Tune Up Flashcards
Why is it important to inspect the bike frame frequently?
To avoid potentially dangerous or ride-shortening frame failures
Regular inspections help identify issues before they become critical.
What should you do if you find damage to the bike frame and are unsure of its safety?
Take it to a bike shop for advice
Professional assessment can prevent accidents.
How often should you clean the bike frame?
Every few rides
Cleaning helps spot problems early.
What specific areas should you inspect on the bike frame?
All tubes for cracks, bends, buckles, dents, and paint stretching or cracking
Pay special attention near joints where stress is highest.
What is the coin test used for?
To check for cracks or delaminated areas in carbon frames
Tapping with a coin helps identify hidden structural issues.
What sound indicates a potential problem when performing the coin test?
A dead ‘thwap’ sound
A ‘clack’ sound is normal, while a ‘thwap’ suggests hidden damage.
What specific frame joints and points should be inspected for cracks?
Dropouts, derailleur hanger, brake mounts, cable stops, and suspension pivot points
These areas are critical for frame integrity.
Fill in the blank: The edge of a coin is used to _______ on the frame to check for damage.
tap
This method helps assess the condition of the frame.
What should be checked for damage on a bicycle frame?
Derailleur hangers, dropouts, cantilever/V-brake bosses, disc-brake mounts
These components can be bent or cracked and may require replacement or repair.
What is required if dropouts or brake mounts are badly bent or broken?
Welded, riveted, brazed, or carbon-wrapped replacement
A local frame builder may be able to perform these repairs.
How often should corrosion checks be performed on steel and aluminum frames?
Every six months and after every wet ride
This helps prevent long-term damage from rust.
What is recommended to protect against rust inside bicycle frame tubes?
Rust protective spray, WD-40, or oil
These should be applied after drying the frame upside down.
What should be done before reinserting the seatpost?
Grease both the seatpost and the inside of the seat tube
This helps ensure smooth operation and prevents rust.
What should be checked on suspension frames?
Swingarm movement and shock condition
This includes verifying free pivoting and checking for play or binding.
What is the maximum torque for mounting hardware on a shock?
60 in-lbs
Over-torquing can damage the mounting points.
What should be checked for alignment when inspecting a shock?
Frame’s body-eye mount and shaft-eye mount
Misalignment can cause side-loading and shock failure.
What should be inspected on the shock itself?
Leaking oil, cracks, bent shaft, or other damage
Regular inspection can prevent shock failure.
What is important for wheel alignment in a bicycle frame?
Wheel should be centered between chainstays and seatstays
Proper alignment prevents damage and ensures smooth riding.
True or False: Tightening the hub skewer should result in bowing or twisting of the chainstays or seatstays.
False
A properly dished wheel should sit straight without causing distortion.
What is the first step in replacing shifters?
Remove bar ends if installed, usually with a 5mm hex key.
How can you identify the right shifter?
The right shifter has more clicks than the left one.
What should you do if grips have clamp bolts?
Loosen the bolts and slide the grip off.
What is one method for removing simple rubber grips?
Roll them back or lift them away while using water or rubbing alcohol.
What can be used to lubricate grips for easier installation?
Rubbing alcohol or spray adhesive.
What happens to grips lubricated with rubbing alcohol after installation?
They will slip for a number of days until the alcohol evaporates.
What is a method for installing grips with closed ends?
Punch a hole in the ends and inflate them with an air compressor.
Fill in the blank: To remove grips, you can use the same method as _______.
installation, in reverse.
What tool is required to remove bar ends?
5mm hex key.
What should you do if you are not planning to reuse the grips?
You can cut them off.
What technique can help when installing grips using an air compressor?
Cover the opposite end of the handlebar while inflating.
True or False: Friction shifters have the same number of clicks as indexed shifters.
False.
What is the primary function of the handlebar in a bike?
To maintain or change the bike’s direction by applying force
What happens when variations in pressure are applied to the handlebar?
The front wheel changes direction
What components of the bike’s steering system are discussed in this chapter?
Handlebars, stems, and headsets
What is the first step in removing a bike grip?
Remove the handlebar end plug
How can you remove a handlebar end plug if it’s difficult to edge out?
Use a thin screwdriver
What should you do if there are grip pinch bolts present?
Loosen the grip pinch bolts
What alternative method can be used to remove closed-end grips?
Use an air compressor to blow them off
Fill in the blank: To help remove a grip, squirt _______ on the handlebar and the underside of the exposed grip.
rubbing alcohol
What can be used to inject rubbing alcohol under the grip for easier removal?
A syringe
What should be done if the grip is damaged and cannot be removed easily?
Cut it off with a knife
True or False: Rubbing alcohol is the only liquid that can be used to assist in grip removal.
False
What is a pro tip for grip removal using alcohol?
Inject rubbing alcohol under the grip with a syringe
What is the purpose of the complex series of parts between the handlebar and the wheel?
To make the simple process of steering possible
What should you do to the end of the handlebar when using an air compressor to blow off grips?
