The Cell Pt 2. Eukaryotic cells

Question 0

Cytosol

Answer 0

Water & Solutes

Question 1

Cytoplasm

Answer 1

Fluid internal environment of the cell

Question 2

Plasma membrane

Answer 2

External boundary of the cell.

Question 3

Nucleus

Answer 3

Where the genetic blueprint is contained.
double membrane bound
2 layers of the membrane.

Question 4

Nuclear pores

Answer 4

pores that allow for controlled interaction w/ the nuclear material.
little tunnels.

Question 5

Nucleolus

Answer 5

center of the nucleus

ribosome production begins

Question 6

Chromosome/s

Answer 6

Large groupings of genes.

-linear

Question 7

Mitochondria

Answer 7

Energy production site for a cell
multiple mitochondria per cell
double membrane organelle bound
key player in the self distruct mechanism

Question 8

What are some unique features of the mitochondria?

Answer 8

Contains its own DNA
partial genome
still relies on the nucleus for some infromation
circular chromosome
capable of replicating independently from the rest of the cell
you inherit all of your mitochondria from your mother

Question 9

Ribosomes

Answer 9

protein production machines 
no membrane
seen in both prokaryotes & eukaryotes
multiple ribosomes per cell
some are free in the cytosol
some are bound to the Endoplasmic Reticulum.

Question 10

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Answer 10

proof reading/quality controlling proteins modifying proteins synthesizing hormones steroids.
membrane bound
continuos w/ the nuclear membrane

Question 11

2 forms of Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 11

1. Smooth ER - Has no ribosomes attached hormone & steroid synthesis
2. Rough ER - Has ribosomes attached, protein modification & quality control.
   * Most of the cellular calcium ions are locked away in the ER

Question 12

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 12

Shipping & receiving center for the cell
membrane bound
proteins can undergo additional modifications here

Question 13

Vesicles

Answer 13

Tiny membrane bound shipping containers
from the cell surface to the Golgi
in & out of the cell

Question 14

2 types of specialized vesicles are

Answer 14

lysosomes

peroxisomes

Question 15

Lysosomes

Answer 15

Membrane bound vesicles containing digestive chemicals.
break cells or macromolecules down into simple components.
if a lysosome were to break in a cell it would start to digest a cell

Question 16

Peroxisomes

Answer 16

membrane bound vesicles contain ROS reactive oxigen species.
charged o2 molecules that break chemical bonds
since they cant release their contents into the cell they need a different strategy.

Question 17

Macrophages

Answer 17

Cells located in our innate immune system
(nick name is big eaters)
job is to eat pathogens, diseased cells or debris.
packed Full of Lysosomes.
Engulf their target. (remember video)

Question 18

Frustrated Phagocytosis

Answer 18

When they can not engulf something they may resort to throwing up on it.

Question 19

Cytoskeleton

Answer 19

Scaffolding & transport for the cell

Question 20

Microtubules

Answer 20

Hold organelles in place. Allow materials to move along them through the cell.

Question 21

Actin

Answer 21

Scaffolding protein
can be quickly rearranged to change the shape of the cell
responds to environmental stimuli.

Question 22

Apoptosis

Answer 22

Pre programed cell death

self distrust mechanism

Question 23

Initiation

Answer 23

Stimulus can come from within or from other cells

Question 24

Control

Answer 24

Cascade of events to start the process
turn on capases
apoptotic enzymes

not a simple on/off
Idea is the cell will destroy itself from the inside out w/ no collateral damage.

Question 25

Protesome

Answer 25

Structure to destroy proteins & frees the amino acids to be used elsewhere.
offshoot of the er
if a protein is okay it goes one way
if its faulty it will go another way
(cup & lid structure)

Question 26

Prions

Answer 26

Misfolded proteins that cause other proteins to misfold.

forms plaques that destroy nervous tissue

Question 27

What are the 2 ways you can acquire prions?

Answer 27

1. Inherited - rare disorder

2. Acquired - Ingesting infected tissue

Question 28

What are the two types of Cellular Respiration?

Answer 28

1. Organismal Respiration - Breathing gas exchange

2. Cellular Respiration - Conversion of sugar into ATP

Question 29

Energy Currency

Answer 29

Exchange of some materiel for goods or services

exchange of ATP to carry out a function

Question 30

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

Answer 30

Moded version of dna & rna

Question 31

Order of Increasing Phosphates

Answer 31

1. AMP (Adenosine Monophosphate) - Not useful to energetics
2. ADP (Adenosine DiPhosphate) - No Charge (missing phosphate)
3. ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) - Charged