Tune Up Flashcards
Why is it important to inspect the bike frame frequently?
To avoid potentially dangerous or ride-shortening frame failures
Regular inspections help identify issues before they become critical.
What should you do if you find damage to the bike frame and are unsure of its safety?
Take it to a bike shop for advice
Professional assessment can prevent accidents.
How often should you clean the bike frame?
Every few rides
Cleaning helps spot problems early.
What specific areas should you inspect on the bike frame?
All tubes for cracks, bends, buckles, dents, and paint stretching or cracking
Pay special attention near joints where stress is highest.
What is the coin test used for?
To check for cracks or delaminated areas in carbon frames
Tapping with a coin helps identify hidden structural issues.
What sound indicates a potential problem when performing the coin test?
A dead ‘thwap’ sound
A ‘clack’ sound is normal, while a ‘thwap’ suggests hidden damage.
What specific frame joints and points should be inspected for cracks?
Dropouts, derailleur hanger, brake mounts, cable stops, and suspension pivot points
These areas are critical for frame integrity.
Fill in the blank: The edge of a coin is used to _______ on the frame to check for damage.
tap
This method helps assess the condition of the frame.
What should be checked for damage on a bicycle frame?
Derailleur hangers, dropouts, cantilever/V-brake bosses, disc-brake mounts
These components can be bent or cracked and may require replacement or repair.
What is required if dropouts or brake mounts are badly bent or broken?
Welded, riveted, brazed, or carbon-wrapped replacement
A local frame builder may be able to perform these repairs.
How often should corrosion checks be performed on steel and aluminum frames?
Every six months and after every wet ride
This helps prevent long-term damage from rust.
What is recommended to protect against rust inside bicycle frame tubes?
Rust protective spray, WD-40, or oil
These should be applied after drying the frame upside down.
What should be done before reinserting the seatpost?
Grease both the seatpost and the inside of the seat tube
This helps ensure smooth operation and prevents rust.
What should be checked on suspension frames?
Swingarm movement and shock condition
This includes verifying free pivoting and checking for play or binding.
What is the maximum torque for mounting hardware on a shock?
60 in-lbs
Over-torquing can damage the mounting points.
What should be checked for alignment when inspecting a shock?
Frame’s body-eye mount and shaft-eye mount
Misalignment can cause side-loading and shock failure.
What should be inspected on the shock itself?
Leaking oil, cracks, bent shaft, or other damage
Regular inspection can prevent shock failure.
What is important for wheel alignment in a bicycle frame?
Wheel should be centered between chainstays and seatstays
Proper alignment prevents damage and ensures smooth riding.
True or False: Tightening the hub skewer should result in bowing or twisting of the chainstays or seatstays.
False
A properly dished wheel should sit straight without causing distortion.
What is the first step in replacing shifters?
Remove bar ends if installed, usually with a 5mm hex key.
How can you identify the right shifter?
The right shifter has more clicks than the left one.
What should you do if grips have clamp bolts?
Loosen the bolts and slide the grip off.
What is one method for removing simple rubber grips?
Roll them back or lift them away while using water or rubbing alcohol.
What can be used to lubricate grips for easier installation?
Rubbing alcohol or spray adhesive.
What happens to grips lubricated with rubbing alcohol after installation?
They will slip for a number of days until the alcohol evaporates.
What is a method for installing grips with closed ends?
Punch a hole in the ends and inflate them with an air compressor.
Fill in the blank: To remove grips, you can use the same method as _______.
installation, in reverse.
What tool is required to remove bar ends?
5mm hex key.
What should you do if you are not planning to reuse the grips?
You can cut them off.
What technique can help when installing grips using an air compressor?
Cover the opposite end of the handlebar while inflating.
True or False: Friction shifters have the same number of clicks as indexed shifters.
False.
What is the primary function of the handlebar in a bike?
To maintain or change the bike’s direction by applying force
What happens when variations in pressure are applied to the handlebar?
The front wheel changes direction
What components of the bike’s steering system are discussed in this chapter?
Handlebars, stems, and headsets
What is the first step in removing a bike grip?
Remove the handlebar end plug
How can you remove a handlebar end plug if it’s difficult to edge out?
Use a thin screwdriver
What should you do if there are grip pinch bolts present?
Loosen the grip pinch bolts
What alternative method can be used to remove closed-end grips?
Use an air compressor to blow them off
Fill in the blank: To help remove a grip, squirt _______ on the handlebar and the underside of the exposed grip.
rubbing alcohol
What can be used to inject rubbing alcohol under the grip for easier removal?
A syringe
What should be done if the grip is damaged and cannot be removed easily?
Cut it off with a knife
True or False: Rubbing alcohol is the only liquid that can be used to assist in grip removal.
False
What is a pro tip for grip removal using alcohol?
Inject rubbing alcohol under the grip with a syringe
What is the purpose of the complex series of parts between the handlebar and the wheel?
To make the simple process of steering possible
What should you do to the end of the handlebar when using an air compressor to blow off grips?
Cover the end of the handlebar with your hand
What is a common issue that may necessitate cutting off a grip?
If the grip is shot
What is the first step in installing a grip?
Squirt rubbing alcohol inside the grip
Rubbing alcohol lubricates well and dries quickly, facilitating easier installation.
What is the purpose of using rubbing alcohol when installing grips?
Lubricates well and dries quickly
Water dries slowly, causing the grip to slip for a few days.
What should you do if the grip has a closed end and you want to use bar ends?
Cut off the closed end
You may also want to shorten the grip to adjust to hand size or adapt to a twist shifter.
What tools can be used to cut grips if there’s no groove marked?
Scissors, tin snips, or a knife
A groove may be present on some grips to indicate where to cut.
How can you cut off the end of a grip on a thin, lightweight handlebar?
Hit the end of the grip with a mallet after installation
This method creates a clean hole in the grip end.
What is a unique feature of grips designed for Grip Shift shifters?
They are shorter than standard grips
This design is necessary because part of the hand sits on the twist grip.
What should be done with the collar screws when installing a lock-on grip?
Tighten the screws on the collar on each end
This secures the grip in place.
True or False: Hairspray can be used to prevent grip slippage.
True
However, it is harmful to breathe and can set up permanently.
Fill in the blank: To install the grip, you should slide and _______ it onto the handlebar.
twist
This helps in securing the grip on the handlebar.
What happens to the dry middle section of the grip during installation?
It will start moving as the ends twist
This indicates the grip is being successfully installed.
What should you do if the stem is not pointed straight ahead?
Loosen the bolts securing the stem to the fork steering tube, align the stem with the front wheel, and tighten the stem bolt(s) again.
For a threaded headset, how do you disengage the wedge from the bottom of the stem?
Loosen the single vertical bolt on top of the stem about two turns and tap the top of the bolt with a hammer.
What is the procedure for adjusting a threadless headset?
Loosen one, two, or three horizontal bolts pinching the stem around the steering tube.
What should you not loosen when adjusting a threadless headset?
Do not loosen the bolt on the top of the stem cap.
What does it indicate if the headset rattles?
The headset is too loose.
What should you do if the headset is too loose?
Adjust the headset.
What does it mean if the stem, bar, and fork assembly do not turn smoothly?
The headset is pitted and needs to be replaced.
What should you do if the stem, bar, and fork assembly are not turning freely?
The headset is too tight.
How should the front wheel behave when the headset is adjusted correctly?
The front wheel should swing easily from side to side when you lean the bike or lift the front end.
What should you do if the stem is stuck on or in the fork steering tube?
Refer to the instructions in section 12-14.
What is the primary advantage of disc brakes over rim brakes in wet conditions?
Disc brakes stay cleaner as mud and water are thrown away from them by the tires, resulting in little drop-off in performance in wet conditions.
What are the two types of disc brakes?
Hydraulic and mechanical (cable-actuated).
How are hydraulic disc brakes activated?
By pressure applied to one end of a column of non-compressible liquid.
What is the main benefit of disc brakes regarding maintenance compared to rim brakes?
Disc brakes require less maintenance because the tire does not drag mud into them.
True or False: You need to release a disc brake to remove a wheel.
False.
What should you insert between the pads of a hydraulic disc brake when traveling with the wheel out?
A spacer or a chunk of corrugated cardboard.
What is the minimum thickness of the friction material for disc-brake pads?
At least the thickness of a dime (about 1.2mm).
What should you avoid doing on a hydraulic disc brake without a disc or spacer?
Squeezing the lever, as it can push a caliper piston too far out.
What is the focus of the chapter mentioned in the text?
The disc-brake calipers, both cable-actuated and hydraulic, and on hydraulic levers and hoses.
Fill in the blank: Disc brakes can be _______ or mechanical.
hydraulic.
What is necessary for the proper installation of disc brakes?
Follow the directions in the chapter carefully.
What is the minimum combined thickness of pads and backing plate that indicates they should be replaced?
2.5mm
Some brakes provide a pad-wear gauge to assist in this measurement.
What tool is used to measure the thickness change of a rotor accurately?
Digital caliper or micrometer
This is necessary because the thickness change is minimal, specifically over 0.2mm.
What should be done before removing most disc-brake pads?
Remove the wheel
Some top-loading pads can be removed without removing the wheel.
What is the function of the inboard pad-adjuster knob on cable-actuated disc brakes?
To spread the pads apart
This allows for easier removal of the pads.
What must be removed before pulling out many brake pads?
Cotter pin or bolt
This may include a threaded bolt or a pin with a retaining clip.
What is the recommended method for cleaning brake pads?
Sand them face down on a flat piece of drywall-sanding screen
This allows material removed to fall through instead of being rubbed back onto the pad.
True or False: Hydraulic brakes may require the use of a plastic pad spacer to separate the pads before removal.
True
This helps to avoid damaging the pads during the removal process.
Fill in the blank: If the finger gauge does not fit between the steel ears of the pads, it indicates that the pad material has _____ and new pads are needed.
worn off
What indicates that a rotor is due for replacement?
Over 0.2mm removed from the rotor thickness
This change is often subtle and requires precise measurement.
What might be necessary to do with cotterless pads when removing them?
Pull a tab on the pad toward the center of the caliper slot
This is often done from underneath the caliper and can be challenging.
What should you do if you need to separate the pads on hydraulic brakes?
Slip a plastic pad spacer or flat-head screwdriver between the pads
This is done carefully to avoid damaging them.
What should be checked for pad wear, scoring, or glazing?
Clean, check for pad wear, scoring, or glazing
These checks are crucial to avoid damaging the rotor or compromising braking effectiveness.
What happens to brakes when pads and rotors get too hot?
Brakes fade
This can lead to blue discoloration of the rotor and glazing of the pads, indicating breakdown of the resin.
What indicates that the pads are glazed?
Blue discoloration of the rotor and glazing of the pads
Glazed pads must be discarded as their material has broken down.
How can you reduce the potential for introducing dirt into a hydraulic caliper?
Clean around the pistons with a Q-tip soaked in brake fluid
This should be done before replacing the pads.
How should new brake pads be installed?
Install the new pads the way the old ones came out
Left and right pads may differ, and it should be obvious if a pad is installed incorrectly.
What mechanism do cotterless pads usually use to snap back in?
Either onto a nub on the piston with a wire catch or magnetically
The installation method may vary based on the specific brake model.
What can happen if cotterless pads are reversed during installation?
They may not snap back into place
This is due to the piston being offset from the center of the cutaway for the pad.