Cover the end of the handlebar with your hand
What is a common issue that may necessitate cutting off a grip?
If the grip is shot
What is the first step in installing a grip?
Squirt rubbing alcohol inside the grip
Rubbing alcohol lubricates well and dries quickly, facilitating easier installation.
What is the purpose of using rubbing alcohol when installing grips?
Lubricates well and dries quickly
Water dries slowly, causing the grip to slip for a few days.
What should you do if the grip has a closed end and you want to use bar ends?
Cut off the closed end
You may also want to shorten the grip to adjust to hand size or adapt to a twist shifter.
What tools can be used to cut grips if there’s no groove marked?
Scissors, tin snips, or a knife
A groove may be present on some grips to indicate where to cut.
How can you cut off the end of a grip on a thin, lightweight handlebar?
Hit the end of the grip with a mallet after installation
This method creates a clean hole in the grip end.
What is a unique feature of grips designed for Grip Shift shifters?
They are shorter than standard grips
This design is necessary because part of the hand sits on the twist grip.
What should be done with the collar screws when installing a lock-on grip?
Tighten the screws on the collar on each end
This secures the grip in place.
True or False: Hairspray can be used to prevent grip slippage.
True
However, it is harmful to breathe and can set up permanently.
Fill in the blank: To install the grip, you should slide and _______ it onto the handlebar.
twist
This helps in securing the grip on the handlebar.
What happens to the dry middle section of the grip during installation?
It will start moving as the ends twist
This indicates the grip is being successfully installed.
What should you do if the stem is not pointed straight ahead?
Loosen the bolts securing the stem to the fork steering tube, align the stem with the front wheel, and tighten the stem bolt(s) again.
For a threaded headset, how do you disengage the wedge from the bottom of the stem?
Loosen the single vertical bolt on top of the stem about two turns and tap the top of the bolt with a hammer.
What is the procedure for adjusting a threadless headset?
Loosen one, two, or three horizontal bolts pinching the stem around the steering tube.
What should you not loosen when adjusting a threadless headset?
Do not loosen the bolt on the top of the stem cap.
What does it indicate if the headset rattles?
The headset is too loose.
What should you do if the headset is too loose?
Adjust the headset.
What does it mean if the stem, bar, and fork assembly do not turn smoothly?
The headset is pitted and needs to be replaced.
What should you do if the stem, bar, and fork assembly are not turning freely?
The headset is too tight.
How should the front wheel behave when the headset is adjusted correctly?
The front wheel should swing easily from side to side when you lean the bike or lift the front end.
What should you do if the stem is stuck on or in the fork steering tube?
Refer to the instructions in section 12-14.
What is the primary advantage of disc brakes over rim brakes in wet conditions?
Disc brakes stay cleaner as mud and water are thrown away from them by the tires, resulting in little drop-off in performance in wet conditions.
What are the two types of disc brakes?
Hydraulic and mechanical (cable-actuated).
How are hydraulic disc brakes activated?
By pressure applied to one end of a column of non-compressible liquid.
What is the main benefit of disc brakes regarding maintenance compared to rim brakes?
Disc brakes require less maintenance because the tire does not drag mud into them.
True or False: You need to release a disc brake to remove a wheel.
False.
What should you insert between the pads of a hydraulic disc brake when traveling with the wheel out?
A spacer or a chunk of corrugated cardboard.
What is the minimum thickness of the friction material for disc-brake pads?
At least the thickness of a dime (about 1.2mm).
What should you avoid doing on a hydraulic disc brake without a disc or spacer?
Squeezing the lever, as it can push a caliper piston too far out.
What is the focus of the chapter mentioned in the text?
The disc-brake calipers, both cable-actuated and hydraulic, and on hydraulic levers and hoses.
Fill in the blank: Disc brakes can be _______ or mechanical.
hydraulic.
What is necessary for the proper installation of disc brakes?
Follow the directions in the chapter carefully.
What is the minimum combined thickness of pads and backing plate that indicates they should be replaced?
Greater than 2.5mm
Some brakes provide a pad-wear gauge to assist in this measurement.
What tool is used to measure the thickness change of a rotor accurately?
Digital caliper or micrometer
This is necessary because the thickness change is minimal, specifically over 0.2mm.
What should be done before removing most disc-brake pads?
Remove the wheel
Some top-loading pads can be removed without removing the wheel.
What is the function of the inboard pad-adjuster knob on cable-actuated disc brakes?
To spread the pads apart
This allows for easier removal of the pads.
What must be removed before pulling out many brake pads?
Cotter pin or bolt
This may include a threaded bolt or a pin with a retaining clip.
What is the recommended method for cleaning brake pads?
Sand them face down on a flat piece of drywall-sanding screen
This allows material removed to fall through instead of being rubbed back onto the pad.
True or False: Hydraulic brakes may require the use of a plastic pad spacer to separate the pads before removal.
True
This helps to avoid damaging the pads during the removal process.
