Memory Models Flashcards
(38 cards)
What is encoding?
The conversion of information into codes called visual codes, auditory codes and semantic codes
What is storage?
The retention of information over a period of time
What is retrieval?
Recovering the information that has been stored
Who is the multi-store memory model by?
Atkinson and Shiffren
What are the three stages of the mutli store memory model?
Short term sensory store (including selective attention)
Short-term memory
Long-term memory
What is chunking?
Different pieces of information being grouped together and then remembered as one piece of information
What is selective attention?
Relevant information is picked out and attended to, filtered through the STM, and irrelevant information is filtered out and lost or forgotten
What are the features of the short-term sensory store?
-Information held for a short period of time, up to 1 second (0.25-1s)
-Very large capacity
-Where information enters
-Perceptual mechanism determines which information is important to us
-Selective attention - irrelevant information is lost and important information filters into the STM
-Relevant information is passed into the STM, encoded
What is a practical example of STSS and selective attention?
A tennis player filters out irrelevant information like the crowd and the umpire and picks out the relevant information like the ball speed, body position and racket position, servers stance
What are features of the short term memory using examples?
-Known as the working memory
-Has a limited capacity of approx. 5-9 items
-Duration of up to 30 seconds
-Perception occurs, incoming information is interpreted (eg. a tennis player judging the spin of a ball)
-Incoming information is compared to learned information in the LTM (eg. the flight of the ball compared to previous serve)
-Information is organised, chunked together (eg. opponents position, the flight of the ball and the speed are all organised in the brain)
-Interpretation and comparison
-Information which is important can be rehearsed or practiced and by this process passes into the LTM for future use, this is encoding (eg. the flight of the ball is remembered)
What is a sporting example of using short term memory?
The flight of the tennis serve is compared with what you already have stored in LTM about previous service returns
What is a sporting example of using long term memory?
The tennis player selects a serve that they already know has been successful in a situation before
What are the features of the long term memory using sporting example ?
-Limitless capacity
-Information can be stored for long periods of time, perhaps permanently
-Motor programmes are stored in LTM as they have been rehearsed many times, highly developed schema (eg. tennis player has stored a number of different serves)
-Recognition aspect of perception occurs (where info for the long term store is retrieved and compared to the new information in the short term memory which is then recognised)
-Continued rehearsal leads to a skill being almost automatic
-Information is decoded, sent back to STM (eg. the return of serve movement pattern is remembered and then used in present situation)
What are the advantages of the mutli-store memory model?
-Simple to understand
-Explains how an individual can deal with large amounts of information
-Explains how people with memory conditions can remember things from long ago but not what just happened
-Gives a realistic answer to how an individual deals with lots of information that they take it
-The LTM explains how an individual can preform a skill that they haven’t done for a long time eg. riding a bike
-It is true that if information is repeated/chunked it is more likely to be stored in LTM
-It is true that some info is difficult to decode/retrieve from LTM to STM or explains how information that isn’t rehearsed gets forgotten
What are the disadvantages of the mutli-store memory model?
-Model is too simple or hasn’t been proven
-Does not explain why an individual might remember one type of info nut not another
-Does not effectively explain the interaction between the STM and the LTM
-Doesn’t account for individual differences in capacity/duration
-Doesn’t account for interest/motivation/concentration/understanding and its effect on memory
-Doesn’t quantify how much repetition results in LTM storage
Who created the level of processing model?
Craik and Lockhart
How well information is remembered is dependent on what?
-If the information is considered
-If the information is understood
-If the information has a meaning
-The greater the depth of processing the longer the memory trace will last
What does the level of processing model say about the meaning of information?
-How deeply we consider information determines how long memory lasts
-The meaning of the information is more relevant than mere repetition
What are the 3 levels relating to the processing of verbal information?
Structural level
Phonetic level
Semantic level
What is the structural level processing?
Involves paying attention to what the words look like. This is a shallow level of processing
What is the phonetic level processing?
Processing the sounds of the words
What is the semantic level processing?
Considers the actual meaning of the words, which is the deepest level of processing
What is a practical example of the levels of processing for the level of processing model?
Considered - A gymnastics coach explaining why it is important to take a tuck position in a somersault to ensure a greater speed of rotation.
Understood - The performer is more likely to understand why
Meaning - explaining why the tucked shape helps increase rotation speed gives it a meaning
What are the advantages of the levels of processing model/?
-Explains well that if we understand some information we are more likely to remember it
-Explains well that the longer we consider and analyse information, the more we remember that information
