Type 1 Diabetes

Question 1

5mmol/L of blood sugar equals how many grams of sugar in blood stream?

Answer 1

4 grams. If 10 mmol/L, then 8 grams. If 15 mmol/L, then 12 grams. Etc.

Question 2

What was the first name for type 1 diabetes? Why?

Answer 2

Juvenile diabetes. You typically get it when you’re a child.

Question 3

What was the second name for type 1 diabetes? Why? Why did they stop?

Answer 3

Insulin dependent diabetes. Because the body cannot produce insulin so you’re dependent on it for survival. They stopped because, they started to give patients with type 2 diabetes insulin when they did not need it so, it became confusing for the medical field and population.

Question 4

Why was diabetes called “the pissing evil” before the invention of insulin?

Answer 4

The kid that was not yet diagnosed, was always peeing.in the urine, was sugar, which wasn’t supposed to be there. The kid would eventually die.

Question 5

How would they test if a child had “the pissing evil” back in the 1800s?

Answer 5

Doctors would taste their urine to see if it had sugar in it.

Question 6

How did Egyptians test if a kid had “the pissing evil”?

Answer 6

Kid would pee in the sand and see if ants would come because ants love sugar.

Question 7

How much glucose is in a normal urine sample?

Answer 7

None.

Question 8

Is type 1 diabetes genetic?

Answer 8

Yes at least 50% genetic.

Question 9

What university discovered insulin?

Answer 9

University of Toronto

Question 10

Is there a cure for type 1 diabetes?

Answer 10

No, the treatment is insulin.

Question 11

What are the symptoms of type 1 diabetes?

Answer 11

Weight loss, frequent urination, “sweet” urine (dehydration), physical exhaustion, sweet smelling breath, coma, death

Question 12

What does insulin do?

Answer 12

It’s an anabolic hormone that stores glucose. Without it, you become very catabolic in the body.

Question 13

Who were the four that discovered insulin?

Answer 13

Professor Macleod, Charles Best, James Collip, Dr. Frederick Banting

Question 14

Prof Riddel didn’t talk about this but I want you to know. Where did Frederick Banting grow up?

Answer 14

Alliston!

Question 15

When was insulin first used in humans?

Answer 15

1922

Question 16

What does insulin build?

Answer 16

Muscle and fat.

Question 17

What names did insulin have before “insulin”?

Answer 17

Macleod serum, and isletin.

Question 18

What is insulin?

Answer 18

An anabolic hormone, life sustaining hormone that keeps not only blood sugar in balance, but helps to gain weight, be strong, have fat and muscle.

Question 19

What did the discoverers of insulin sell it for?

Answer 19

A dollar. They wanted everyone to be able to afford this drug.

Question 20

Who did the Nobel prize committee give the money to for the discovery of insulin?

Answer 20

Frederick Banting and professor (John) Macleod.

Question 21

What did Frederick Banting and professor Macleod do with their Nobel prize money?

Answer 21

Banting give half to Charles Best and Macleod gave half to James Collip

Question 22

What is the one side effect of insulin (if you take too much) that’s life threatening? Why?

Answer 22

You die. Too much insulin causes a lack of glucose.

Question 23

What is type 1 diabetes?

Answer 23

An autoimmune-based metabolic disease that requires insulin to live. When body’s immune system attacks the insulin producing cells in the pancreas.

Question 24

What is the most common age of diagnosis for type 1 diabetes?

Answer 24

15 - 17

Question 25

What sex is slightly more at risk for type 1 diabetes? Why?

Answer 25

Male. no one knows why.

Question 26

What causes type 1 diabetes?

Answer 26

It is a complex genetic environmental interaction. If you don’t have the genes, the environment will not cause the disease. Also autoimmune factors

Question 27

What type of cells produce insulin?

Answer 27

Beta.

Question 28

What happens to beta cells if you’re at genetic risk for type 1 diabetes?

Answer 28

They start to decline very quickly

Question 29

What occurs quicker? Type 1 or 2 diabetes

Answer 29

Type 1.

Question 30

Where do beta cells live?

Answer 30

In islets of the pancreas.

Question 31

What happens in order to develop type 1 diabetes?

Answer 31

Something triggers your immune system to kill your insulin producing cells. Immune attack of the beta cells of the pancreas, the ones that produce insulin.

Question 32

If an identical twin develops type 1 diabetes, how likely is their twin to develop it as well?

Answer 32

50% some people people are resistant even with same genetic background.

Question 33

What environmental trigger(s) for type 1 diabetes is proven?

Answer 33

None. But several possible triggers exist.

Question 34

How does insulin work?

Answer 34

Insulin binds to a receptor on your cells, the cells in your body that are insulin responsive like muscle, fat, liver etc., (most of your cells). Insulin acts as a door that allows glucose to get into the cell. Insulin goes into an insulin receptor called GLUT 4.

Question 35

What happens if you don’t take enough insulin in type 1 diabetes?

Answer 35

Imperfect control of the diabetes.in the long term, they’ll develop complications like loss of vision, kidney failure, weakness, and premature death.

Question 36

What is the solution to taking too much insulin in type 1 diabetes?

Answer 36

Consume sugar

Question 37

In type 1 diabetes, with imperfect control on your insulin intake, what is affected by your average blood sugar (A1c)?

Answer 37

The risk of developing eye disease, kidney disease, nerve damage, kidney damage

Question 38

Does all physical activity cause low blood sugar in type 1 diabetes?

Answer 38

No, some cause high blood sugar.

Question 39

What does exercise do to glucose?

Answer 39

Pushes glucose into the cell. When muscle contracts, doors open without the need of insulin.

Question 40

What can we do to step celle?

Answer 40

Culture them to turn them into functioning beta cells.