Fill in the blank: If the finger gauge does not fit between the steel ears of the pads, it indicates that the pad material has _____ and new pads are needed.
worn off
What indicates that a rotor is due for replacement?
Over 0.2mm removed from the rotor thickness
This change is often subtle and requires precise measurement.
What might be necessary to do with cotterless pads when removing them?
Pull a tab on the pad toward the center of the caliper slot
This is often done from underneath the caliper and can be challenging.
What should you do if you need to separate the pads on hydraulic brakes?
Slip a plastic pad spacer or flat-head screwdriver between the pads
This is done carefully to avoid damaging them.
What should be checked for pad wear, scoring, or glazing?
Clean, check for pad wear, scoring, or glazing
These checks are crucial to avoid damaging the rotor or compromising braking effectiveness.
What happens to brakes when pads and rotors get too hot?
Brakes fade
This can lead to blue discoloration of the rotor and glazing of the pads, indicating breakdown of the resin.
What indicates that the pads are glazed?
Blue discoloration of the rotor and glazing of the pads
Glazed pads must be discarded as their material has broken down.
How can you reduce the potential for introducing dirt into a hydraulic caliper?
Clean around the pistons with a Q-tip soaked in brake fluid
This should be done before replacing the pads.
How should new brake pads be installed?
Install the new pads the way the old ones came out
Left and right pads may differ, and it should be obvious if a pad is installed incorrectly.
What mechanism do cotterless pads usually use to snap back in?
Either onto a nub on the piston with a wire catch or magnetically
The installation method may vary based on the specific brake model.
What can happen if cotterless pads are reversed during installation?
They may not snap back into place
This is due to the piston being offset from the center of the cutaway for the pad.
What may be required to install cottered pads correctly?
Align the ears on the pads with the cotter hole
If reversed, they will not line up properly.
What is the purpose of the butterfly-shaped spring-steel piece in cottered pads?
It pushes the pads apart
This allows for easier installation when making a sandwich of the new pads and the spring.
What is crucial when selecting disc-brake pads?
Buy pads meant for the exact make and model of the brake
There are many shapes of disc-brake pads, and they are not interchangeable.
What are the two types of pad compounds mentioned?
Metallic pads and resin pads
The choice should be based on the type of riding you do.
What is the advantage of metallic pads?
They deal better with heat generated by high-speed descents
This makes them suitable for aggressive riding styles.
What is the advantage of resin pads?
They provide better modulation and control of wheel speed
However, they wear out faster than metallic pads, especially in wet conditions.
What must new brake pads undergo before reaching full braking power?
They need to be burnished (or burned in or bedded in)
This involves repeated braking to condition the pads.
What can happen if you slam on the brakes when the pads are new?
You can damage them
This prevents the pads from achieving their full performance potential.
What is the purpose of burning in the brake pads?
To ensure full power and reduce squeal problems
This process involves braking firmly and evenly without overheating the brakes.
How many stops are generally needed to bed in the brake pads?
20 to 40 stops
The exact number can vary by manufacturer.
What speed range should you start braking from during the bed-in process?
10-12 mph
After initial braking, increase to 15-18 mph for subsequent stops.
What should you avoid doing during the bed-in process?
Bringing the bike to a dead stop
This helps maintain the effectiveness of the bed-in process.
What is a common indication that brake pads are rubbing?
The brake doesn’t retract the pads fully
This may indicate contamination that requires cleaning around the piston.
What type of seal is used to retract the pistons in hydraulic disc brakes?
Square-cross-section O-ring seal
This seal surrounds the waist of the piston.
What happens when the lever is squeezed on hydraulic brakes?
Fluid is forced in behind the piston, causing it to move
This movement is essential for braking action.
What should you do if the pistons are pushed out too far?
Push the pistons back in
This may require removing the pads or using a spacer.
What tool can be used to carefully push the pistons back in?
Plastic tire lever or flat-head screwdriver
Ensure not to gouge the pads while doing this.
What should be installed to prevent pistons from being pushed out too far when the lever is pulled?
Plastic pad spacer
This is important to maintain space between the pads.
What is the recommended method for pushing the pistons back in on Hayes and Stroker brakes?
Remove the pads first
This allows for easier access to push the pistons back in.
Fill in the blank: The size of the wrench needed to push the pistons back varies depending on the brake model, commonly 8mm for _______.
ZINN & THE ART OF MOUNTAIN BIKE MAINTENANCE
This refers to a specific brake model mentioned in the text.
What happens to the square seal when the piston moves outward?
The square seal twists out into the tapered section of the groove
This action is crucial for the proper function of hydraulic brakes.
What can inhibit piston retraction?
Dirt can inhibit piston retraction by:
* Breaking the seal
* Creating more friction around the sides of the piston
Contamination can lead to increased maintenance issues.
What should be done if dirt is present around the piston?
Clean around the piston and lubricate it
This helps maintain the seal and ensures proper function.
How should you adjust the pistons if pad spacing from the rotor is reduced?
