Cardiovascular Disease Part 3

Question 1

What happens during a TECAB (aka MIDCAB) surgery?

Answer 1

• only needs a few openings each abt dime sized
• cameras and instruments are inserted
• pros include faster recovery and heart is not stopped

Question 2

What happens during an open heart(CABG) surgery?

Answer 2

• heart is stopped
• connected to a the heart-lung bypass machine to circulate blood
• depending on where the blocked artery is, determines if this approach is necessary

Question 3

recovery time in open heart vs MIDCAB surgery

Answer 3

open heart: 2 to 3 months
MIDCAB: 2 weeks

Question 4

What is deep vein thrombosis

Answer 4

• clot that is formed in the large veins, commonly in the leg
• not fatal

Question 5

Treatment for deep vein thrombosis?

Answer 5

• anti-coagulants (heparin and warfarin)
• compression stockings (swelling)
• vena cava filter (surgery)

Question 6

Can deep vein thrombosis progress?

Answer 6

Yes it can go into the lungs, where it can become an pulmonary embolism

Question 7

what is a pulmonary embolism?

Answer 7

a blocked blood vessel within your lungs that can be fatal

Question 8

symptoms of pulmonary embolism

Answer 8

chest pain when taking a deep breath, shortness of breath, fainting, dizziness, sweating, anxiety

Question 9

What is the difference between a thrombus and embolus?

Answer 9

where it is produced and where it is blocking blood flow.
Thrombus: blood clot that forms in a blood vessel and blocks blood flow locally (essentially a blood clot that has not moved)
Embolus: can be a blood clot, gas bubble, or fat plaque, etc., that travels in the blood vessel and blocks off blood flow in a place where it is not formed (essentially a blood clot that has moved)

IE: thrombosis can become an embolism by moving

Question 10

What happens if a blood clot or impaired blood flow occurs in the brain?

Answer 10

it is called a stroke

Question 11

What are the two main types of strokes?

Answer 11

1. hemorrhage (bleeding (possibly from high blood pressure))
2. ischemic stroke (blocking of blood flow)

Question 12

Stroke risk factors

Answer 12

age, hypertension, high red blood cell count, heart disease, blood cholesterol, diabetes, ethnicity

Question 13

What is an aneurysm

Answer 13

a weakness in the blood vessel

Question 14

causes of cerebral aneurysms

Answer 14

trauma or injury to head, infection, high blood pressure, tumours, genetic abnormalities

Question 15

most common type of aneurysm?

Answer 15

saccular (looks like an artery with a balloon on it)

Question 16

symptoms of an unruptured aneurysm:

Answer 16

• pain above and behind the eye
• numbness, weakness, or paralysis on one side of the face
• dilated pupils
• vision changes

Question 17

symptoms of a ruptured aneurysm (hemorrhage):

Answer 17

• sudden and extremely severe headache
• nausea and vomiting
• stiff neck
• loss of consciousness

Question 18

What is a computed tomography angiography (CTA) used for an unruptured cerebral aneurysms

Answer 18

• used to diagnose the cerebral aneurysms. so they look at the structures using imaging to see if there are unruptured aneurysms to be treated

Question 19

What is the angiogram used for an unruptured cerebral aneurysms?

Answer 19

where they use a catheter (hollow plastic tube) to look at the blood vessels in your brain and so they can take x-rays and look at the blood flow

Question 20

What is the only treatment for a ruptured cerebral aneurysm? (saccular type)

Answer 20

microvascular clipping: open skull called craniotomy and locate artery with aneurysm and place a small clip on the neck of the aneurysm to block the blood flow from entering the aneurysm (so no more blood leaves the brain)
- stays for rest of your life and is very effective

Question 21

What is the only treatment for a ruptured cerebral aneurysm? (fusiform)

Answer 21

cant so microvascular clipping because blood flow would be completely cut off.
- clips are put on either side of aneurysm (occlusion) and then a bypass is used to restore blood flow

Question 22

what is endovascular therapy (coiling) for an unruptured cerebral aneurysm?

Answer 22

doctor inserts a catheter into an artery and fills the aneurysm with spirals of platinum wire so blood can no longer flow into it. prevents rupture

Question 23

warning signs of stroke

Answer 23

weakness, trouble speaking, vision problems, headache, dizziness, arm or leg weakness, loss of balance, speech difficulty

Question 24

stroke prevention

Answer 24

quit smoking, maintain normal blood pressure, eat a low saturated-fat, low cholesterol diet, maintain a normal body weight, exercise

Question 25

True or false: your liver is very good at converting carbohydrates into LDL

Answer 25

true

Question 26

The right side of the brain controls what side of the head and what side of the body?

Answer 26

right side of head, left of body