What may be required to install cottered pads correctly?
Align the ears on the pads with the cotter hole
If reversed, they will not line up properly.
What is the purpose of the butterfly-shaped spring-steel piece in cottered pads?
It pushes the pads apart
This allows for easier installation when making a sandwich of the new pads and the spring.
What is crucial when selecting disc-brake pads?
Buy pads meant for the exact make and model of the brake
There are many shapes of disc-brake pads, and they are not interchangeable.
What are the two types of pad compounds mentioned?
Metallic pads and resin pads
The choice should be based on the type of riding you do.
What is the advantage of metallic pads?
They deal better with heat generated by high-speed descents
This makes them suitable for aggressive riding styles.
What is the advantage of resin pads?
They provide better modulation and control of wheel speed
However, they wear out faster than metallic pads, especially in wet conditions.
What must new brake pads undergo before reaching full braking power?
They need to be burnished (or burned in or bedded in)
This involves repeated braking to condition the pads.
What can happen if you slam on the brakes when the pads are new?
You can damage them
This prevents the pads from achieving their full performance potential.
What is the purpose of burning in the brake pads?
To ensure full power and reduce squeal problems
This process involves braking firmly and evenly without overheating the brakes.
How many stops are generally needed to bed in the brake pads?
20 to 40 stops
The exact number can vary by manufacturer.
What speed range should you start braking from during the bed-in process?
10-12 mph
After initial braking, increase to 15-18 mph for subsequent stops.
What should you avoid doing during the bed-in process?
Bringing the bike to a dead stop
This helps maintain the effectiveness of the bed-in process.
What is a common indication that brake pads are rubbing?
The brake doesn’t retract the pads fully
This may indicate contamination that requires cleaning around the piston.
What type of seal is used to retract the pistons in hydraulic disc brakes?
Square-cross-section O-ring seal
This seal surrounds the waist of the piston.
What happens when the lever is squeezed on hydraulic brakes?
Fluid is forced in behind the piston, causing it to move
This movement is essential for braking action.
What should you do if the pistons are pushed out too far?
Push the pistons back in
This may require removing the pads or using a spacer.
What tool can be used to carefully push the pistons back in?
Plastic tire lever or flat-head screwdriver
Ensure not to gouge the pads while doing this.
What should be installed to prevent pistons from being pushed out too far when the lever is pulled?
Plastic pad spacer
This is important to maintain space between the pads.
What is the recommended method for pushing the pistons back in on Hayes and Stroker brakes?
Remove the pads first
This allows for easier access to push the pistons back in.
Fill in the blank: The size of the wrench needed to push the pistons back varies depending on the brake model, commonly 8mm for _______.
ZINN & THE ART OF MOUNTAIN BIKE MAINTENANCE
This refers to a specific brake model mentioned in the text.
What happens to the square seal when the piston moves outward?
The square seal twists out into the tapered section of the groove
This action is crucial for the proper function of hydraulic brakes.
What can inhibit piston retraction?
Dirt can inhibit piston retraction by:
* Breaking the seal
* Creating more friction around the sides of the piston
Contamination can lead to increased maintenance issues.
What should be done if dirt is present around the piston?
Clean around the piston and lubricate it
This helps maintain the seal and ensures proper function.
How should you adjust the pistons if pad spacing from the rotor is reduced?
Remove the pads and use a plastic tire lever or box-end wrench to push the piston out for lubrication
This procedure helps in maintaining brake performance.
What is the risk of using the wrong implement on the piston?
You can crack the piston
Using improper tools can lead to costly damage.
What should you do if the piston comes out too far?
Open the bleed screw slightly while pushing the piston back, then close it immediately
This prevents air from entering the hydraulic system.
Fill in the blank: If the square seal is leaking due to contamination or damage, the piston will not _______.
retract
What is the purpose of lubricating the piston?
To wipe off grime and ensure proper movement of the piston
Proper lubrication is essential for the longevity of hydraulic components.
True or False: Forcing the pistons back into their bores when dirt is present is recommended.
False
This can exacerbate the problem by pushing dirt further under the seal.
What is the symptom of brakes that need bleeding?
A lever that is not firm when pulled and/or becomes more firm with repeated pumping.
What can cause contamination of brake fluid?
Dirt getting past the seals due to usage in dirty conditions.
What is the benefit of flushing old brake fluid with new fluid?
It will improve performance.
What is required when bleeding brakes?
Patience and extreme cleanliness.
Where should you work when bleeding brakes?
In a well-lighted area with clean tools.
What should be placed on the floor below the bike while working?
A clean sheet to catch any dropped parts.
What precaution must be observed regarding brake fluid?
Observe the notes and cautions regarding DOT fluid.
What is the first step in the procedure for filling an empty brake system?
Remove the wheel.
What must be installed between the pistons during brake bleeding?
A spacer block.
What is the purpose of the spacer block?
To apply hydraulic pressure while keeping the pistons pushed back in their bores.
What should you avoid getting on the brake pads?
Fluid, which will ruin them.
Fill in the blank: Air bubbles float _______ to the top of the fluid to the reservoir.
up
True or False: The procedure for filling an empty brake system is different from bleeding one.
False
What should be followed unless you have specific instructions for a brake’s bleed kit?
Specific instructions that come with a brake’s bleed kit.
What is the purpose of a bleed block in a brake caliper?
To replace brake pads during the bleeding process
The bleed block is installed to prevent the pistons from moving while the brake system is being bled.
What happens when hydraulic fluid in a brake system boils?
Gas bubbles form in the hydraulic lines, leading to vapor lock
Vapor lock prevents the caliper pistons from being pushed effectively.
What should you do if vapor lock occurs?
Let go of the lever to cool the brake and replace the fluid if using DOT fluid
With mineral oil, simply allow the brake to cool down.
What is the main difference between DOT fluid and mineral oil in brake systems?
DOT fluid can absorb water and dissolve paint, while mineral oil does not
It is important to use the correct type of fluid as mixing them can damage seals.
What tools are needed for modern Shimano brake bleeding?
Shimano bleed kit, syringe, clear tube, oil funnel, and plug
These tools are essential for the bleeding procedure.
What is the correct position for the brake lever during bleeding?
Rotate the brake lever to horizontal and secure it
This ensures proper fluid flow during the bleeding process.
What should be done with brake fluid that has been exposed to air?
Use only fluid from a container that has never been opened
Exposure to air can lower the boiling point of DOT fluid significantly.
Fill in the blank: The higher the DOT number, the higher the _______.
boiling point
Different DOT fluids are designed to operate within specific temperature ranges.
True or False: All mineral oils and DOT fluids are the same.
False
Viscosity, purity, and boiling point can vary among different mineral oils and DOT fluids.
What should you do if brake rotors are contaminated by brake fluid?
Clean them with rubbing alcohol
This helps maintain braking performance.
What is vapor lock?
A condition where the brake fluid boils and gas bubbles form, preventing braking
It occurs when the caliper gets too hot during use.
What is the tool required to slightly open the caliper bleed screw?
3mm hex key
What is the first step in the bleeding process for Shimano brakes?
Install the bleed funnel
Fill the syringe with _______.
Shimano brake oil
What should be done after connecting the syringe to the caliper bleed nipple?
Slightly open the caliper bleed screw
What indicates that the bleeding process is effective?
No more air bubbles appear in the funnel
What should be done after tightening the caliper bleed screw?
Pull the syringe off of the clear tube
What is the purpose of the catch bag during the bleeding process?
To collect oil and air bubbles
True or False: Air bubbles will accompany the oil running down from the funnel into the catch bag.
True
What should be done repeatedly while holding the brake lever during the bleeding process?
Open and close the caliper bleed screw
What action should be taken to check for air bubbles after pumping the brake lever?
Tilt the brake lever up and down
What is the last step in the Shimano bleeding process?
Check the system and ensure proper brake operation
What is required for vacuum-bleeding Avid and SRAM brakes?
SRAM bleed kit
What type of fluid should be used for Avid/SRAM brakes?
DOT 4 or DOT 5.1
How should air be expelled from the fluid in both syringes?
Point each syringe up and push the plunger
What adjustment should be made to the brake lever before starting the vacuum-bleeding process?
Turn the pad-contact knob to the ‘out’ position
What tool is needed to remove the bleed screw from the banjo bolt?
Torx T10 key
What should be done if the fluid coming out at the lever is dark?
Refill and de-gas the syringes again
What is the purpose of flicking your finger against the syringe during the de-gassing process?
To free any bubbles sticking to the sides
What should be done with the funnel after bleeding is complete?
Plug the funnel with the stopper
What should you do to check for fluid leaks after completing the brake bleeding process?
Zip-tie the lever around the handlebar overnight
What should be done with the clamp on the lever syringe?
Close the clamp on the lever syringe
How do you secure the brake lever to the handlebar?
Pull the brake lever to the handlebar and secure it with a strap or rubber band
What is the purpose of sucking the air out of the caliper?
To draw air bubbles up through the fluid in the syringe
What should you do after bubbles stop coming up the syringe hose?
Holding the brake lever to the bar, remove the band around it
What is the next step after removing the band from the brake lever?
Push the caliper syringe plunger in while slowly allowing the brake lever to open
What should you avoid when replacing the caliper bleed screw?
Don’t overtighten the tiny T10 bleed screw
What is the initial action required to bleed the lever?
Open the lever syringe clamp, turn the syringe upright, and firmly pull on its plunger
What should be done to pressurize the system after pulling the syringe plunger?
Lightly push the syringe plunger
What needs to be done after removing the syringe from the lever?
Replace the lever bleed screw
What should be done to clean DOT fluid off the lever and caliper?
Wipe it first, then spray it with water or isopropyl alcohol and wipe again
What should you do to check for fluid leaks in the system?
Squeeze the levers hard and look for fluid appearing around joints
What is the purpose of zip-tying the lever around the handlebar overnight?
To check for fluid leaks
Fill in the blank: To check for fluid leaks, if the zip-tie is still _____ around the lever and the handlebar grip the next morning, there are no leaks.
tight
What should be done with pad-contact and reach adjustments after maintenance?
Return them to previous settings
What causes squealing or howling in disc brakes?
Pads glazed or improperly bedded-in, vibration, oil or road de-icer on rotor and pads
Squealing can indicate several issues, including contamination or improper installation of brake components.
What are potential reasons for low braking power?
Flexing of cable-actuated brake arm, stretching of cable, compression of brake housing, insufficient coefficient of friction, oil and grime on discs and pads, hydraulic system leak or air in it
Each of these factors can contribute to a decrease in braking efficiency.
What might indicate too much lever travel in hydraulic brakes?
Air in system, pad-contact adjustment out too far, excessive pad spacing
These issues can lead to a feeling of excessive lever travel before brakes engage.
What could cause excessive lever travel in cable brakes?
Cable too long, worn brake pads, excessive pad spacing
Adjusting these factors can improve brake responsiveness.
What are troubleshooting steps for disc brakes?
Replace pads, true a bent rotor, tighten loose rotor, center caliper, try different brake pads, tighten caliper-mounting bolts, check suspension play
These steps help address various disc brake issues.
How can you isolate the problem of squealing brakes?
Duct-tape a dowel-rod strut triangulating the brake-mount area
If squealing stops, it may indicate a need for frame reinforcement.
What is the proper way to clean brake rotors?
Clean rotor with rubbing alcohol
Using rubbing alcohol is essential to avoid damaging brake components.