Remove the pads and use a plastic tire lever or box-end wrench to push the piston out for lubrication
This procedure helps in maintaining brake performance.
What is the risk of using the wrong implement on the piston?
You can crack the piston
Using improper tools can lead to costly damage.
What should you do if the piston comes out too far?
Open the bleed screw slightly while pushing the piston back, then close it immediately
This prevents air from entering the hydraulic system.
Fill in the blank: If the square seal is leaking due to contamination or damage, the piston will not _______.
retract
What is the purpose of lubricating the piston?
To wipe off grime and ensure proper movement of the piston
Proper lubrication is essential for the longevity of hydraulic components.
True or False: Forcing the pistons back into their bores when dirt is present is recommended.
False
This can exacerbate the problem by pushing dirt further under the seal.
What is the symptom of brakes that need bleeding?
A lever that is not firm when pulled and/or becomes more firm with repeated pumping.
What can cause contamination of brake fluid?
Dirt getting past the seals due to usage in dirty conditions.
What is the benefit of flushing old brake fluid with new fluid?
It will improve performance.
What is required when bleeding brakes?
Patience and extreme cleanliness.
Where should you work when bleeding brakes?
In a well-lighted area with clean tools.
What should be placed on the floor below the bike while working?
A clean sheet to catch any dropped parts.
What precaution must be observed regarding brake fluid?
Observe the notes and cautions regarding DOT fluid.
What is the first step in the procedure for filling an empty brake system?
Remove the wheel.
What must be installed between the pistons during brake bleeding?
A spacer block.
What is the purpose of the spacer block?
To apply hydraulic pressure while keeping the pistons pushed back in their bores.
What should you avoid getting on the brake pads?
Fluid, which will ruin them.
Fill in the blank: Air bubbles float _______ to the top of the fluid to the reservoir.
up
True or False: The procedure for filling an empty brake system is different from bleeding one.
False
What should be followed unless you have specific instructions for a brake’s bleed kit?
Specific instructions that come with a brake’s bleed kit.
What is the purpose of a bleed block in a brake caliper?
To replace brake pads during the bleeding process
The bleed block is installed to prevent the pistons from moving while the brake system is being bled.
What happens when hydraulic fluid in a brake system boils?
Gas bubbles form in the hydraulic lines, leading to vapor lock
Vapor lock prevents the caliper pistons from being pushed effectively.
What should you do if vapor lock occurs?
Let go of the lever to cool the brake and replace the fluid if using DOT fluid
With mineral oil, simply allow the brake to cool down.
What is the main difference between DOT fluid and mineral oil in brake systems?
DOT fluid can absorb water and dissolve paint, while mineral oil does not
It is important to use the correct type of fluid as mixing them can damage seals.
What tools are needed for modern Shimano brake bleeding?
Shimano bleed kit, syringe, clear tube, oil funnel, and plug
These tools are essential for the bleeding procedure.
What is the correct position for the brake lever during bleeding?
Rotate the brake lever to horizontal and secure it
This ensures proper fluid flow during the bleeding process.
What should be done with brake fluid that has been exposed to air?
Use only fluid from a container that has never been opened
Exposure to air can lower the boiling point of DOT fluid significantly.
Fill in the blank: The higher the DOT number, the higher the _______.
boiling point
Different DOT fluids are designed to operate within specific temperature ranges.
True or False: All mineral oils and DOT fluids are the same.
False
Viscosity, purity, and boiling point can vary among different mineral oils and DOT fluids.
What should you do if brake rotors are contaminated by brake fluid?
Clean them with rubbing alcohol
This helps maintain braking performance.
What is vapor lock?
A condition where the brake fluid boils and gas bubbles form, preventing braking
It occurs when the caliper gets too hot during use.
What is the tool required to slightly open the caliper bleed screw?
3mm hex key
What is the first step in the bleeding process for Shimano brakes?
Install the bleed funnel
Fill the syringe with _______.
Shimano brake oil
What should be done after connecting the syringe to the caliper bleed nipple?
Slightly open the caliper bleed screw
What indicates that the bleeding process is effective?
No more air bubbles appear in the funnel
What should be done after tightening the caliper bleed screw?
Pull the syringe off of the clear tube
What is the purpose of the catch bag during the bleeding process?
To collect oil and air bubbles
True or False: Air bubbles will accompany the oil running down from the funnel into the catch bag.
True
What should be done repeatedly while holding the brake lever during the bleeding process?
Open and close the caliper bleed screw
What action should be taken to check for air bubbles after pumping the brake lever?
Tilt the brake lever up and down
What is the last step in the Shimano bleeding process?
Check the system and ensure proper brake operation
What is required for vacuum-bleeding Avid and SRAM brakes?
SRAM bleed kit
What type of fluid should be used for Avid/SRAM brakes?
DOT 4 or DOT 5.1
How should air be expelled from the fluid in both syringes?
Point each syringe up and push the plunger
What adjustment should be made to the brake lever before starting the vacuum-bleeding process?
