Mutation & Evalution

Question 0

Broad range antibiotics do what?

Answer 0

Attack everything

Question 1

What does sensitivity testing do?

Answer 1

Tests the effectiveness/resistance of an antibiotic.

Question 2

Narrow range antibiotics do what?

Answer 2

Attacks a small portion of a bacteria

Question 3

What are Pedigrees?

Answer 3

Visualization and tracking tool for genetic traits across generations

Question 4

What is DNA Replication?

Answer 4

S phase of Interphase
copying of an organisms entire genome
critical step in cell replication

Question 5

What is Beginning Replication?

Answer 5

Origins of replication
point where dna can be easily opened up
made up of alot of Adenines & Thymines? AT Rich

Question 6

How many bonds can A:T have?

Answer 6

2 Bonds (easily opened up)

Question 7

How many bonds can GC have?

Answer 7

3 Bonds (Harder to open up)

Question 8

Describe small chromosomes?

Answer 8

Bacterial, circular
4.6 million bases
not alot of complexing proteins
no garbage dna
A single origin of replication
replication occurs simultaneously in opposite directions

Question 9

Describe large chromosomes

Answer 9

Humans, have multiple linear chromosomes
3.3 billion bases, highly complexed w/ proteins
most is garbage dna
multiple origins of replication
DNA replication is semi-conservative

Question 10

Replication Process

Answer 10

Carried out by a series of enzymes conserved across all cells

Question 11

Replication Bubble

Answer 11

Point where DNA is open & being replicated.

Question 12

1. DNA Primase

Answer 12

Puts down a short sequence of RNA

to begin building DNA off of “primer” & eventually removed then replaced by DNA

Question 13

2. DNA Helicase

Answer 13

separates 2 strands to allow the replication machinery to access the dna

Question 14

3. DNA Polymerase

Answer 14

Responsible for DNA synthesis, puts down new nucleotides.
2 working simultaneously in each replication bubble
shaped like a hand with thumbs
functions are dna synthesis proof reading to see if there has been a mistake. & remove faulty nucleotides.

Question 15

4. Dna ligase

Answer 15

Seals gaps in the dna backbone (sealent)

Question 16

5. DNA Gyrase

Answer 16

(Topoismerase)
works far ahead of the replication machinery
relives tension in the dna created by the opening the strands & moving the bubble

Question 17

Name the 5 DNA Enzymes

Answer 17

1. DNA Primase
2. DNA Helicase
3. DNA Polymerase
4. DNA Ligase
5. DNA Gyrase

Question 18

5’ -> 3’ is what strand?

Answer 18

Leading strand

Question 19

3’ -> 5’ Prime is which strand?

Answer 19

Lagging strand

Question 20

Which way does the Lagging strand read?

Answer 20

3’ -> 5’

Question 21

Which way does the Leading strand read?

Answer 21

5’ -> 3’

Question 22

What are Topoismerase?

Answer 22

The uncoiling of dna slightly to relieve pressure so it does not shatter.
found in DNA Gyrase