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kine1020 winter term > Cancer Part 1 > Flashcards

Cancer Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the leading cause of death?

A

Cancer

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2
Q

Whose life expectancy is longer, male or female?

A

Female.

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3
Q

Why is it that at age 65, we are given a higher life expectancy than at birth?

A

Some babies die, so the average age at birth gets lowered when age 0 is factored in.

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4
Q

What percent of Canadians will die from cancer?

A

25%

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5
Q

What percent of Canadians develop cancer in their lifetime?

A

40%

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6
Q

What’s the “Five-year cancer survival rate”? (If someone was diagnosed today, what are the chances they’ll survive after 5 years?)

A

64%

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7
Q

What is cancer?

A

Uncontrolled (or unregulated) growth and spread of abnormal cells anywhere in the body.

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8
Q

How many different types of cancer are there and what are the top 4?

A

More than 200. Lung, colorectal, breast, and prostate (they all make up 50% of all cases in Canada).

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9
Q

In cell replication, what happens when there is space (typically from a cell dying) between cells?

A

They replicate to fill the space.

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10
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

A cell killing itself due to being a mutation.

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11
Q

What happens if a gene or cell is damaged but the part of the cell that’s damaged is the apoptosis?

A

It cannot kill itself, so it replicates. First step of cancer.

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12
Q

What does hyperplasia mean?

A

Increased replication.

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13
Q

What does dysplasia mean?

A

Abnormal structure and organization. Can be seen under microscope.

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14
Q

Does dysplasia always lead to cancer?

A

No. it can lead to cancer but it can also go back to hyperplasia.

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15
Q

What is carcinoma in situ?

A

Abnormal cells that can be seen under the microscope but do not spread. Large clump in same location. This is called a benign tumor. “Stage 0”

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16
Q

What determines if carcinoma in site turns into cancer?

A

Depends on type of cells and where it is, can or cannot turn into a malignant tumor (cancer)

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17
Q

What is a cancerous (malignant) tumour?

A
  • The abnormal growth becomes cancer (malignant tumor) when:
    -It grows into nearby tissues.
    Or
  • has cells that travel through the blood or lymphatic system and spread to other parts of the body ( metastatic cancer)
18
Q

What happens during metastatic cancer?

A

An uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells that don’t do their normal job and are sucking up all the resources that your healthy cells need. This is what causes death.

19
Q

What is the cancer staging system in Canada?

A

The TNM which is:
- tumour size
- node (lymph node)
- metastasis

20
Q

How is tumour size in cancer graded?

A

From 1-4, higher number means tumour is larger.

21
Q

How is lymph nodes staging of cancer graded?

A
  • N0 means cancer has not spread to lymph nodes
  • N1, N2, N3 based on number of lymph nodes that contain cancer as well as size and location
22
Q

How is the metastasis staging of cancer graded?

A

M describes whether cancer has spread to other parts of the body through blood or lymphatic system. M0 means not press and M1 means has spread to other parts of the body

23
Q

What determines what type of cancer is most common to you?

A

Age and sex.

24
Q

Which sex is more likely than the other to die of cancer?

A

Male more likely than female

25
Q

What is the science behind the older you get, the more likely you are to develop cancer?

A

The more your cells replicate, the higher your chances. And over life, you are exposed to things that can cause genetic damage.

26
Q

What can cause a genetic change/damage?

A

Heredity, viruses, smoking, UV radiation, chemicals and cells dividing.

27
Q

Does family history play a part in your risk for cancer?

A

Yes.

28
Q

What ethnicity is at highest risk of getting cancer vs what ethnicity is at highest risk of dying from cancer?

A
  • Getting: non-hispanic white
  • dying: non-hispanic black
29
Q

Seven warning signs of cancer?

A

CAUTION
- Change in bowel habits
- a sore that doesn’t heal
- unusual bleeding or discharge
- thickening of lump in breast, testis, on elsewhere
- Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
- obvious change in a wart or mole
- nagging cough or hoarseness

30
Q

Why are cases of cancer getting more and more common every year?

A

Our life expectancy is getting higher. looking at standardized rates, it is not increasing by much.

31
Q

What is the most common cancer in women?

A

Breast cancer, 1/8 women will be diagnosed in their life time. Second most common in Canada.

32
Q

What are this risk factors for breast cancer?

A

Age, estrogen exposure (staring period at young age, starting menopause late, birth control, hormone replacement therapy), pregnancy and breast feeding, breast lumps, family history, BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene, obesity, alcohol, physical inactivity

33
Q

When does risk for breast cancer spike?

A

After having a baby.

34
Q

Why does high estrogen cause greater risk for breast cancer?

A

There are receptors on your breast tissues that bind to estrogen and then it increases cell proliferation (cell reproduction, increasing risk of mutation)

Short answer: estrogen increases cell replication

35
Q

Why does pregnancy and lactation or breast feeding decrease breast cancer rates?

A

Breasts are in lobule types 3 and 4 development, and now, periods are being lost, the ones that lead to high replication rates because they have less estrogen receptors that cause the cell division that increases the likelihood of cells making a mistake.

36
Q

Why does early pregnancy and breastfeeding lead to lower cancer risk?

A

The longer you breastfeed, the more kids you have, the younger you are when yon have kids, the lower your risk for breast cancer. This is because there is lower replication.

37
Q

What percent of breast cancer cases are thought to be hereditary?

A

About 5-10%

38
Q

Where can you develop breast cancer?

A
  • Ducts (most common)
  • lobules
  • tissues in between ducts and lobules (rare)
39
Q

Can men get breast cancer?

A

Yes.

40
Q

Why is likelihood of cancer spreading most common in breast cancer?

A

Because of all the circulation that occurs.

41
Q

What are some breast cancer symptoms?

A

-Nipples changing
-Bloody discharge
- change in breast colour
- lump in the breast
- pitting of the breast skin
- breast or nipple pain

kine1020 winter term (28 decks)

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