Turn the pad-contact knob to the ‘out’ position
What tool is needed to remove the bleed screw from the banjo bolt?
Torx T10 key
What should be done if the fluid coming out at the lever is dark?
Refill and de-gas the syringes again
What is the purpose of flicking your finger against the syringe during the de-gassing process?
To free any bubbles sticking to the sides
What should be done with the funnel after bleeding is complete?
Plug the funnel with the stopper
What should you do to check for fluid leaks after completing the brake bleeding process?
Zip-tie the lever around the handlebar overnight
What should be done with the clamp on the lever syringe?
Close the clamp on the lever syringe
How do you secure the brake lever to the handlebar?
Pull the brake lever to the handlebar and secure it with a strap or rubber band
What is the purpose of sucking the air out of the caliper?
To draw air bubbles up through the fluid in the syringe
What should you do after bubbles stop coming up the syringe hose?
Holding the brake lever to the bar, remove the band around it
What is the next step after removing the band from the brake lever?
Push the caliper syringe plunger in while slowly allowing the brake lever to open
What should you avoid when replacing the caliper bleed screw?
Don’t overtighten the tiny T10 bleed screw
What is the initial action required to bleed the lever?
Open the lever syringe clamp, turn the syringe upright, and firmly pull on its plunger
What should be done to pressurize the system after pulling the syringe plunger?
Lightly push the syringe plunger
What needs to be done after removing the syringe from the lever?
Replace the lever bleed screw
What should be done to clean DOT fluid off the lever and caliper?
Wipe it first, then spray it with water or isopropyl alcohol and wipe again
What should you do to check for fluid leaks in the system?
Squeeze the levers hard and look for fluid appearing around joints
What is the purpose of zip-tying the lever around the handlebar overnight?
To check for fluid leaks
Fill in the blank: To check for fluid leaks, if the zip-tie is still _____ around the lever and the handlebar grip the next morning, there are no leaks.
tight
What should be done with pad-contact and reach adjustments after maintenance?
Return them to previous settings
What causes squealing or howling in disc brakes?
Pads glazed or improperly bedded-in, vibration, oil or road de-icer on rotor and pads
Squealing can indicate several issues, including contamination or improper installation of brake components.
What are potential reasons for low braking power?
Flexing of cable-actuated brake arm, stretching of cable, compression of brake housing, insufficient coefficient of friction, oil and grime on discs and pads, hydraulic system leak or air in it
Each of these factors can contribute to a decrease in braking efficiency.
What might indicate too much lever travel in hydraulic brakes?
Air in system, pad-contact adjustment out too far, excessive pad spacing
These issues can lead to a feeling of excessive lever travel before brakes engage.
What could cause excessive lever travel in cable brakes?
Cable too long, worn brake pads, excessive pad spacing
Adjusting these factors can improve brake responsiveness.
What are troubleshooting steps for disc brakes?
Replace pads, true a bent rotor, tighten loose rotor, center caliper, try different brake pads, tighten caliper-mounting bolts, check suspension play
These steps help address various disc brake issues.
How can you isolate the problem of squealing brakes?
Duct-tape a dowel-rod strut triangulating the brake-mount area
If squealing stops, it may indicate a need for frame reinforcement.
What is the proper way to clean brake rotors?
Clean rotor with rubbing alcohol
Using rubbing alcohol is essential to avoid damaging brake components.
What should you do if brake pads are contaminated?
Sand them facedown on drywall-sanding screen
This technique helps reveal a clean layer of the pad.
What are the types of brake pads and their characteristics?
Organic pads offer higher power; metallic pads offer greater durability
Choosing the right type of pad depends on the specific needs of the rider.
What is pad drag?
PADS RUB ROTOR BECAUSE OF OFF-CENTER CALIPER, OVERLY TIGHT BRAKES, OR UNTRUE ROTOR
This can lead to increased wear and decreased braking efficiency.
What is a solution for slow return in brakes?
Cable or hydraulic pistons sticking
Lubrication and cleaning can help restore proper function.
What causes a loose caliper?
Mounting bolts on brake caliper and caliper adapter are loose
Tightening these bolts is essential for safe braking.
What does a grinding noise indicate in brakes?
Sounds like there is sand on the pads
It often suggests contamination or wear that needs to be addressed.
What could cause a soft lever that pumps up and gets firmer in hydraulic brakes?
Air in hydraulic brake system
This issue requires checking for leaks and bleeding the system.
What causes squealing in rim brakes?
Causes of squealing include:
* Pads glazed
* Pads worn
* No pad toe-in with flexy brake arms
* Vibration causing squealing or howling
* Front cantilever shudder
Squealing often results from improper maintenance or installation issues.
What are the potential causes of low power in rim brakes?
Causes of low power include:
* Sticking cable
* Stretching of cable
* Frayed cable
* Compression of brake housing
* Insufficient friction between pads and rim
* Oil and grime on the rim and pads
* Air in hydraulic rim brake
* Poor pad alignment
* High straddle-cable angle
* Flexing seatstays or fork legs
* Flexing of brake arms
Low power can significantly affect braking performance.
