Memory Models Flashcards
What is encoding?
The conversion of information into codes called visual codes, auditory codes and semantic codes
What is storage?
The retention of information over a period of time
What is retrieval?
Recovering the information that has been stored
Who is the multi-store memory model by?
Atkinson and Shiffren
What are the three stages of the mutli store memory model?
Short term sensory store (including selective attention)
Short-term memory
Long-term memory
What is chunking?
Different pieces of information being grouped together and then remembered as one piece of information
What is selective attention?
Relevant information is picked out and attended to and irrelevant information is filtered out and lost or forgotten
What are the features of the short-term sensory store?
-Information held for a very short period of time of 0.25 to 1 second
-Very large capacity
-Perceptual mechanism determines which of the information is important to us
-Irrelevant information is lost and important information filters into the STM
-Selective attention enables accurate decision making
What is a practical example of STSS and selective attention?
A tennis player filters out irrelevant information like the crowd and the umpire and picks out the relevant information like the ball speed, body position and racket position, servers stance
What are feature of the short term memory?
-Known as the working memory/work space
-Has a limited capacity of approx. 5-9 items
-Information can only be held for up to 30 seconds
-Comparing what you perceive and selectively attend to with what you already have from experience
-Blocks of information can be chunked together
-Information which is important can be rehearsed or practiced and by this process passes into the LTM for future use, this is encoding
What is a sporting example of using short term memory?
The flight of the tennis serve is compared with what you already have stored in LTM about previous service returns
What is a sporting example of using long term memory?
The tennis player selects a serve that they already know has been successful in a situation before
What are the features of the long term memory?
-Almost limitless capacity
-Information can be stored for long periods of time, perhaps permanently
-Motor programmes are stored in LTM as they have been rehearsed many times, highly developed schema
-Continued rehearsal leads to a skill being almost automatic
-The LTM is the recognition aspect of perception where info for the long term store is retrieved and compared to the new information in the short term memory which is then recognised
What are the advantages of the mutli-store memory model?
-Simple to understand
-Explains how an individual can deal with large amounts of information
-Explains how people with memory conditions can remember things from long ago but not what just happened
-The LTM explains how an individual can preform a skill that they haven’t done for a long time eg. riding a bike
-It is true that if information is repeated/chunked it is more likely to be stored in LTM
-It is true that some info is difficult to decode/retrieve from LTM to STM or explains how information that isn’t rehearsed gets forgotten
What are the disadvantages of the mutli-store memory model?
-Model is too simple or hasn’t been proven
-Does not explain why an individual might remember one type of info nut not another
-Does not effectively explain the interaction between the STM and the LTM
-Doesn’t account for individual differences in capacity/duration
-Doesn’t account for interest/motivation/concentration/understanding and its effect on memory
