Memory Models Flashcards
What is encoding?
The conversion of information into codes called visual codes, auditory codes and semantic codes
What is storage?
The retention of information over a period of time
What is retrieval?
Recovering the information that has been stored
Who is the multi-store memory model by?
Atkinson and Shiffren
What are the three stages of the mutli store memory model?
Short term sensory store (including selective attention)
Short-term memory
Long-term memory
What is chunking?
Different pieces of information being grouped together and then remembered as one piece of information
What is selective attention?
Relevant information is picked out and attended to, filtered through the STM, and irrelevant information is filtered out and lost or forgotten
What are the features of the short-term sensory store?
-Information held for a short period of time, up to 1 second (0.25-1s)
-Very large capacity
-Where information enters
-Perceptual mechanism determines which information is important to us
-Selective attention - irrelevant information is lost and important information filters into the STM
-Relevant information is passed into the STM, encoded
What is a practical example of STSS and selective attention?
A tennis player filters out irrelevant information like the crowd and the umpire and picks out the relevant information like the ball speed, body position and racket position, servers stance
What are feature of the short term memory?
-Known as the working memory
-Has a limited capacity of approx. 5-9 items
-Duration of up to 30 seconds
-Incoming information is compared to learned information in the LTM
-Information is organised, chunked together
-Interpretation and comparison
-Information which is important can be rehearsed or practiced and by this process passes into the LTM for future use, this is encoding
What is a sporting example of using short term memory?
The flight of the tennis serve is compared with what you already have stored in LTM about previous service returns
What is a sporting example of using long term memory?
The tennis player selects a serve that they already know has been successful in a situation before
What are the features of the long term memory?
-Limitless capacity
-Information can be stored for long periods of time, perhaps permanently
-Motor programmes are stored in LTM as they have been rehearsed many times, highly developed schema
-Recognition aspect of perception occurs (where info for the long term store is retrieved and compared to the new information in the short term memory which is then recognised)
-Continued rehearsal leads to a skill being almost automatic
What are the advantages of the mutli-store memory model?
-Simple to understand
-Explains how an individual can deal with large amounts of information
-Explains how people with memory conditions can remember things from long ago but not what just happened
-Gives a realistic answer to how an individual deals with lots of information that they take it
-The LTM explains how an individual can preform a skill that they haven’t done for a long time eg. riding a bike
-It is true that if information is repeated/chunked it is more likely to be stored in LTM
-It is true that some info is difficult to decode/retrieve from LTM to STM or explains how information that isn’t rehearsed gets forgotten
What are the disadvantages of the mutli-store memory model?
-Model is too simple or hasn’t been proven
-Does not explain why an individual might remember one type of info nut not another
-Does not effectively explain the interaction between the STM and the LTM
-Doesn’t account for individual differences in capacity/duration
-Doesn’t account for interest/motivation/concentration/understanding and its effect on memory
-Doesn’t quantify how much repetition results in LTM storage
Who created the level of processing model?
Craik and Lockhart
How well information is remembered is dependent on what?
-If the information is considered
-If the information is understood
-If the information has a meaning
-The greater the depth of processing the longer the memory trace will last
What does the level of processing model say about the meaning of information?
-How deeply we consider information determines how long memory lasts
-The meaning of the information is more relevant than mere repetition
What are the 3 levels relating to the processing of verbal information?
Structural level
Phonetic level
Semantic level
What is the structural level processing?
Involves paying attention to what the words look like. This is a shallow level of processing
What is the phonetic level processing?
Processing the sounds of the words
What is the semantic level processing?
Considers the actual meaning of the words, which is the deepest level of processing
What is a practical example of the levels of processing for the level of processing model?
Considered - A gymnastics coach explaining why it is important to take a tuck position in a somersault to ensure a greater speed of rotation.
Understood - The performer is more likely to understand why
Meaning - explaining why the tucked shape helps increase rotation speed gives it a meaning
What are the advantages of the levels of processing model/?
-Explains well that if we understand some information we are more likely to remember it
-Explains well that the longer we consider and analyse information, the more we remember that information
What are the disadvantages of the levels of processing model?
-Does not take into account individual differences
-The longer time it takes to process information does not always lead to better recall. So the depth of processing does not always help us remember
-Difficulty in defining what ‘deep’ processing actually involves. In merely describing the brain as processing information ‘deeply’, there is little to define what is meant by ‘deeply’
What are the way as of improving memory/ retention/ retrieval?
Rehearsal - Useful for retrieval of information in both the STM and the LTM
Meaningfulness - The more the information is seen as relevant, the more likely we are to remember it
Association - If new information is linked somehow to old information, it is more likely to be rememebered
Avoiding overload - Any new information must be allowed to ‘sink in’ to ovoid potential confusion
Organising Information/Chunking - Chunking can expand the STM store. Complex pieces of information should be grouped to aid understanding
Mental Imagery - A performer will often remember a visual representation far more than verbal instructions
What is a practical example of rehearsal?
Grooving a tennis serve by drilling it
What is a practical example of meaningfulness?
A coach explaining the importance of a shot corner drill
What is a practical example of Association?
A badminton player sees a high shuttle cock and knows to preform a smash shot
What is a practical example of Avoiding overload?
Coaching giving a short concise instruction to a gymnast
What is a practical example of organising information?
Shot put - clean palm, dirty neck
What is a practical example of mental imagery?
Gymnastics coach giving demonstration of cartwheel
What is the acronym used to remember how to improve retention and retrieval?
R O A M A M
Compare the STSS, STM and LTM
-STSS had a large capacity, STM has a limited/small capacity, LTM has limitless capacity
-STSS hold information for 0.25-1s, STM is up to 30 seconds, LTM is long periods of time
-STSS used selective attention, STM is interpretation and comparison (and also encoding into LTM), LTM is recognition and motor programmes
Why is the STM referred to as the working memory?
Information is interpreted, and compassion (to LTM) occurs
Explain the levels of processing model
-How deeply we consider information determines how long memory lasts
-Structural level (1st): paying attention to what the information looks like (shallow level)
-Phonetic level (2nd): processing the sounds of words
-Semantic level (3rd): considers the actual meaning of words, deepest level of processing
-Structural and semantic level is a shallower levels, involves more processing
-Semantic level is the deepest level of processing
-The deep the level of processing, the more likely information will be stored in the LTM
-Information is remembered if it has a meaning, is understood, if it has been considered, the greater the depth of processing the longer the memory trace will last
What is the acronym to remember the strategies for improving retention and retrieval?
ROAM, AM