What should you do if brake pads are contaminated?
Sand them facedown on drywall-sanding screen
This technique helps reveal a clean layer of the pad.
What are the types of brake pads and their characteristics?
Organic pads offer higher power; metallic pads offer greater durability
Choosing the right type of pad depends on the specific needs of the rider.
What is pad drag?
PADS RUB ROTOR BECAUSE OF OFF-CENTER CALIPER, OVERLY TIGHT BRAKES, OR UNTRUE ROTOR
This can lead to increased wear and decreased braking efficiency.
What is a solution for slow return in brakes?
Cable or hydraulic pistons sticking
Lubrication and cleaning can help restore proper function.
What causes a loose caliper?
Mounting bolts on brake caliper and caliper adapter are loose
Tightening these bolts is essential for safe braking.
What does a grinding noise indicate in brakes?
Sounds like there is sand on the pads
It often suggests contamination or wear that needs to be addressed.
What could cause a soft lever that pumps up and gets firmer in hydraulic brakes?
Air in hydraulic brake system
This issue requires checking for leaks and bleeding the system.
What causes squealing in rim brakes?
Causes of squealing include:
* Pads glazed
* Pads worn
* No pad toe-in with flexy brake arms
* Vibration causing squealing or howling
* Front cantilever shudder
Squealing often results from improper maintenance or installation issues.
What are the potential causes of low power in rim brakes?
Causes of low power include:
* Sticking cable
* Stretching of cable
* Frayed cable
* Compression of brake housing
* Insufficient friction between pads and rim
* Oil and grime on the rim and pads
* Air in hydraulic rim brake
* Poor pad alignment
* High straddle-cable angle
* Flexing seatstays or fork legs
* Flexing of brake arms
Low power can significantly affect braking performance.
What can lead to too much lever travel in rim brakes?
Reasons for too much lever travel include:
* Cable too long
* Brake pads worn
* Poor pad alignment
* Air in hydraulic rim brake
Check the cable length and pad condition to address this issue.
What indicates pad drag in rim brakes?
Pad drag can be indicated by:
* One pad rubs
* Both pads rub
This can lead to reduced braking efficiency and increased wear.
What are the causes of slow or incomplete lever return?
Causes include:
* Cable sticking
* Sharp bends in cable housing
* Frayed cable
* Lip on top edge of pad
Ensuring smooth cable operation is crucial for effective brake function.
What does a loose brake arm sound like?
A loose brake arm may rattle or clunk.
Regular checks can prevent this issue from affecting performance.
What does grinding noise in rim brakes indicate?
Grinding noise may indicate:
* Sounds like there is sand on the pads
This often requires cleaning or replacing pads.
Fill in the blank: A soft lever that gets firmer when pumped in hydraulic brakes indicates _______.
Air in hydraulic brake system
This condition can lead to ineffective braking.
What are the steps to take if there is air in the hydraulic brake system?
Steps include:
* Check for leaks
* Bleed the system
Proper maintenance of hydraulic systems is essential for safety.
What should be done if brake pads are worn?
Replace pads or sand the surface of the pads.
Worn pads significantly affect braking performance.
What adjustments can be made if pads are not aligned properly?
Align pads with rim and adjust the angle of brake arms and straddle cable.
Proper alignment is critical for effective braking.
What is the purpose of cables in non-hydraulic brakes?
Cables transfer braking force from the levers to the wheels
What happens if there is excess friction in the cable system?
The brakes will not work properly
What should be checked and replaced if a cable has broken or rusty strands?
The cable should be replaced
What is the function of the barrel adjuster on the brake lever?
Offers easy adjustment of cable tension
Fill in the blank: As brake pads wear and cables stretch, the cables need to be ______.
shortened to keep the pads in close proximity to the rims
What is the first step in increasing cable tension?
Back out the barrel adjuster by loosening its locknut and turning it counterclockwise
What should be done to lock in the cable tension?
Tighten the locknut against the lever body while holding the barrel adjuster
If more slack needs to be taken up than the barrel adjuster allows, what should be done?
Tighten the cable at the brake
What should be done if the cable is frayed or kinked?
Replace the cable
What type of grease is recommended for lubricating cables?
Molybdenum disulfide grease
True or False: White lithium-based greases are suitable for lubricating cables.
False
What should be done to lubricate the cable?
Open the brake, pull each section of cable housing out, and rub lubricant on the cable
What should be checked after adjusting cable tension?
Check that the lever cannot be squeezed all the way to the grip
What is the final step in reducing cable tension?
Tighten the locknut clockwise against the lever body to lock in the adjustment
What should be done if the cable still sticks after lubrication?
Replace the cable and possibly the cable housing
What is the purpose of a reach-adjustment setscrew on levers?
To adjust the distance for easier reach of the levers
It is particularly useful for individuals with small hands.
How does leverage adjustment affect brake performance?
It moves the cable end in or out relative to the lever pivot, affecting leverage and cable pull
Closer cable position to pivot increases leverage but reduces cable pull.
What does an ‘I’ marking indicate on a brake lever?
It indicates the position with the weakest leverage
This is where the cable head is farthest from the pivot.
What adjustment method is used on more expensive brake levers?
A long screw for leverage adjustment
This allows for fine-tuning of the cable position relative to the pivot.
How do some Shimano and SRAM levers allow for leverage adjustment?
By installing, relocating, or removing a series of inserts
This provides flexibility in adjusting the leverage settings.
What tools are needed to adjust the leverage on Shimano LX, DX, and M600 levers?
A 3mm hex key
This is used to loosen a small bolt for adjusting the lever arm.
What do ‘L’ and ‘H’ markings signify on Shimano levers?
‘L’ indicates lowest leverage and ‘H’ indicates highest leverage
‘L’ is where the cable path is farthest from the lever pivot, and ‘H’ is where it is closest.
How does a rotating notched eccentric disc function in brake levers?
It adjusts the cable-head position relative to the pivot
This affects the leverage by changing the distance of the cable path from the pivot.
What is the typical leverage setting for V-brake levers?
Mentionally low leverage
This is necessary due to the high leverage of the long brake arms.
What should be the initial adjustment for V-brake levers?
Adjusted to the lowest leverage
This means starting with the cable passing farthest from the lever pivot.
True or False: Using a lever from a cantilever brake with a V-brake can lead to increased leverage.
True
This can result in improper braking and potential accidents.
What is the effect of increasing leverage at the brake lever?
It allows for maximum performance with minimum application effort
However, the lever must be positioned for forefinger reach to avoid excessive braking.
What does a hard feel in brakes indicate?
Less power and mechanical advantage
A hard feel means the rider is doing most of the work.
What does a softer feel in brakes indicate?
More leverage and less work required to stop the bike
This allows for easier stopping.
What is a consequence of setting up brake levers for high leverage?
Loss of some pad travel
This occurs because the cable hook is moved closer to the lever pivot.
How should the brake lever be positioned for optimal use?
Inboard on the handlebar so the tip is under the forefinger
This allows for better grip and relaxed arms while braking.
What grip is recommended while holding the handlebar and pulling the brake lever?
Three fingers (and thumb) on the handlebar, pulling the lever with the forefinger
Pulling on the end of the lever maximizes leverage.
What can hinder the movement of the brake lever inboard?
Trigger shift levers with a separate band clamp
The band clamp can restrict the lever’s movement, affecting braking efficiency.
What should be tried to achieve better one-finger braking with trigger shifters?
Position the trigger shifter outboard of the brake lever
This may help improve function and finger clearance.
What issue can arise with wider handlebars regarding brake and shift levers?
The bends in a riser bar may be too far outboard
This can prevent the shifter and brake lever from moving inboard sufficiently.
Fill in the blank: A softer brake feel indicates _______.
more leverage
True or False: A hard brake feel is preferred for maximum stopping power.
False
A hard feel indicates less mechanical advantage and requires more effort.
What type of operation is replacing cables on a mountain bike?
Maintenance operation
It is not a repair operation.
When should you replace cables on a mountain bike?
When there are broken strands, kinks, or fraying
This should be done before cables break.
What should you do if the housing (outer wires) is bent or gritty?
Replace the housings
This ensures proper function and aesthetics.
What is the recommended length for new cables and housing?
At least as much length as the ones being replaced
What type of cables and housing should be purchased for indexed systems?
Cables that stretch minimally and housings that do not compress
Indexed housing is protected by an external vinyl sheath.
What material is indexed housing made of?
Parallel steel strands of thin wire
This is different from brake housings which use steel coil.
What components should be purchased along with cables and housing?
Cable crimp caps and tubular cable-housing end ferrules
Caps prevent fraying and ferrules prevent kinking.
What is the purpose of a tubular rubber dust shield?
To prevent dirt and water entry into the housing
What tool is recommended for installing internal cables?
Park IR-1 or IR-1.2 magnetic internal-routing tool
If not available, thin plastic tubing can be used as a guide.
What should you do before pulling out the old cable in internal routing?
Slide a long piece of tubing onto the old cable as a guide for the new cable
What should be avoided when routing new internal shift cables?
Multiple crosses of the cables inside the down tube
This can cause undue friction and misoperation.
What type of cutter should be used for cutting cable housing?
A special cable-housing cutter
Standard side cutters are not suitable.
How should the housing be cut to length?
Cut to the same lengths as old ones or ensure smooth curves
Avoid sharp bends, especially for seatstay cables.
What is important to consider about the length of housing for rear derailleurs?
Allow enough length for the derailleur to swing freely
What should be ensured about the cut of the housing?
The cut should be square
What is the first step in replacing the cable in a left Shimano XT Dual Control shifter?
Disconnect the old cable at the derailleur and clip off the end cap.
When shifting to release the maximum amount of cable, which position should the gear-indicator needle reach?
L position inside the indicator window.
What tool may be needed to coax the cable out of the hole when replacing it in the rear (right) lever?
Paper clip or thin knife.
What must be done to the plastic plug on the rear lever before pushing the cable out?
Remove the large plastic Phillips screw plug.
In SRAM trigger levers, what is the first action to take when replacing the cable?
Disconnect the old cable at the derailleur and clip off the end cap.
Fill in the blank: You may need to uncover the cable head first when replacing the cable in _______.
SRAM trigger levers.
What should be done if the plastic sleeve ends are smashed shut when replacing cables?
Open each plastic sleeve end with a sharp tool such as an awl.
What should be done after sliding in the new cable for external cables?
Guide the cable through each housing segment and cable guide.
True or False: The cable change process is the same for the front shifter in Shimano Dual Control integrated shifters as it is for the rear shifter.
False.
What is a necessary component to place over each housing end when replacing cables?
Ferrule.
What is the first step when replacing the cable in older Shimano Rapidfire levers?
Disconnect the old cable at the derailleur and clip off the end cap.
What should be done with the cover if it was removed during the cable replacement process?
Replace the lever cover.
Fill in the blank: On many Shimano Rapidfire levers, unscrew the large plastic plug that covers the _______.
cable-access hole.
What lever action pulls the shift cable in Shimano Dual Control integrated shifters?
Moving the brake lever laterally downward.
What lever action releases the shift cable in Shimano Dual Control integrated shifters?
Moving the brake lever laterally upward.
What type of cable routing requires checking for a ferrule on the end of each housing segment?
External cables.
What is the function of the plastic plug or rubber flap over the cable-access hole in the shifter?
To cover the cable-access hole.
What is the first step in replacing a cable in a drum-shaped body?
Push the old cable free
How should the head of the new cable be engaged?
Snap the head of the new cable into the cable hook
What should you do after engaging the head of the new cable?
Shift the lever to its maximum cable pull position
What is the purpose of the barrel adjuster in cable replacement?
To push the cable out through the barrel adjuster
What should be done after routing the cable to the derailleur?
Close the cover and tighten the screw gently
What is important to check for when guiding external cables?
Ensure each housing segment has a ferrule on the end
What type of cover do the 1996-2000 Shimano XTR shifters have?
A plastic cover over the wire-end hook
What should you do with the shifter barrel adjuster when replacing the cable?
Turn it so that its cable slot is lined up with the slot in the shifter body
What should be done after pulling out the old cable from the Shimano XTR shifters?
Install the new cable by slipping the cable head into the cable hook
True or False: The Phillips-head screw on the plastic cover of Shimano XTR shifters can be completely removed.
False
What is required to replace the thin cables connected to the XTR Rapidfire Remote bar-end-mounted shifters?
Buy the thin double-headed cables and housings from Shimano
Fill in the blank: Many Grip Shifts snap together with their accompanying _______.
SRAM grip
What happens if the Grip Shift shifter comes apart during installation?
The worm spring will become dislodged
What is the first step in replacing the cable in post-2012 X-Actuation SRAM Grip Shift?
Move the brake lever away from the shifter
What tool is needed to loosen the shifter’s clamp collar?
A 2.5mm or 3mm hex key
What should you do after pushing out the old cable?
Recycle or otherwise discard the old cable
What is the purpose of putting a bend in the end of the new cable?
To help feed it through the adjuster and into the end of the cable housing
What should be done after replacing the cover and clamp collar?
Tighten the little pinch bolt on the collar gently
What should be checked when routing the cable to the derailleur?
Ensure each housing segment has a ferrule on the end
What is the first step in routing the cable from the shifter bar?
Run the cable through each of the housing segments or through the frame until you reach the cable-fixing bolt on the derailleur.
What should you do after clicking the rear shifter?
Click the rear shifter to the setting that releases the most cable.
What is the initial adjustment for the barrel adjusters?
Tighten the barrel adjusters all the way, then back it out one turn.
What tool is typically required to tighten the cable-fixing bolt?
A 4mm or 5mm hex key, a Torx T25 key, or an 8mm box wrench.
Where should the chain be placed for attaching the rear derailleur cable?
On the cog that the derailleur return spring pulls it to.
For Low Normal or Rapid Rise derailleurs, where should the chain start?
On the largest cog.
What should be done to ensure maximum cable availability for the front derailleur?
Shift the chain to the inner chainring.
What is the correct procedure for hooking up the cable to the front derailleur?
Place the cable into its groove under the cable-fixing bolt while pulling the cable taut with pliers.
True or False: Many front derailleurs now work both top-pull and bottom-pull style.
True.
What is a key feature of high-quality cable assemblies?
Cable-housing end ferrules with rubber seals to keep contamination out.
What should you do before crimping the cable caps in place?
Clip cables about 1-2 cm past the cable-clamp bolts.
Fill in the blank: You should not hook up a ______ style front derailleur from the bottom.
top-pull
What is an important consideration for some derailleur models regarding cable housing?
Some models require housing to run the full length of the cable to the front derailleur.
What is the first step in cleaning a bike chain using a chain-cleaning unit?
Remove the top and pour in the solvent up to the fill line.
What should you do after placing the chain-cleaning unit against the bottom of the chain?
Reinstall the top so that the chain runs through it.
What action is taken to clean the chain while using a chain-cleaning unit?
Turn the bike’s crank backward to run the chain through the unit’s brushes.
What should you do with the solvent after cleaning the chain?
Let the solvent settle, decant the clear portion, and discard the sludge.
Why is it not recommended to remove the chain for cleaning unless it has a master link?
Repeatedly disassembling the chain weakens it.
What is a common issue with mountain bike chains?
Chain breakage due to conditions and the narrow width of higher-speed chains.
What technique can cause a chain to break during riding?
Shifting the front derailleur while pedaling hard.
What does disassembly and reassembly of a chain do to the rivet holes?
Expands the size of the rivet hole, allowing the rivet to pop out more easily.
What is the purpose of special subpins supplied by Shimano?
To prevent problems when reassembling chains.
Which brands commonly use master links in their chains?
- SRAM
- Wippermann
- Taya
- KMC
- FSA
- Shimano
How can you clean a chain without a chain-cleaning unit?
Drop the chain into a jar or water bottle half-filled with solvent.
What should you avoid when using citrus-based solvents for cleaning chains?
Leaving the chain to soak for extended periods.
What is the general replacement interval for mountain bike chains?
Every 500 to 1,000 miles.
What happens to the drivetrain when a chain elongates?
It concentrates the load on individual gear teeth, causing them to wear out.
What is the best way to monitor the condition of a bike chain?
Using a chain length gauge.
What is the function of a chain-elongation gauge?
To check chain elongation at various spots along the chain.
What does the Rohloff Caliber 2 gauge indicate when the curved tooth falls into the chain?
The chain needs to be replaced.
What does the tooth marked ‘A’ on the Rohloff gauge check?
Chains running on aluminum and titanium cogs.
What is the significance of checking chain wear with a gauge?
It helps extend the life of chainrings and cogs.
Fill in the blank: A new chain will not mesh properly with _______.
[deformed teeth]
True or False: Soaking a chain in water-based solvents is recommended.
False
What should be worn when working with any solvent?
Rubber gloves and a respirator meant for volatile organic compounds.
What feature do some tools have that aids in chain tension release?
A chain hook with two hooked prongs
This feature allows easier insertion of a connector pin or assembly of a master link.
Which brand offers a digital chain gauge for monitoring chain wear?
Feedback Sports
Feedback Sports also offers this gauge under the KMC brand.
What is the standard measurement between adjacent rivets in a bike chain?
½ inch
This measurement is used to assess chain wear.
How many links should there be in one foot of a bike chain?
12 links
Each complete link consists of an inner and an outer pair of plates.
What should you do if the distance between rivets is 12⅓ inches or greater?
Replace the chain
It’s also recommended to replace if it’s 12/6 inches or greater.
What is the recommended elongation percentage for chain replacement according to some manufacturers?
1 percent
This equates to ½ inch in 50 complete link pairs.
What is the first step in removing a chain using a chain tool?
Place any link over the back teeth on a chain tool
This applies to all standard derailleur chains except those with a master link.
What should you do if you are using a Shimano chain without a master link?
Leave 1mm of rivet protruding inward
This allows for reassembly of the chain.
What should you do with the remaining links after determining chain length?
Save them in your spare-tire bag
This provides spares in case of chain breakage on the trail.
How can you determine the number of links needed for a new chain?
Compare it with the old chain or use overlap method
The overlap method involves wrapping the chain around the big chainring and biggest cog.
What is the overlap amount for a 1x11 system with SRAM X-Horizon derailleur?
One and a half more links
This is necessary for systems with a huge rear cog (40-tooth or larger).
What is a characteristic of bikes made for single-speed or internal-gear hubs?
They have a system to vary the distance from the crank to the rear hub
This allows for chain tension adjustment.
What type of dropout system allows for chain tension adjustment by sliding the wheel?
Sliding rear dropouts
These systems offer a more elegant solution for varying drivetrain length.
Fill in the blank: Chains should measure _______ inches wide on derailleur chains.
⅔z
True or False: You can use a chain tool to open a master-link-equipped chain.
False
Master-link-equipped chains can be opened by hand.
What should you do if the used chain is more than a third of a link longer than a new chain?
Replace it
This comparison helps assess chain wear.
What is the purpose of the eccentric cylinder in a bicycle?
To tension the chain by rotating the crank toward or away from the rear hub
The eccentric cylinder clamps into the oversized bottom-bracket shell and is adjusted using pinch bolts, setscrews, or wedge bolts.
How do you set the distance from the wheel to the crank at its minimum?
By sliding the wheel or sliding dropouts all the way forward or rotating the eccentric bottom bracket
This positioning ensures the bottom-bracket spindle is close to the back of the bottom-bracket shell.
What should be avoided when tightening the chain?
The chain should not be taut like a drumhead or so loose that it can fall off
Excess tension creates pedaling resistance and premature wear, while excessive slack can cause the chain to derail.
What is a ‘singleator’ in bicycle maintenance?
A chain tensioner that pulls a slack chain taut, often spring-loaded with a single jockey wheel or roller
It typically bolts into the rear-derailleur hanger on the dropout.
What is the function of the jockey wheel in a chain tensioner?
To keep the chain tight by pushing up or down on the chain coming to the bottom of the rear cog
The tensioner may use two springs to allow for different orientations of the roller.
What is a U-shaped clamp in the context of chain tensioning?
A device that clamps around the chainstay and has a roller to vary the pressure on the chain
This clamp can be slid back and forth to adjust the tension applied to the chain.
What is the recommended setup for a jockey-wheel type tensioner?
It should maintain enough chain length so that the jockey wheels are not fully stretched in a straight line
This setup prevents excessive slack while ensuring proper tension.
What is the first step in routing the chain properly?
Shift into small-small by placing the chain on the smallest cog in the rear and the smallest chainring in front
This setup prepares the chain for proper routing through the derailleur.
During chain routing, where should the chain be guided first?
Through the rear derailleur, starting with the pulley farthest from the derailleur body
This pulley will be the bottom pulley once the chain is taut.
Fill in the blank: When connecting the chain, it is easiest if you completely remove the tension from it by pushing it off the inner chaining to the _______.
inside
What is the purpose of guiding the chain over the smallest rear cog?
To ensure proper routing before connecting the chain
This step is crucial for the overall function of the drivetrain.
What are examples of master links?
SRAM PowerLink, SRAM Power Lock, Shimano Quick Link, FSA Drive Link, Lickton’s SuperLink, KMC Missing Link
These links function similarly in connecting and disconnecting chains.
How is a master link constructed?
Two symmetrical link halves with a single pin on each and a keyhole in the center
Each plate tapers into a slot on the end opposite the pin.
What is the function of SRAM PowerLock links?
They are designed to be non-openable but can be opened with master-link pliers
Some links were recalled in late 2009.
What is the first step in connecting a master link?
Put the pin of each half of the link through the hole in each end of the chain
One pin goes down and the other goes up.
What should you do after inserting the pins into the chain?
Pull the links close together and insert each pin into the keyhole in the opposite plate
What is the orientation requirement for a SRAM 12-speed PowerLock link?
Convex edges must face inward toward the sprocket teeth
How do you disconnect a master link?
Squeeze the master-link plates toward each other and push the chain ends toward each other
This brings the pins to the center hole in each plate.
What tool can make disconnecting a master link easier?
Master-link pliers
What is a potential issue when opening an old, dirty master link without tools?
It can be hard to open due to a lack of sufficient grip
Alternative methods include using clothespins or Vise-Grip pliers.
What is unique about the Wippermann ConneX link compared to other master links?
Its link plates are not symmetrical, requiring specific orientation
How should the Wippermann ConneX link be oriented during installation?
The taller convex edge should be away from the chainring or cog
What happens if the Wippermann ConneX link is installed upside down?
The convex edge may cause the chain to skip under load
Fill in the blank: The pair of connected holes on each plate of the Wippermann ConneX link forms a _______.
heart shape
When should the heart shape of the Wippermann ConneX link be right side up?
When the chain is on the top of the cog or chainring
What is the proper orientation for the Taya ‘Sigma Connector’ master link?
The convex link edge should face outward from the chain loop
How should the long concave edge of the Taya master link run?
It should run over the spacers on the smallest cogs without lifting the chain
What is the first step in connecting the Taya master link?
Connect the chain ends with the plate that has two rivets sticking out of it
What should be done to facilitate snapping the outer master-link plate over the rivets?
Flex the plate with the protruding rivets so that the ends of the rivets are closer together
What is the first step in disconnecting the Taya master link?
Flex the master link so that the pins come closer together
Fill in the blank: To disconnect the Taya master link, pull the plate with the ______ off the rivets.
oval holes
What is the primary function of chain-cleaning units?
To scrub the chain with a solvent while it is on the bike
What materials are chain-cleaning units typically made of?
Clear plastic
How many rotating brushes do most chain-cleaning units have?
Two or three
What is the advantage of using a chain-cleaning unit?
Allows cleaning the chain without removing it from the bike
What can happen if a chain without a master link is frequently removed?
Shortens the chain’s life significantly
Why is installing a master link in a chain beneficial?
It allows for easier separation of the chain
What type of solvent do most chain-cleaning units come with?
Nontoxic, citrus-based solvent
What safety precautions should be taken when using solvents?
Wear gloves and glasses, ensure good ventilation
What is a common alternative solvent mentioned that can be used?
Used diesel fuel
What type of solvents often contain lubricants?
Citrus chain solvents
What is a potential risk of using a strong solvent without lubricant?
It can displace the oil from inside the rollers
What can happen if a chain is cleaned without reapplying lubricant?
The chain may dry out and become squeaky
Fill in the blank: The procedure for using a chain-cleaning unit is _______.
Straightforward
What is the first step in cleaning a bike chain?
Remove the top and pour in the solvent up to the fill line.
How should the chain-cleaning unit be positioned?
Place the chain-cleaning unit up against the bottom of the chain.
What should be done after reinstalling the top of the chain-cleaning unit?
Turn the bike’s crank backward.
What is the purpose of running the chain through the unit’s brushes?
To clean the chain.
What is the next step after cleaning the chain?
Remove the unit from the chain.
What should be done after removing the cleaning unit?
Lubricate the chain as in 4-1.
What should be done with the solvent after cleaning the chain?
Let the solvent settle, decant the clear portion, and discard the sludge.
What is the simplest method to clean a bike chain?
Wipe it down frequently, lubricate it, and wipe off the excess lube.
How often should you clean the chain to avoid using solvents?
Before every ride.
What does the lubricant do to old sludge buildup?
Softens it, which is then driven out of the chain when riding.
What happens if you do not wipe off the lubricant before it drives deep into the chain?
The chain will pick up new gunk.
What is the first step in the chain cleaning process?
Grab the chain with a rag.
Where should you grasp the chain while cleaning?
Between the bottom of the chaining and the rear-derailleur lower jockey wheel.
What action should be taken after grabbing the chain with a rag?
Turn the crank backward a number of revolutions.
What should you do periodically while pulling the chain through the rag?
Rotate the rag to present a cleaner section to the chain.
What items should you leave next to your bike to encourage regular chain care?
Rubber gloves, a rag, and some chain lube.
What should you do after returning from a ride?
Put on gloves, wipe and lube the chain.
What additional components should be wiped while cleaning the chain?
Chainrings, cogs, front derailleur, and jockey wheels.
True or False: Cleaning the chain takes a significant amount of time.
False.
Fill in the blank: Regular cleaning keeps the chain clean and _______.
supple.
What is the first step in replacing a Shimano shifter and integrated brake lever?
Remove the old brake lever and shifter
When installing a new brake lever and shifter, what must be ensured regarding the shifters?
Put the right shifter on the right side
After sliding the new brake lever and shifter onto the bar, what is the next step?
Slide the grip back into position
What should be done after mounting the bar end?
Rotate the brake lever to the position you like
What is essential to do after positioning the brake lever?
Tighten the brake-lever fixing bolt
What is the first step in replacing the shifter unit on Shimano integrated brake and shift levers?
Click the shifter to release the maximum amount of cable
What must be done to the old shift lever during replacement?
Unbolt the old shift lever from the brake-lever body
How should the new shifter be positioned during installation?
Exactly as the old one was positioned
What is the final step in installing the new shifter unit?
Install the cable
For Rapidfire Remote installation, where should the remote lever be mounted?
On the tip of the bar end with a 2mm hex key
What is the first step in replacing SRAM Grip Shift or Half Pipe shifters?
Remove the old shifter
What should be done if the brake lever was removed to get the old shifter off?
Replace the brake lever
What action allows room for the shifter when replacing SRAM Grip Shift?
Loosen and slide the brake lever inward
What is the first step in replacing a shifter?
Squeeze the two tabs together to release the Half Pipe retaining washer
What should be done after sliding on the brake lever?
Tighten the bar end and brake lever in the positions you want
How should the shifter be tightened?
In the position that is comfortable for you
What should be ensured when positioning the shifter?
Allows easy access to the cable barrel adjuster and free cable travel
What do some SRAM trigger levers allow for positioning?
Attachment to various MatchMaker clamps
What is the orientation of the cable-exit barrel when sliding on a new shifter?
Pointing inward
What separates the grip from the Grip Shift?
Plastic washer
Is the plastic washer necessary with Half Pipes or 2001 and later Shorties?
No, it is integrated within the shifter
What should the Grip Shift be butted up against?
The plastic washer or the grip
What tool is needed to tighten the mounting bolt to the handlebar?
Either a 2.5mm or 3mm hex key
What is the first step in replacing top-mounted thumb shifters or trigger levers?
Remove the bar end, grip, brake lever, and old shifter
Fill in the blank: After removing the old shifter, you should slide on the _______.
[replacement shifter]
What is the purpose of greasing the derailleur’s mounting bolt threads?
To ensure proper installation and prevent seizing
This is a standard practice to enhance the ease of future adjustments.
What position should the clutch lever switch be in before mounting the derailleur?
Off
This is important for derailleurs equipped with a clutch lever switch.
How should the derailleur be aligned for mounting?
Rotate back (clockwise) so the b-screw is behind the flat on the derailleur hanger
This applies to most derailleurs except for certain models lacking a b-screw.
What is the torque specification for tightening the derailleur mounting bolt?
8-10 N-m
This torque range ensures the derailleur is securely mounted.
What should be verified regarding the chain before connecting it to the derailleur?
That it is the correct length
Refer to sections 4-8 to 4-11 for guidance on chain length.
What tools are needed to tighten the cable-fixing bolt?
5mm hex key, Torx T25, or 8mm box wrench
These tools allow for secure attachment of the cable.
What distinguishes axle-mounted Shimano Saint derailleurs from other types?
They mount to the axle of the rear hub instead of the dropout derailleur hanger
This design is intended for enhanced performance in rough, gravity-riding conditions.
What design features do current Shimano Saint derailleurs share with many Shimano derailleurs?
Shadow design and removable b-link
The removable b-link allows for direct mounting after removal.
Fill in the blank: The b-screw should end up _______ the flat on the back of the derailleur hanger.
behind
True or False: Inexpensive derailleurs always have a b-screw.
False
Some inexpensive derailleurs feature a nonadjustable tab instead.
What is the first step in installing the rear derailleur?
Grease the derailleur’s mounting bolt threads
What is the last step mentioned in the installation procedure?
Follow the adjustment procedure described in the next section
What is the first step in installing a Shimano rear derailleur on a direct mount?
Install the rear wheel into the dropouts and push the axle through it from the nondrive side.
What should be done to the threaded, drive-side end of the axle before installing the derailleur?
Grease the threaded, drive-side end of the axle.
How should the derailleur be positioned when installing it onto the axle?
Ensure that the derailleur’s end stopper is in the dropout slot adjacent to the hub axle and that the b-screw is behind the dropout-hanger tab.
What should you check regarding the chain before connecting it to the derailleur?
Make sure that the chain is the correct length.
What tools may be required to tighten the cable-fixing bolt during derailleur installation?
5mm hex key, Torx T25, or 8mm box wrench.
What is the purpose of the bump stopper screw on the upper knuckle of the derailleur?
To stop the derailleur so that the lower pivot cannot hit the chainstay.
True or False: Derailleur adjustments should be performed with the bike on the ground.
False.
What should be done to the chain before adjusting the derailleur?
Lubricate or replace the chain.
What is the primary function of limit screws in rear derailleur adjustments?
To prevent damaging the frame, rear wheel, or derailleur by shifting into the spokes or jamming the chain.
What does the high-gear limit screw control?
The outward movement of the rear derailleur.
How can you identify the high-gear limit screw?
It is usually the upper of the two screws and may be labeled.
What should you do if the upper jockey wheel is not aligned under the smallest cog?
Adjust the cable tension or the high-gear limit screw.
What should you do if the chain will not drop to the smallest cog smoothly?
Loosen the high-gear limit screw one-quarter turn at a time until the chain drops quickly.
What does the low-gear limit screw prevent?
The inward movement of the rear derailleur into the spokes.
Fill in the blank: The screw that stops the derailleur from moving into the spokes is usually labeled _____ .
[L]
According to the adjustment procedure, what should you do after shifting to the largest cog?
Check which limit screw is being engaged by the derailleur.
What is the first step in adjusting the derailleur?
Shift the chain to the inner chainring on the front
What should you do after shifting the chain to the inner chainring?
Shift the rear derailleur to the largest cog gently
What action should be taken if the derailleur touches the spokes?
Tighten the low-gear limit screw
What should you do if the derailleur cannot push the chain onto the largest cog?
Loosen the low-gear limit screw one-quarter turn
What must you check for a Low Normal or Rapid Rise rear derailleur before adjusting cable tension?
Ensure the cable tension is not too high
How do you loosen the cable to adjust tension?
Turn the barrel adjuster clockwise or loosen the cable-fixing bolt
In an indexed shifting system, what does the cable tension affect?
Whether the derailleur moves to the proper gear with each click
What is the first step when adjusting cable tension in an indexed system?
Shift the rear derailleur to the smallest rear cog
What should you do if the chain climbs slowly or not at all to the second cog?
Increase the tension in the cable by turning the barrel adjuster counterclockwise
What should you do if you run out of barrel-adjustment range?
Retighten the barrel adjusters and pull slack out of the cable
What action is necessary if the chain overshifts the second cog?
Decrease the cable tension by turning the barrel adjuster clockwise
What should you check when shifting the rear derailleur back and forth across cogs?
Precise and quick movement of the chain
What should happen with the rear derailleur when the chain is on the large chainring?
It should shift easily on all but the largest one or two cogs
What problem may occur if the shifter barrel adjuster does not hold its adjustment?
Derailleur performance will worsen as you ride
What is one temporary fix for a shifter barrel adjuster that does not hold adjustment?
Apply anti-seize compound on the threads
What can indicate a mismatch between a shifter and cogset?
Cable tension is too high in large cogs and too low in small cogs
What can be done to remedy spacing problems without buying a new cogset?
Create a shim from aluminum to adjust the spacing
What thickness is a beer-can shim approximately?
0.1mm thick
What should be done if shifting improves but does not completely fix the problem after adding a shim?
Try adding another beer-can shim
What is the purpose of cable-tension adjustment in non-indexed rear shifters?
To remove slack in the cable and ensure the derailleur moves with the shift lever immediately
Proper cable tension is crucial for effective shifting.
What should you do if there is free play in the shift lever?
Tighten the cable by turning the cable barrel adjuster counterclockwise or adjusting the cable-fixing bolt
This ensures better responsiveness in shifting.
What is the ideal chain gap for most derailleurs when the chain is on the smallest cog?
About 6mm
This gap helps maintain shifting precision.
What does the b-screw adjustment affect in a derailleur?
The position of the derailleur against the derailleur-hanger tab
Proper adjustment can improve shifting performance.
How should the b-screw be set on SRAM’s early ESP derailleurs?
With the chain on the middle chainring and largest cog, the chain gap should be 1 to 1¼ links
One link is a complete male-female link pair.
What is the recommended chain gap for Shimano rear derailleurs with a maximum rear cog size of 42 teeth?
5-6mm
This gap ensures optimal shifting for Shimano systems.
For Shimano rear derailleurs with a maximum rear cog size of 46 teeth, what should the chain gap be?
8-9mm
This adjustment is necessary for proper chain alignment.
What is a unique feature of SRAM X-Horizon rear derailleurs for single chainring drivetrains?
They specify a chain gap of 15mm
The design helps maintain a constant chain gap across all cogs.
What is the function of the lower-knuckle pivot-spring tension adjustment?
To control chain bounce on rough terrain
Increasing tension brings the upper jockey wheel closer to the cogs.
What is recommended instead of adjusting the spring tension on modern mountain-bike derailleurs?
Adjust the clutch instead
This is more effective for minimizing chain bounce.
True or False: The lower pivot spring tension can be adjusted without disassembling the derailleur.
False
Disassembly is required for this complex adjustment.
Fill in the blank: The b-screw adjustment can increase shifting precision by adjusting the _______.
derailleur’s position against the derailleur-hanger tab
What happens when the jockey wheel is moved too closely to the cog during adjustment?
It starts making noise or bumps against each successive tooth
This indicates that the chain gap is too small.
What does the tension in the lower pivot spring influence in older derailleurs?
It controls chain bounce
This is achieved by applying pressure on the chain through the jockey wheels.
What is the purpose of the setscrew on the side of the lower pivot of Shimano rear derailleurs post-1997?
It allows disassembly of the pivot without disconnecting the derailleur from the cable and chain.
This feature simplifies maintenance but it’s still recommended to remove the derailleur first.
What tool is required to remove the setscrew on the lower pivot of Shimano rear derailleurs?
A 2mm hex key.
This is necessary to access the pivot assembly.
What should you do after removing the setscrew from the lower pivot?
Pull the jockey cage away from the spring and move the spring to the next spring hole to increase tension.
This adjustment helps in fine-tuning the derailleur’s performance.
What complication arises when increasing the p-spring tension on older Shimano derailleurs?
There is no setscrew on the lower-knuckle housing.
This makes the adjustment process more complicated compared to newer models.
What is the first step to increase p-spring tension on older Shimano derailleurs?
Remove the tall stopscrew that prevents the jockey cage from twisting all the way around.
This step allows access to the spring for adjustments.
What is a common issue if a rear derailleur does not shift well?
The derailleur or derailleur hanger on the frame dropout may be bent.
Checking for bends is crucial in troubleshooting shifting problems.
What effect does a tighter clutch have on chain retention?
It increases chain retention but makes downshifting heavier and harder for multi-shifting.
This trade-off is important for performance in different riding conditions.
How do you turn the clutch on Shimano derailleurs?
Use the clutch lever switch located atop the clutch housing.
This switch allows for quick adjustments based on riding conditions.
What should be done if the derailleur is missing its clutch adjustment cover?
Get a new cover to prevent the clutch from filling with water and dirt.
A missing cover can lead to rapid failure of the clutch mechanism.
What is the recommended torque limit when adjusting the clutch screw on Shimano derailleurs?
Not exceeding 0.25 N-m of torque.
This low torque prevents damage to the adjustment mechanism.
What tools can be used to check the clutch adjustment torque?
Digital or beam-type torque wrench, or a clicker-type torque wrench.
Using the right tool ensures accurate adjustments.
What is the proper setting to use when checking with a clicker-type torque wrench?
Set it to 4 N-m.
This setting helps determine the right clutch torque before final adjustments.
Fill in the blank: The first step in adjusting the Shimano chain stabilizer mechanism is to turn the clutch lever switch to _______.
on
What is the first step to take if a digital torque wrench doesn’t rotate at your first torque setting?
Increase the torque and do this trial and error in an increasing direction.
What is the recommended range for setting the clutch torque?
3.5-5.4 N-m
How do you increase clutch torque on a wrench?
Gently turn the clutch adjuster screw with the 2mm hex key clockwise.
How do you decrease clutch torque on a wrench?
Turn the clutch adjuster screw counterclockwise.
What should you do if you can’t reach the desired clutch-torque setting without tightening the adjustment screw tighter than 0.25 N-m?
There must be grease on the clutch shaft or the cam is in the wrong position; overhaul the clutch to fix it.
What type of cover should be flipped closed if it is rubber leashed?
Adjustment-screw cover
How should you align and close a plastic cover on the adjustment screw?
Line up the notches on the cover and the tabs on the housing, then turn the cover clockwise until its central rib is parallel to the face of the clutch housing.
What tools are used to adjust the position of a seat-tube-clamp front derailleur?
5mm hex key, Torx T25, or 8mm box wrench
These tools are used on the band-clamp bolt for position adjustments.
How high should the outer cage of the derailleur be set above the outer chainring?
1-2mm
This measurement is approximately 1/16-1/8 inch.
What should be done with the rear shock on full-suspension frames when adjusting the front derailleur?
Deflate the rear shock and swing the swingarm up and down
This ensures the derailleur cage will not hit the chainring.
What is the purpose of the Pro-set alignment block in new Shimano front derailleurs?
Forcing the derailleur out to the high-gear position
It should be left in place during the height adjustment step.
How should the outer plate of the derailleur cage be positioned relative to the chainrings?
Parallel to the chainrings
This is checked by sighting from above when the bike is in high gear.
What do the limit screws on the front derailleur do?
Stop the derailleur from throwing the chain to the inside or outside of the chainrings
They are usually labeled L for low gear and H for high gear.
True or False: The low-gear limit screw is typically further away from the frame than the high-gear screw.
False
The low-gear screw is usually closer to the frame.
Fill in the blank: The outer tail of the derailleur cage needs to be _____ from parallel to the plane of the frame to parallel the chain.
out a bit
This applies to some derailleur models where the cage flares wider at the tail.
When should the inner-cage plate of the derailleur cage be parallel to the chain?
When on the inner chainring and largest cog
The tail of the inner cage should be a bit in from parallel with the plane of the frame.
What method can be used to determine which limit screw controls which function?
Trial-and-error method
Shift the chain to the inner ring and tighten one of the limit screws to observe the movement of the front derailleur.
What is the first step in adjusting the low-gear limit screw?
Shift back and forth between the middle and inner chainrings
This helps in assessing the chain’s movement relative to the inner chainring.
What should you do if the chain drops off the little ring to the inside?
Tighten the low-gear limit screw one-quarter turn
Then try shifting again to check the adjustment.
How do you loosen the low-gear limit screw?
Loosen it counterclockwise one-quarter turn
Repeat the shift to see if the adjustment has improved the chain’s movement.
What is the purpose of checking cable tension during the low-gear limit adjustment?
Ensure it is not preventing the derailleur from reaching the inner limit screw
Adjusting cable tension may require turning the shifter barrel adjuster clockwise.
What is the first step in adjusting the high-gear limit screw?
Shift the chain back and forth between the middle and outer chainrings
This helps in assessing the chain’s movement relative to the outer chainring.
What action should be taken if the chain jumps over the big chainring?
Tighten the high-gear limit screw one-quarter turn
After tightening, repeat the shift to check if the adjustment is effective.
What should you do if the chain is sluggish going up to the big chainring?
Loosen the high-gear limit screw counterclockwise one-quarter turn
Repeat the shift after loosening to assess improvement.
What is the first step in cable-tension adjustment?
Remove any excess cable slack
This can be done by turning the barrel adjuster counterclockwise.
What should the cable allow when properly adjusted?
The chain should shift smoothly and repeatedly from the middle to the inner chaining
This ensures effective shifting performance.
What indicates that the derailleur cable is tight enough?
The derailleur should start to move as soon as you move the shifter
This responsiveness is essential for proper shifting.
True or False: The tension adjustment works only for friction shifters.
False
This adjustment will work for both indexed and friction shifters.
What is a potential adjustment for quicker shifting to smaller rings?
Increase spring tension by turning the cam screw clockwise
This adjustment is applicable for front derailleurs with a cam screw.
What should you refer to if the front derailleur does not shift well?
The chainline discussion in the troubleshooting section
This may help diagnose and resolve persistent shifting issues.
What should be periodically checked on chainrings?
The chaining teeth for wear, chaining bolts for tightness, and chainings for trueness
What is a characteristic of chainrings for ‘one by’ drivetrains?
They have much taller teeth for improved chain retention
How do the teeth on chainrings alternate for improved chain retention?
Between fat and thin teeth
What should be done if the teeth of a chainring are hook-shaped?
The chainring needs to be replaced
What indicates that both the chain and chainring need to be replaced?
A worn chain rapidly wears the teeth into a hook shape
What is a caution to consider when evaluating tooth shapes?
Don’t be deceived by seemingly erratic tooth shapes designed for shifting
What is a method for evaluating wear on chainrings?
Lift the chain from the top of the chaining and check how far it separates
What tool can be used to remove minor gouges and small burrs in chaining teeth?
A file
What should be done if an individual tooth is bent?
Try bending it back carefully with pliers or an adjustable wrench
What could cause chain suck?
Teeth reluctant to let go of the chain
What should be checked when tightening chaining bolts?
Ensure bolts are tight by turning them clockwise while holding the nut
What tools are typically needed to check chaining bolts?
5mm hex key or Torx T30 key and a two-pronged chainring-nut tool
What is a sign of warped chainrings?
Wobbling back and forth relative to the plane of the front derailleur
What should be done if chainrings wobble excessively?
Adjust the bottom bracket
How can small, localized bends in chainrings be repaired?
Straightened with an adjustable wrench
What is the first step in replacing a chaining?
Unscrew the chaining bolts
What should be ensured when installing new chainrings?
The outer chainring’s protruding pin must line up with the crankarm
What can indicate a bent crankarm spider?
Serious back-and-forth wobble after installing a new chainring
True or False: Excessive wobbling of chainrings is normal and does not affect shifting.
False
What should the recesses of the chaining bolt holes face?
Away from the spider arm tabs
What happens if the chainrings are inverted or clocked wrong?
The shift ramps will not work
What must you do whenever you change the outer chaining size?
Reposition the front derailleur for proper chainring clearance
Refer to Chapters 5 and 6 for detailed instructions on repositioning the front derailleur.
What is another name for the innermost chainring?
Granny gear
What tool is needed to remove the bolts securing the chainring?
5mm hex key or Torx T30 wrench
Where does the little bump on the new chaining line up?
Under the crank-arm
What should be done after installing the new chaining?
Lube and tighten the bolts
What type of cranks do not accept separate chainrings?
Cranks that come on and off as a set or are not removable
What system do the 1996-2002 Shimano XTR and 1997-2003 XT cranks rely on?
Slip-on spider system
What must be removed to loosen the chainring-spider-securing lockring?
A circlip
What tool is required to loosen the chainring-spider-securing lockring?
Special lockring tool
What do economical cranks often have?
Chainrings riveted to the crank or to each other
What must be replaced if you want to replace a chaining that is riveted?
Either the entire crank or the chaining set
What is the final step after replacing the innermost chainring?
Replace the crankarm
Fill in the blank: After completing the replacement process, you should _______.
Go ride your bike
What is the first step in overhauling standard jockey wheels?
Remove the jockey wheels by taking out the bolts with a 2.5mm or 3mm hex key
Catch the parts as they fall.
What should be done to the parts after removing the jockey wheels?
Wipe all parts clean with a rag
A solvent is usually not necessary but can be used.
When should jockey wheels be replaced?
If the teeth on the jockey wheels are broken or worn off
This indicates that the wheels are no longer functioning properly.
What is the purpose of smearing grease on the jockey wheel components?
To ensure smooth operation and prevent wear
Grease should be applied over each bolt, sleeve, and inside each jockey wheel.
How should the inner cage plate be oriented during reassembly?
The larger part of the cage plate should be at the bottom jockey wheel
Some Shimano jockey wheels have a rotation-direction arrow for guidance.
What is the first step in overhauling cartridge-bearing jockey wheels?
Remove the jockey wheels by taking out the bolts with a 2.5mm or 3mm hex key
Catch the parts as they fall.
What tool should be used to pry off the plastic cover of the bearing?
A single-edge razor blade or box-cutter knife
This should be done carefully to avoid damage.
What cleaning method should be used for the bearing?
Use a toothbrush and citrus-based solvent
Wear gloves and glasses to protect skin and eyes.
What should be done after cleaning the bearing with solvent?
Blow the solvent out with compressed air or a tire pump, and allow the parts to dry
Ensures that no solvent remains in the bearing.
What is done after squeezing new grease into the bearing?
Replace the covers
This seals the bearing and ensures it is lubricated.
What important detail must be remembered when reassembling the jockey wheels?
Orient the inner cage plate properly
The larger part of the cage plate should be at the bottom jockey wheel.
What is the first step in performing a minor wipe and lube on a derailleur?
Clean the derailleur as well as you can with a rag. Be sure to get in between the parallelogram plates.
What should you do with chain lube during a minor wipe and lube?
Drip chain lube on both ends of every pivot pin.
Where should you apply grease on the spring contacts during a minor wipe and lube?
Grease the spring contacts. If there is a clothes-pin-type spring in the parallelogram, put a dab of grease where the spring end slides along the underside of the outer parallelogram plate.
True or False: You should use a cloth to clean the derailleur during maintenance.
True
Fill in the blank: After cleaning the derailleur, you should drip chain lube on both ends of every _______.
pivot pin
What type of spring might require special attention with grease in the parallelogram during maintenance?
Clothes-pin-type spring
What are Shimano Rapidfire SL, Rapidfire Plus, and Dual Control shifters designed for?
They are not designed to be disassembled by the consumer.
What maintenance is recommended for Shimano Rapidfire shifters?
Squirting a little chain lube inside every now and then.
What should be done if a Rapidfire lever stops working?
You’ll need to get a new shifter unit.
When replacing an integrated Rapidfire unit, what part does not need to be replaced?
The brake lever.
What is the procedure for replacing a Rapidfire shifter on an integrated unit?
Just bolt the new Rapidfire shifter to the brake lever.
What is the consequence of breaking a Shimano Dual Control shifter?
You will be replacing the entire hydraulic brake master-cylinder and shifter-lever unit.
True or False: You can disassemble Shimano Rapidfire SL shifters for repairs.
False.
Fill in the blank: If a Rapidfire lever malfunctions, it is necessary to obtain a _______.
[new shifter unit]
Fill in the blank: Breaking a Shimano Dual Control shifter results in the replacement of the entire _______.
[hydraulic brake master-cylinder and shifter-lever unit]
What is a common issue with the rear derailleur related to chain jams?
Chain jams between small cog and frame
This issue often leads to shifting problems.
What happens if the rear derailleur touches the spokes?
Chain falls between spokes and large cog
This can cause significant damage to the derailleur and wheel.
What should be done if the chain won’t go onto the large cog?
Tighten cable
Reference steps 5-2e and 5-2d for detailed instructions.
What is the first step to troubleshoot sluggish shifting to a larger cog?
Turn high-gear limit screw clockwise
See step 5-2b for more details.
What adjustment can be made if shifting is sluggish to a smaller cog?
Tighten cable
Follow step 5-2e or 5-2d for guidance.
What should you check if the derailleur-hanger alignment is off?
Check derailleur-hanger alignment
Refer to step 17-5 for alignment procedures.
What is a possible cause if the chain is too short?
Replace with a longer one
A short chain can lead to shifting issues.
What action should be taken if the derailleur cage is too short?
Replace cage or derailleur
See step 5-40 for more details on replacement.
What adjustment can be made to improve sluggish shifting in both directions?
Tighten cable
Reference step 5-2e for more details.
What should be done if the derailleur creaks on downshifts?
Overhaul derailleur clutch
Refer to step 5-36 for detailed instructions.
What common issue occurs with the front derailleur when the chain falls off to the outside?
Chain falls off to outside
This can disrupt shifting and chain alignment.
What should be adjusted if the chain rubs the inner cage plate in low gear?
Check derailleur position
Detail can be found in step 5-5a.
What action should be taken if the chain rubs the outer cage plate in high gear?
Turn low-gear limit screw clockwise
See step 5-5c for specific instructions.
What is a potential issue if the derailleur hits the crankarm?
Shifting sluggish to big chainring
This can indicate misalignment of the derailleur.
What should be done to improve sluggish shifting to a small chainring?
Loosen cable
Refer to step 5-5e for more details.
Fill in the blank: If the derailleur position is not correct, it can cause the chain to rub the _______.
inner cage plate
Proper adjustment is crucial for smooth shifting.
What should be the action if the high-gear limit screw is misaligned?
Turn high-gear limit screw counterclockwise
Follow step 5-5d for guidance.
What is a recommended maintenance step for cables?
Replace or lubricate cable
This can improve shifting performance.
What is the primary maintenance required for a standard seatpost?
Removing it from the frame every few months
What should be done to the seatpost and seat tube during maintenance?
Wipe down, regrease, dry out and grease the inside of the frame’s seat tube
Why is it important to maintain the seatpost regularly?
To keep it clean and moving freely for adjustability
What can happen if the seatpost is not properly maintained?
It can get stuck in the frame
What serious problem can arise from a stuck seatpost?
A very nasty and potentially serious problem
What specific maintenance should be done after riding in the rain?
Wipe down, regrease, and dry out the seatpost and seat tube
What is a potential consequence of neglecting the maintenance of a steel seat tube?
It can rust out from the inside
Fill in the blank: Regular maintenance of the seatpost helps to prevent it from getting _______.
stuck in the frame
Where can you find procedures for installing a new seatpost?
Section 14-8
Where can you find procedures for removing a stuck seatpost?
Section 14-13
What should you check if you have a loose saddle?
Check the seatpost clamp bolts and reestablish saddle position and tilt
If the clamping mechanism is damaged, replace the post
What could cause a saddle to wiggle side to side on a dropper post?
Worn keys or guide blocks in the dropper post
Overhaul the seatpost and replace the keys or guide blocks
What is a serious problem that can occur with a seatpost?
A stuck seatpost
Follow specific instructions to avoid damaging the frame
What is a common cause of saddle squeak with each pedal stroke?
Smooth leather or plastic moving against metal parts or grit in rail attachments
Lubrication can help eliminate the noise
What can help reduce saddle squeak caused by leather contact?
Greasing or powdering the contact area with talcum
Roughing up the leather at contact points can also help
Where should you apply chain lube to address saddle noise?
In the three points where the rails are inserted into the plastic shell of the saddle
This helps if grit is causing noise
What can cause a creaking noise from the seatpost?
Movement of the clamp holding the saddle or movement of the shaft against the seat tube
A dry seatpost can also cause creaks
What should you do if the seatpost is too long and causing creaking?
Shorten the seatpost with a hacksaw
Ensure at least 3 inches of seatpost remains inserted for security
What should you grease to prevent creaking noises?
The inside of the seat tube, the seatpost sizing shims, and the seatpost itself
Friction paste can also be used
What to check if the creaking originates from the seatpost head?
Check the clamp bolts and lubricate the bolt threads
This allows for tighter fastening
What should you do if shock-absorbing seatposts squeak?
Grease the sides of the inner shaft and the elastomers inside
This can help reduce squeaking
What is the first step if the seatpost is slipping down?
Tighten the frame binder bolt
This is often the simplest solution
What is a specific product to prevent seatpost slippage?
Friction paste, also known as carbon assembly paste or spray
It is especially useful for carbon seatposts
What should you check if the seatpost continues to slip after applying friction paste?
The seatpost diameter and the condition of the seat-binder lug
An incorrect diameter or an oversized seat tube may be the issue
What can you use to shim a seatpost that is slipping?
A piece of aluminum from a pop can
Cut a 1 × 3-inch piece, grease it, and insert it with the seatpost
What should you do to prevent the shim from disappearing inside the frame?
Bend the top lip of the shim over
Experiment with shim dimensions to find a suitable fit
What is the purpose of fork boots on old suspension fork models?
To increase the life of the seals and the time between fork overhauls
Fork boots protect the inner legs from dirt and moisture, reducing wear and tear.
What usually causes stickiness in suspension forks?
A dry or dirty dust seal rubbing on a dry or dirty inner leg
This condition can lead to poor performance and handling.
How do newer fork models differ from older ones regarding dirt protection?
They rely on wiper seals instead of fork boots to keep dirt out
Wiper seals are designed to prevent dirt from entering the lower legs.
What can happen if dirt gets past the wiper seal in newer forks?
It can wear through the hard-anodized surface of the inner leg, leading to permanent performance loss
This highlights the importance of maintaining clean seals and inner legs.
What is the first step in the maintenance of suspension forks?
Wipe clean the exposed upper tubes and the seal atop each lower leg
This helps ensure that dirt does not enter and cause damage.
What should be applied to the outside of the seals and inner legs during maintenance?
A thin coat of Teflon-fortified lubricant
This lubricant helps reduce friction and wear.
Fill in the blank: If the fork has boots, they should be ______ after maintenance.
put back into position
Proper reinstallation of boots is crucial for continued protection.
What tool may be needed to stretch the bottom of rubber bellows-type fork boots?
Needle-nose pliers
This tool helps in fitting the boot correctly around the outer leg.
What is the purpose of truing a wheel?
To straighten a wheel that has a wobble caused by loose spokes.
What should be done if there is an extreme bend in the rim?
Replace the rim.
What tool is needed to adjust spoke tension?
A spoke wrench of the right size for the spoke nipples.
How can you identify broken or loose spokes?
Feel for spokes that are so loose they flop around.
What should you do if a single spoke is loose?
Check if the rim is dented or cracked in that area.
What is the recommended action if the rim is damaged?
Replace the rim.
What indicates that hub bearings are loose?
The wheel will clunk side to side when flexed.
What is the first step in truing a wheel?