What can lead to too much lever travel in rim brakes?
Reasons for too much lever travel include:
* Cable too long
* Brake pads worn
* Poor pad alignment
* Air in hydraulic rim brake
Check the cable length and pad condition to address this issue.
What indicates pad drag in rim brakes?
Pad drag can be indicated by:
* One pad rubs
* Both pads rub
This can lead to reduced braking efficiency and increased wear.
What are the causes of slow or incomplete lever return?
Causes include:
* Cable sticking
* Sharp bends in cable housing
* Frayed cable
* Lip on top edge of pad
Ensuring smooth cable operation is crucial for effective brake function.
What does a loose brake arm sound like?
A loose brake arm may rattle or clunk.
Regular checks can prevent this issue from affecting performance.
What does grinding noise in rim brakes indicate?
Grinding noise may indicate:
* Sounds like there is sand on the pads
This often requires cleaning or replacing pads.
Fill in the blank: A soft lever that gets firmer when pumped in hydraulic brakes indicates _______.
Air in hydraulic brake system
This condition can lead to ineffective braking.
What are the steps to take if there is air in the hydraulic brake system?
Steps include:
* Check for leaks
* Bleed the system
Proper maintenance of hydraulic systems is essential for safety.
What should be done if brake pads are worn?
Replace pads or sand the surface of the pads.
Worn pads significantly affect braking performance.
What adjustments can be made if pads are not aligned properly?
Align pads with rim and adjust the angle of brake arms and straddle cable.
Proper alignment is critical for effective braking.
What is the purpose of cables in non-hydraulic brakes?
Cables transfer braking force from the levers to the wheels
What happens if there is excess friction in the cable system?
The brakes will not work properly
What should be checked and replaced if a cable has broken or rusty strands?
The cable should be replaced
What is the function of the barrel adjuster on the brake lever?
Offers easy adjustment of cable tension
Fill in the blank: As brake pads wear and cables stretch, the cables need to be ______.
shortened to keep the pads in close proximity to the rims
What is the first step in increasing cable tension?
Back out the barrel adjuster by loosening its locknut and turning it counterclockwise
What should be done to lock in the cable tension?
Tighten the locknut against the lever body while holding the barrel adjuster
If more slack needs to be taken up than the barrel adjuster allows, what should be done?
Tighten the cable at the brake
What should be done if the cable is frayed or kinked?
Replace the cable
What type of grease is recommended for lubricating cables?
Molybdenum disulfide grease
True or False: White lithium-based greases are suitable for lubricating cables.
False
What should be done to lubricate the cable?
Open the brake, pull each section of cable housing out, and rub lubricant on the cable
What should be checked after adjusting cable tension?
Check that the lever cannot be squeezed all the way to the grip
What is the final step in reducing cable tension?
Tighten the locknut clockwise against the lever body to lock in the adjustment
What should be done if the cable still sticks after lubrication?
Replace the cable and possibly the cable housing
What is the purpose of a reach-adjustment setscrew on levers?
To adjust the distance for easier reach of the levers
It is particularly useful for individuals with small hands.
How does leverage adjustment affect brake performance?
It moves the cable end in or out relative to the lever pivot, affecting leverage and cable pull
Closer cable position to pivot increases leverage but reduces cable pull.
What does an ‘I’ marking indicate on a brake lever?
It indicates the position with the weakest leverage
This is where the cable head is farthest from the pivot.
What adjustment method is used on more expensive brake levers?
A long screw for leverage adjustment
This allows for fine-tuning of the cable position relative to the pivot.
How do some Shimano and SRAM levers allow for leverage adjustment?
By installing, relocating, or removing a series of inserts
This provides flexibility in adjusting the leverage settings.
What tools are needed to adjust the leverage on Shimano LX, DX, and M600 levers?
A 3mm hex key
This is used to loosen a small bolt for adjusting the lever arm.
What do ‘L’ and ‘H’ markings signify on Shimano levers?
‘L’ indicates lowest leverage and ‘H’ indicates highest leverage
‘L’ is where the cable path is farthest from the lever pivot, and ‘H’ is where it is closest.
How does a rotating notched eccentric disc function in brake levers?
It adjusts the cable-head position relative to the pivot
This affects the leverage by changing the distance of the cable path from the pivot.
What is the typical leverage setting for V-brake levers?
Mentionally low leverage
This is necessary due to the high leverage of the long brake arms.
What should be the initial adjustment for V-brake levers?
Adjusted to the lowest leverage
This means starting with the cable passing farthest from the lever pivot.
True or False: Using a lever from a cantilever brake with a V-brake can lead to increased leverage.
True
This can result in improper braking and potential accidents.
What is the effect of increasing leverage at the brake lever?
It allows for maximum performance with minimum application effort
However, the lever must be positioned for forefinger reach to avoid excessive braking.
What does a hard feel in brakes indicate?
