Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

KINE1020 Winter Term > Bone Health and Osteoporosis Part 1 > Flashcards

Bone Health and Osteoporosis Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is our bones composed of?

A
  • 50% mineral crystals (calcium phosphate)
  • 50% protein (collagen)
  • trabecular (quicker turnover) and cortical
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is trabecular bone?

A

spongey and its at the ends of our bones
- regenerates quicker than cortical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is cortical bone?

A

compact and it is the outside layer of our bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

is bone alive?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

other than structure and protecting our organs, what is the bones function?

A
  • secretes a lot of substances into the blood that can affect many other things
  • it is continually broken down and reformed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is bone modeling?

A

our bone growing at the ends (how we get taller)
- pediatric bone accrual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is bone remodeling?

A
  • adult bone turnover
  • as we get older are bone can chip or become damaged so it rebuilds new bone over time
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how does the bone remodeling cycle work?

A
  • starts with osteoclast (bone break down cells)
  • osteoclasts start to eat away at bone to create a pit
  • osteoblasts get recruited to area to lay down new bone
  • in order for this to happen, nutrients and building blocks are needed
  • nutrients and osteoblasts work together to fill in certain area and build strong bone together
  • inadequate nutrition = compromise process
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the difference between osteoBlasts and osteroClasts?

A

Blasts: bone forming/Building cells (sit on surface of bone)
Clasts: bone resorbing cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what does the balance between resorption and formation over time dictate?

A

bine mass or bone mineral density

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

osteoporosis

A

more brittle bones over time
- caused by too much resorption not enough formation (uncoupled)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what female hormone is really important for maintaining bone mass

A

estrogen. this is why bone mass starts decreasing at menopause, estrogen levels deplete

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

why do females develop osteoporosis at a higher rate than males?

A

bone loss earlier on at a faster rate due to menopause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the two main considerations regarding bone health over the lifespan?

A
  1. maximize achievement of high peak bone mass when young
  2. as we get older, prevent loss
  • do so with diet and exercise
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how does Osteoporosis Canada define osteoporosis?

A

“pediatric disease with geriatric consequences”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is osteoporosis?

A

a skeletal disorder characterized by:
- compromised bone strength
- how much our bones can withstand
pressure (density and
microarchitecture)
- predisposition to an increased risk of fracture
- fragility fractures (minor trauma: fall
from a standing position)

  • bones are thin due to mineral loss and are vulnerable to fracture
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what type of bone does osteoporosis affect more?

A
  • trabecular bone more (spongy)
    • regions with high trabecular bone = fracture sites (ex. wrist, femoral neck, vertebral bodies)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how is osteoporosis diagnosed?

A

using DXA scans –> assess risk by comparison to healthy young adults
- T-score less than or = to -2.5 at any site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what do bones look like under a DXA scan for someone with osteoporosis?

A

bone will appear less bright white and more dull white
- harder and more mineralized if bright white

20
Q

what are the 2 main clinical sites for osteoporosis diagnosis

A
  1. lumbar spine
  2. femoral neck (hip)
21
Q

what ratio of men and women get osteoporosis?

A

1 in 5 men
1 in 3 women

22
Q

risk factors for osteoporosis?

A
  1. starting peak bone mass (BMD)
  2. rate at which it is lost
  • diet (key vitamins and minerals are vitamin D and calcium)
  • exercise
  • age
  • sex
  • genetics
  • smoking and alcohol
23
Q

what are symptoms of osteoporosis?

A
  • bone pain (could mean micro-fractures)
  • height loss (compression fracture in vertebrae) (a hunch back as well; dowager’s hump / kyphosis)
  • night cramps in legs and feet
  • fatigue
  • non-traumatic/fragility fractures
24
Q

what is colles’ wrist fracture in osteoporosis?

A

the distal radius fracture (outside forearm bone closest to inside elbow) - break a fall with outstretched hands

25
Q

what are the hip fractures in osteoporosis?

A
  • at femoral neck
  • intertrochanteric line
  • proximal shaft
  • all three are in areas of trabecular bone
26
Q

what type of fractures are increased once age 65 is hit?

A

mostly hip fractures, then vertebrae fractures

27
Q

what type of fractures are associated with greater mortality following fractures?

A

hip and spine

28
Q

what to do to treat and prevent osteoporosis?

A
  1. calcium
  2. vitamin D
  3. protein
  4. exercise
  5. medication
29
Q

when do you realize you have osteoporosis?

A

when its too late and you’re getting fractures and in bone pain

30
Q

what percentage of calcium in our body is stored within our bones?

A

98%

31
Q

what are the calcium recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for children, adolescents, young adults and older adults?

A

Children: 1000mg/d (ensure enough for bone growth) (insufficient can result in growth stunt)
Adolescents: 1300mg/d (ensure enough for bone growth)
Young adults: 1000mg/d (maintain bone mass and prevent loss)
Older adults: 1200mg/d (prevent bone loss/osteoporosis)

32
Q

how much mg of calcium is in a cup of milk?

A

300mg

33
Q

why do we need to shake some beverages before drinking them?

A

calcium grinds fall to the bottom, so if we shake the bottle it will re-dispense into the full bottle

34
Q

what vitamin is essential for the absorption of calcium?

A

vitamin D

35
Q

RDA for Vitamin D

A
  • under 70yo = 600 IU / day
  • over and at 70yo= 800 IU /day
36
Q

where can we find vitamin D?

A
  • sun exposure
  • fatty fish, egg yolks, fortified milk, margarine, juices
37
Q

why is there a risk for deficiency of vitamin D in Canada?

A
  • our latitude on the earth
  • not enough sunny months
  • not strong enough UV
38
Q

what does osteoporosis Canada recommend to all Canadian adults regarding vitamin D?

A

vitamin D supplements

39
Q

adequate supply of amino acids is essential for?

A

bone. collagen is 50% of our bone composition and collagen is a protein

40
Q

is collagen a protein?

A

yes.

41
Q

what is the most readily available dietary sources of calcium?

A

dairy/milk products; they are also high in protein and other micronutrients

42
Q

are canadians getting enough protein?

A

yes. 16% of our diet. we are consuming above the RDA with respect to protein

43
Q

is the RDA protein amount sufficient to keep disease like osteoporosis in older adults?

A

no, however, because canadians consume more than the RDA on average, this could ward it off

44
Q

are canadians getting enough vitamin d and calcium?

A

no, the 2015 research showed that non-supplement users are getting less than in 2004. Supplement users stayed the same for calcium and got better for vitamin d

45
Q

vitamin d inadequacy in 2015 in canadians?

A

non-supplement users: 97%
supplement users: 14%

46
Q

calcium inadequacy in 2015 in canadians?

A

non-supplement users: 68%
supplement users: 32%

KINE1020 Winter Term (28 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions