Type 2 Diabetes

Question 1

What is type 2 diabetes?

Answer 1

When cells are not responsive to the insulin.

Question 2

How many cases of diabetes is type 2?

Answer 2

About 90%

Question 3

What are the 4 main types of diabetes?

Answer 3

Type 1, gestational (pregnant), secondary, type 2.

Question 4

How common is type 2 diabetes in Canada?

Answer 4

30% of Canadians have it but every one has a 50% chance of developing pre-diabetes or diabetes in their lifetime. Rates are increasing.

Question 5

What is type 2 diabetes characterized by?

Answer 5

Having abnormally high blood sugar levels.

Question 6

What does type 2 diabetes start with and evolve with?

Answer 6

Starts with abnormal blood sugar levels and evolves into also having problems with blood lipid levels, blood fats are too high. Blood pressure is too high. Affects cholesterol levels in body.

Question 7

Why is the cost of treating type 2 diabetes in Canada so high?

Answer 7

The costs of treatments AND the costs associated with preventing and treating other complications that come from diabetes like kidney failure, blindness, etc.

Question 8

Why is it that in USA women are at higher risk and in Canada men are at higher risk for type 2 diabetes? (Prof emphasized this so it is prolly on exam.)

Answer 8

In USA, women have more obesity than men. in Canada, men have more obesity than women. Type 2 risks follows obesity risks.

Question 9

Whose life expectancy shortens more with type 2 diabetes? Someone diagnosed early or late in life?

Answer 9

The younger, the more years lost.

Question 10

What is QALY years?

Answer 10

Number of years you feel well enough to function.

Question 11

Diabetes risk is higher in some ethnic groups even for a given ______ status

Answer 11

BMI

Question 12

What ethnic group has highest type 2 diabetes risk?

Answer 12

South Asian.

Question 13

Can you develop type 2 diabetes with a reasonable BMI?

Answer 13

Yes.

Question 14

Symptoms of type 2 diabetes?

Answer 14

Central obesity, unexplained weightloss, frequent urination, thirst, frequent infections, fatigue, slow to heal from cuts and bruises, dry itchy skin, singling or numbness in hands or feet.

Question 15

Why is there a weight loss effect from diabetes?

Answer 15

Urination of calories from glucose.

Question 16

Risk factors for type 2 diabetes?

Answer 16

Overweight, 45+ years old, have immediate family with type 2, are physically active less than 3 times a week, had gestational diabetes or gave birth to a baby over 9 lbs (child also at increased risk).

Question 17

What are the tests for diabetes?

Answer 17

Blood tests include hemoglobin A1c Test (HbA1c) and the oral test which is the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)

Question 18

What is an A1c test?

Answer 18

A blood test where they look at the sugar coating of the red blood cells.

Question 19

What do results of an HbA1c Test indicate?

Answer 19

Normal is below 5.7%, prediabetes is 5.7-6.4%, diabetes is 6.5% +

Question 20

During an OGGT test, after 2 hours of consuming the sugary drink, what will be your blood sugar if you’re in the diabetes range?

Answer 20

11.1mmol/L +

Question 21

True or false: you’re only diabetic if you fail both the tests; fasting and after you consume sugary beverage

Answer 21

False, you only need to fail one to be diabetic. (Fasting is +7mM and 2hrs after is +around 15mM)

Question 22

What is the biology behind type 2 diabetes?

Answer 22

You’re insulin resistant, inability to produce enough insulin to keep glucose in the normal range

Question 23

What happens to insulin producing cells as someone develops type 2 diabetes?

Answer 23

They die. You lose functioning beta cells and developing plaques that looks like Alzheimer’s in the brain.

Question 24

What happens during type 2 diabetes?

Answer 24

Glucagon goes up and insulin goes down

Question 25

In type 2 diabetes there is too much ______ ________.

Answer 25

Glucagon secretion.

Question 26

What is the management for type 2 diabetes?

Answer 26

• Weight loss by healthy eating and regular PA
• Exercise training
• blood sugar monitoring
• diabetes medications including the possibility of insulin therapy

Question 27

How many different classifications for medications for type 2 diabetes?

Answer 27

12, and within each classification, several different drug types and names

Question 28

What does ozempic do?

Answer 28

It is a drug that does several things for type 2 diabetics like causing weight loss, enhancing insulin secretion, enhances insulin sensitivity and reduces the desire for food.

Question 29

What is the primary effect of ozempic?

Answer 29

To lower A1c