Less power and mechanical advantage
A hard feel means the rider is doing most of the work.
What does a softer feel in brakes indicate?
More leverage and less work required to stop the bike
This allows for easier stopping.
What is a consequence of setting up brake levers for high leverage?
Loss of some pad travel
This occurs because the cable hook is moved closer to the lever pivot.
How should the brake lever be positioned for optimal use?
Inboard on the handlebar so the tip is under the forefinger
This allows for better grip and relaxed arms while braking.
What grip is recommended while holding the handlebar and pulling the brake lever?
Three fingers (and thumb) on the handlebar, pulling the lever with the forefinger
Pulling on the end of the lever maximizes leverage.
What can hinder the movement of the brake lever inboard?
Trigger shift levers with a separate band clamp
The band clamp can restrict the lever’s movement, affecting braking efficiency.
What should be tried to achieve better one-finger braking with trigger shifters?
Position the trigger shifter outboard of the brake lever
This may help improve function and finger clearance.
What issue can arise with wider handlebars regarding brake and shift levers?
The bends in a riser bar may be too far outboard
This can prevent the shifter and brake lever from moving inboard sufficiently.
Fill in the blank: A softer brake feel indicates _______.
more leverage
True or False: A hard brake feel is preferred for maximum stopping power.
False
A hard feel indicates less mechanical advantage and requires more effort.
What type of operation is replacing cables on a mountain bike?
Maintenance operation
It is not a repair operation.
When should you replace cables on a mountain bike?
When there are broken strands, kinks, or fraying
This should be done before cables break.
What should you do if the housing (outer wires) is bent or gritty?
Replace the housings
This ensures proper function and aesthetics.
What is the recommended length for new cables and housing?
At least as much length as the ones being replaced
What type of cables and housing should be purchased for indexed systems?
Cables that stretch minimally and housings that do not compress
Indexed housing is protected by an external vinyl sheath.
What material is indexed housing made of?
Parallel steel strands of thin wire
This is different from brake housings which use steel coil.
What components should be purchased along with cables and housing?
Cable crimp caps and tubular cable-housing end ferrules
Caps prevent fraying and ferrules prevent kinking.
What is the purpose of a tubular rubber dust shield?
To prevent dirt and water entry into the housing
What tool is recommended for installing internal cables?
Park IR-1 or IR-1.2 magnetic internal-routing tool
If not available, thin plastic tubing can be used as a guide.
What should you do before pulling out the old cable in internal routing?
Slide a long piece of tubing onto the old cable as a guide for the new cable
What should be avoided when routing new internal shift cables?
Multiple crosses of the cables inside the down tube
This can cause undue friction and misoperation.
What type of cutter should be used for cutting cable housing?
A special cable-housing cutter
Standard side cutters are not suitable.
How should the housing be cut to length?
Cut to the same lengths as old ones or ensure smooth curves
Avoid sharp bends, especially for seatstay cables.
What is important to consider about the length of housing for rear derailleurs?
Allow enough length for the derailleur to swing freely
What should be ensured about the cut of the housing?
The cut should be square
What is the first step in replacing the cable in a left Shimano XT Dual Control shifter?
Disconnect the old cable at the derailleur and clip off the end cap.
When shifting to release the maximum amount of cable, which position should the gear-indicator needle reach?
L position inside the indicator window.
What tool may be needed to coax the cable out of the hole when replacing it in the rear (right) lever?
Paper clip or thin knife.
What must be done to the plastic plug on the rear lever before pushing the cable out?
Remove the large plastic Phillips screw plug.
In SRAM trigger levers, what is the first action to take when replacing the cable?
Disconnect the old cable at the derailleur and clip off the end cap.
Fill in the blank: You may need to uncover the cable head first when replacing the cable in _______.
SRAM trigger levers.
What should be done if the plastic sleeve ends are smashed shut when replacing cables?
Open each plastic sleeve end with a sharp tool such as an awl.
What should be done after sliding in the new cable for external cables?
Guide the cable through each housing segment and cable guide.
True or False: The cable change process is the same for the front shifter in Shimano Dual Control integrated shifters as it is for the rear shifter.
False.
What is a necessary component to place over each housing end when replacing cables?
Ferrule.
What is the first step when replacing the cable in older Shimano Rapidfire levers?
Disconnect the old cable at the derailleur and clip off the end cap.
What should be done with the cover if it was removed during the cable replacement process?
Replace the lever cover.
Fill in the blank: On many Shimano Rapidfire levers, unscrew the large plastic plug that covers the _______.
cable-access hole.
What lever action pulls the shift cable in Shimano Dual Control integrated shifters?
Moving the brake lever laterally downward.
What lever action releases the shift cable in Shimano Dual Control integrated shifters?
Moving the brake lever laterally upward.
What type of cable routing requires checking for a ferrule on the end of each housing segment?
External cables.
What is the function of the plastic plug or rubber flap over the cable-access hole in the shifter?
To cover the cable-access hole.
What is the first step in replacing a cable in a drum-shaped body?
