the cell they need a different strategy.
Macrophages
Cells located in our innate immune system
(nick name is big eaters)
job is to eat pathogens, diseased cells or debris.
packed Full of Lysosomes.
Engulf their target. (remember video)
Frustrated Phagocytosis
When they can not engulf something they may resort to throwing up on it.
Cytoskeleton
Scaffolding & transport for the cell
Microtubules
Hold organelles in place. Allow materials to move along them through the cell.
Actin
Scaffolding protein
can be quickly rearranged to change the shape of the cell
responds to environmental stimuli.
Apoptosis
Pre programed cell death
self distrust mechanism
Initiation
Stimulus can come from within or from other cells
Control
Cascade of events to start the process
turn on capases
apoptotic enzymes
not a simple on/off
Idea is the cell will destroy itself from the inside out w/ no collateral damage.
Protesome
Structure to destroy proteins & frees the amino acids to be used elsewhere. offshoot of the er if a protein is okay it goes one way if its faulty it will go another way (cup & lid structure)
Prions
Misfolded proteins that cause other proteins to misfold.
forms plaques that destroy nervous tissue
What are the 2 ways you can acquire prions?
- Inherited - rare disorder
2. Acquired - Ingesting infected tissue
What are the two types of Cellular Respiration?
- Organismal Respiration - Breathing gas exchange
2. Cellular Respiration - Conversion of sugar into ATP
Energy Currency
Exchange of some materiel for goods or services
exchange of ATP to carry out a function
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
Moded version of dna & rna
Order of Increasing Phosphates
- AMP (Adenosine Monophosphate) - Not useful to energetics
- ADP (Adenosine DiPhosphate) - No Charge (missing phosphate)
- ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) - Charged
