Types and Methods of Practice Flashcards
What are the factors affecting type of practice?
-The nature of the skill involved
-The amount of technical knowledge needed
-The amount of information the performer needs to process
-Environmental factors
-Previous experience of the performer
-The performers personality, and how well they are motivated
What is the Whole method of practice?
-skill is taught in its entirety, without breaking it down into subroutines
-performer can develop the kinaesthetic sense and total feel for activity
-preformer can appreciate relationships between each part of movement
-used when each part of a skill links closely with the next part
-useful when skill is highly organised, continuous and low in complexity
-useful with ballistic/rapid movements
What are the disadvantages of the whole method of practice?
-not suitable for dangerous or complex skills
-information overload
-de-motivation
What is a practical example of the whole method of practice?
-running
-golf swing
What is the part method of practice?
-used when a skill is low in organisation and can be split up into subroutines (fractionation)
-good for complex skills to avoid overload as well as dangerous skills
-skill is broken down into parts (subroutines), these parts are taught as separate actions then put together
-athlete can gain confidence by learning each part separately
-when parts brought together, the performer will have a better idea of the technique involved
-useful when teaching serial and closed skills
A ➞ B ➞ C ➞ D ➞ ABCD
What are the disadvantages of part practice?
-time consuming
-transferring skills back to the whole skill can be difficult
-difficult to develop a kinaesthetic fell for skill
What is a practical example of part practice?
-Breaststroke - the arm action, leg action, breathing technique and body position can be analysed and taught separately
What is the Whole Part Whole method of practice?
-performer firstly attempts the whole skill, then practices the skill in parts or subroutines and then putting them together again as a whole
-suitable for serial skills or those with a low organisation
-this method gives the performer a kinaesthetic feel and a flow for the skill before breaking it down
ABCD ➞ A ➞ B ➞ C ➞ D ➞ ABCD
What are the disadvantages of the whole part whole method of practice?
-Not suitable for highly organised skills
-Cannot be broken down for dangerous skills
What is a practical example of the Whole Part Whole method of practice?
A basketball coach allows beginner to try a lay up shot after demonstration. The player reflects on attempt and receives feedback. The coach then isolates the run-up and take-off as separate parts of the whole skill. Player practices these parts separately before putting them once more together as one skill
What is the progressive part method?
-First subroutine is taught, then second subroutine taught then they are added together
-Known as chaining
- Suits skills which are low in organisation, serial and complex/dangerous
-Reduces information load and helps with flow of skill
A ➞ B ➞ AB ➞ C ➞ ABC ➞ D ➞ ABCD
What are the disadvantages of the progressive part method?
-time consuming
What is a practical example of the progressive part method?
A gymnastics coach developing a gymnasts routine. All the complex independent parts are practiced in isolation, handstand, cartwheel, somersault etc. but then linked together in small units, in order that the gymnast can experience and learn how to fluently link them - until the chain is complete
What is massed practice? And its advantages and disadvantages?
-Practice is done with no rest intervals with sessions long in duration
-Good for grooving of skills and to encourage a habitual response
-Good for discrete skills of short duration
-Can lead to fatigue and boredom
-There may be elements of negative transfer
-Increases fitness levels, good for experienced and motivated performers
What is distributed practice? What is its advantages and disadvantages?
-Work followed by rest followed by work
-Rest intervals which could involve mental practice
-Good for the beginner and most skill learning
-Good for continuous skills
-Gives time to recover physically and mentally
-Good for potentially dangerous situations
-Can be time consuming
-Skills may have to be reintroduced after each break