Push the old cable free
How should the head of the new cable be engaged?
Snap the head of the new cable into the cable hook
What should you do after engaging the head of the new cable?
Shift the lever to its maximum cable pull position
What is the purpose of the barrel adjuster in cable replacement?
To push the cable out through the barrel adjuster
What should be done after routing the cable to the derailleur?
Close the cover and tighten the screw gently
What is important to check for when guiding external cables?
Ensure each housing segment has a ferrule on the end
What type of cover do the 1996-2000 Shimano XTR shifters have?
A plastic cover over the wire-end hook
What should you do with the shifter barrel adjuster when replacing the cable?
Turn it so that its cable slot is lined up with the slot in the shifter body
What should be done after pulling out the old cable from the Shimano XTR shifters?
Install the new cable by slipping the cable head into the cable hook
True or False: The Phillips-head screw on the plastic cover of Shimano XTR shifters can be completely removed.
False
What is required to replace the thin cables connected to the XTR Rapidfire Remote bar-end-mounted shifters?
Buy the thin double-headed cables and housings from Shimano
Fill in the blank: Many Grip Shifts snap together with their accompanying _______.
SRAM grip
What happens if the Grip Shift shifter comes apart during installation?
The worm spring will become dislodged
What is the first step in replacing the cable in post-2012 X-Actuation SRAM Grip Shift?
Move the brake lever away from the shifter
What tool is needed to loosen the shifter’s clamp collar?
A 2.5mm or 3mm hex key
What should you do after pushing out the old cable?
Recycle or otherwise discard the old cable
What is the purpose of putting a bend in the end of the new cable?
To help feed it through the adjuster and into the end of the cable housing
What should be done after replacing the cover and clamp collar?
Tighten the little pinch bolt on the collar gently
What should be checked when routing the cable to the derailleur?
Ensure each housing segment has a ferrule on the end
What is the first step in routing the cable from the shifter bar?
Run the cable through each of the housing segments or through the frame until you reach the cable-fixing bolt on the derailleur.
What should you do after clicking the rear shifter?
Click the rear shifter to the setting that releases the most cable.
What is the initial adjustment for the barrel adjusters?
Tighten the barrel adjusters all the way, then back it out one turn.
What tool is typically required to tighten the cable-fixing bolt?
A 4mm or 5mm hex key, a Torx T25 key, or an 8mm box wrench.
Where should the chain be placed for attaching the rear derailleur cable?
On the cog that the derailleur return spring pulls it to.
For Low Normal or Rapid Rise derailleurs, where should the chain start?
On the largest cog.
What should be done to ensure maximum cable availability for the front derailleur?
Shift the chain to the inner chainring.
What is the correct procedure for hooking up the cable to the front derailleur?
Place the cable into its groove under the cable-fixing bolt while pulling the cable taut with pliers.
True or False: Many front derailleurs now work both top-pull and bottom-pull style.
True.
What is a key feature of high-quality cable assemblies?
Cable-housing end ferrules with rubber seals to keep contamination out.
What should you do before crimping the cable caps in place?
Clip cables about 1-2 cm past the cable-clamp bolts.
Fill in the blank: You should not hook up a ______ style front derailleur from the bottom.
top-pull
What is an important consideration for some derailleur models regarding cable housing?
Some models require housing to run the full length of the cable to the front derailleur.
What is the first step in cleaning a bike chain using a chain-cleaning unit?
Remove the top and pour in the solvent up to the fill line.
What should you do after placing the chain-cleaning unit against the bottom of the chain?
Reinstall the top so that the chain runs through it.
What action is taken to clean the chain while using a chain-cleaning unit?
Turn the bike’s crank backward to run the chain through the unit’s brushes.
What should you do with the solvent after cleaning the chain?
Let the solvent settle, decant the clear portion, and discard the sludge.
Why is it not recommended to remove the chain for cleaning unless it has a master link?
Repeatedly disassembling the chain weakens it.
What is a common issue with mountain bike chains?
Chain breakage due to conditions and the narrow width of higher-speed chains.
What technique can cause a chain to break during riding?
Shifting the front derailleur while pedaling hard.
What does disassembly and reassembly of a chain do to the rivet holes?
Expands the size of the rivet hole, allowing the rivet to pop out more easily.
What is the purpose of special subpins supplied by Shimano?
To prevent problems when reassembling chains.
Which brands commonly use master links in their chains?
- SRAM
- Wippermann
- Taya
- KMC
- FSA
- Shimano
How can you clean a chain without a chain-cleaning unit?
Drop the chain into a jar or water bottle half-filled with solvent.
What should you avoid when using citrus-based solvents for cleaning chains?
Leaving the chain to soak for extended periods.
What is the general replacement interval for mountain bike chains?
Every 500 to 1,000 miles.
What happens to the drivetrain when a chain elongates?
It concentrates the load on individual gear teeth, causing them to wear out.
What is the best way to monitor the condition of a bike chain?
Using a chain length gauge.