Check for broken or loose spokes.
Where should the wheel be placed for truing?
In a truing stand or on the bike suspended or upside down.
What should you adjust if the rim scrapes the truing stand feeler?
Tighten the spokes that come from the opposite side of the hub and loosen those from the same side.
When correcting a wheel that is laterally out of true, how should spokes be adjusted?
Always adjust spokes in pairs.
True or False: Counterclockwise tightens spokes when the nipples are at the bottom of the rim if looking from the inside.
True.
What is the correct amount to turn the spokes during truing?
About one-quarter turn at a time.
What happens if the wobble gets worse during truing?
You are turning the spokes in the wrong direction.
What should be done to prevent twisting of spokes while tightening or loosening?
Twist the spoke in the correction direction, then twist back half as far.
What is a special tool needed for deep-section carbon rims with internal nipples?
A Y-wrench with hex sockets or a specialty wrench for internal spoke nipples.
What should you do if the spoke nipples are located at the hub?
Use a special spoke wrench to access them.
How should you readjust the truing-stand feeler during the process?
Set it to scrape the most out-of-true spot on the wheel.
What should be accepted when truing a wheel in the bike?
A certain amount of wobble.
What is the first step in replacing a broken spoke?
Get a new spoke of the same length and thickness.
What must be removed to access the hub flange for the broken spoke on the drive side?
The cassette cogs or freewheel.
What should be done if the nipple is not in good shape when replacing a spoke?
Use a new nipple.
How should the new spoke be tightened?
Tighten it about as snugly as the neighboring spokes.
What should you do if the wheel was true before the spoke broke?
Tighten just this one spoke until the wheel is true again.
What is the main function of spokes in a mountain bike wheel?
To strung together the rim and allow the wheel to turn freely around the axle
Spokes support and align the rim through tension.
What does the hub do in a mountain bike wheel?
Allows the wheel to turn freely around an axle
The hub contains bearings that facilitate this movement.
What dual purpose does the rim serve on many bikes?
Support for the tire and a braking surface
This is crucial for both stability and effective braking.
What is a freewheel or cassette freehub?
A rear hub with a built-in freewheel that allows the wheel to spin while coasting
It engages when forward force is applied to the pedals.
What should you do if you find a crack in the rim?
Replace the rim
Cracks can lead to severe consequences while riding.
What is a wear indicator on a rim?
A marking that shows when the rims have worn too thin
This helps prevent rim failure and maintains safety.
Where should you check for cracks in the rim?
At the spoke holes, the valve hole, and the seam
These areas are particularly vulnerable to defects.
What happens if the rim sidewalls become too thin?
The tire can force the sidewalls out, causing braking and tire-retention issues
This can lead to a dangerous riding situation.
How do modern rims indicate wear?
They have markings or small holes that indicate when too much sidewall material has been worn off
Some rims have a dark spot or hole that appears when worn.
What is the consequence of a rim failure while riding?
Severe consequences, potentially leading to accidents
Ensuring rim integrity is crucial for rider safety.
What is the purpose of wheelbuilding as mentioned in the text?
To maintain rims, true wheels, overhaul hubs and freehubs, maintain and replace freewheels, and maintain and replace cogs
This is covered in Chapter 15.
Fill in the blank: The rim is supported and aligned by the tension on the _______.
spokes
True or False: The rim-wear indicators on some rims consist of small holes drilled into the brake track.
True
These holes indicate that too much sidewall material has been worn off.
What type of indicator appears on Mavic rims when the rim is deeply worn?
A dark hole opposite the valve hole
This is also identified by a sticker.
What is the primary function of tires on a mountain bike?
Provide grip and traction for propulsion and steering
Tires also serve as the first line of suspension due to the air pressure within them.
What are the two types of valves mentioned for mountain bike tires?
Schrader valve and Presta valve
Schrader valves are commonly found on car tires, while Presta valves are thinner with a small threaded rod.
What should you do if the tire is not already flat?
Deflate it
This is necessary before attempting to remove the tire.
How do you deflate a Schrader valve?
Push down on the valve pin with a thin object
Suggested objects include a pen cap or paper clip.
How do you deflate a Presta valve?
Unscrew the little nut a few turns and push down on the thin rod
After deflation, tighten the nut again for riding.
What is needed for bikes with deep-section rims that are too tall for a normal valve stem?
Longer valves or valve extenders
Valve extenders are thin, threaded tubes that screw onto Presta valve stems.
What is the first step in removing a standard tire and tube?
Remove the wheel
If using a Cannondale Lefty one-legged fork, this step can be skipped.
What is the recommended method to start removing a tire?
Push up on the sidewall with your thumbs adjacent to the valve stem
This method reduces the risk of damaging the tube and tire.
What should you do if you cannot remove the tire with your hands?
Insert a tire lever between the rim sidewall and the tire
Be careful not to catch the tube under the lever.
How many tire levers are suggested for stubborn tires?
Three levers
The three-lever method is a tried-and-true approach for difficult tire removals.
What should you do after pulling the tire bead over the rim?
Hook the lever onto the nearest spoke or hold it down
This helps keep the tire bead in position while using additional levers.
Is it necessary to remove both sides of the tire from the rim when patching or replacing the tube?
No
You only need to remove one side of the tire to access the tube.
Fill in the blank: Tubular mountain bike tires are much too rare to cover in this book, so please consult ______ for instructions on working with tubular tires.
Zinn and the Art of Road Bike Maintenance
Where should you start when removing a tire?
Near the valve stem
What is the benefit of starting tire installation at the valve stem?
Beads of the deflated tire can fall into the dropped center of the rim
What happens if you push the tire bead off opposite the valve stem?
The circumference is larger, making it harder to remove the tire
What improves the odds of mounting and removing a tubeless tire without tools?
Starting at the valve stem and letting the opposite tire bead fall into the rim valley
What can happen if you use tire levers to pry a tubeless tire?
It can damage the thin sealing flap along the tire bead
What should you do when mounting a tire and tube to minimize issues?
Finish at the valve stem and push up on the valve
What risk is associated with getting an inner tube stuck under the tire bead?
It can blow the tire off the rim upon inflation
What can happen if an inner tube blows off the rim while pumping?
It can temporarily deafen you
What can occur if an inner tube blows off the rim while riding?
It can strand you with a torn-open tube
What size holes can be patched effectively?
Small holes; round patches work for holes smaller than the eraser end of a pencil
How should you find a leak in a tube?
Remove it from the tire and inflate it
What is the inflation guideline for a tube when checking for leaks?
Inflate until it is two to three times larger than its deflated size
What should you do if the leak location is not obvious in a tubeless tire?
Inflate to 25-50 psi and listen/feel for air leaks
What is one method to locate a leak in a tube or tire?
Submerge it in water to look for air bubbles
What is the purpose of roughing up the surface around the hole when patching?
To ensure better adhesion of the patch
What type of patch kit is recommended for bicycle tires?
High-quality patch kit with thin, gummy edges
What should you do after applying patch cement?
Let the glue dry until there are no shiny, wet spots
What is a key difference between patching a tube and a tubeless tire?
Patch the inside of a tubeless tire versus the outside of a tube
What is an advantage of glueless patches?
They are fast to use and do not require dried-up glue
True or False: Glueless patches are a permanent fix.
False
What should you check for before installing a tube and tire?
Check for sharp objects inside the tire
What should you do if the rim tape is not in place?
Replace the rim tape
What is the purpose of applying talcum powder inside the tire?
To prevent the tube and tire from adhering to each other
Fill in the blank: You should push the valve through the _______.
[valve hole in the rim]
What is the recommended pressure range for a standard tire?
35-45 psi
What should be done to avoid pinching the tube when installing the tire?
Keep some air in the tube
What should you inspect for after installing the tube and tire?
Any part of the tube protruding from under the tire bead
What can happen if a fold of the tube is under the tire bead?
It can blow the tire off the rim
What is the risk of having too little air in a tire?
Risk of a pinch flat, or ‘snakebite’
What size holes can be patched effectively?
Small holes; round patches work for holes smaller than the eraser end of a pencil
How should you find a leak in a tube?
Remove it from the tire and inflate it
What is the inflation guideline for a tube when checking for leaks?
Inflate until it is two to three times larger than its deflated size
What should you do if the leak location is not obvious in a tubeless tire?
Inflate to 25-50 psi and listen/feel for air leaks
What is one method to locate a leak in a tube or tire?
Submerge it in water to look for air bubbles
What is the purpose of roughing up the surface around the hole when patching?
To ensure better adhesion of the patch
What type of patch kit is recommended for bicycle tires?
High-quality patch kit with thin, gummy edges
What should you do after applying patch cement?
Let the glue dry until there are no shiny, wet spots
What is a key difference between patching a tube and a tubeless tire?
Patch the inside of a tubeless tire versus the outside of a tube
What is an advantage of glueless patches?
They are fast to use and do not require dried-up glue
True or False: Glueless patches are a permanent fix.
False
What should you check for before installing a tube and tire?
Check for sharp objects inside the tire
What should you do if the rim tape is not in place?
Replace the rim tape
What is the purpose of applying talcum powder inside the tire?
To prevent the tube and tire from adhering to each other
Fill in the blank: You should push the valve through the _______.
[valve hole in the rim]
What is the recommended pressure range for a standard tire?
35-45 psi
What should be done to avoid pinching the tube when installing the tire?
Keep some air in the tube
What should you inspect for after installing the tube and tire?
Any part of the tube protruding from under the tire bead
What can happen if a fold of the tube is under the tire bead?
It can blow the tire off the rim
What is the risk of having too little air in a tire?
Risk of a pinch flat, or ‘snakebite’
What is the recommended orientation of the tread blocks on the front tire for braking?
The concave or V-shaped scooping edges of the tread blocks should be pointed forward.
What is the recommended orientation of the tread blocks on the rear tire for propulsion traction?
The scooping edges should be oriented backward.
What should you look for on some tires to determine the rotation direction?
An arrow indicating rotation direction.
How can you determine the correct orientation of the tire tread if there is no arrow?
Hold the tire above your head and look at the tread as the ground sees it.
When considering tire direction, what two actions should be taken into account?
Braking and driving.
Fill in the blank: For the front tire, the tread should be oriented so that the scooping edges point _______.
forward.
Fill in the blank: For the rear tire, the tread should be oriented so that the scooping edges point _______.
backward.
What is the primary consideration when selecting a bike?
Fit of the bike
It is crucial to ensure that the bike fits your body to avoid discomfort.
What can happen if a bike does not fit properly?
Your body will protest
Riding an ill-fitting bike can lead to discomfort and inefficiency.
What should you avoid when selecting a bike regarding stand-over clearance?
A bike without sufficient stand-over clearance
Lack of stand-over clearance can lead to discomfort in sensitive areas.
What is important to check to prevent banging knees on the handlebars?
Ensure enough reach
Adequate reach helps maintain comfort while riding.
How should your weight be distributed on a bike?
Properly over the wheels
Proper weight distribution prevents going over the handlebars on downhill stretches.
What can an improperly sized bike lead to?
Inefficiency and discomfort
Riding a bike that does not fit properly affects performance and comfort.
What are the two methods for finding your frame size?
- Checking your fit at a bike shop
- Taking body measurements
The first method is simple, while the second allows for precise calculations.
True or False: You can adapt to heavier bikes regardless of fit.
False
While you may adapt to some aspects, fit is crucial for comfort.
Fill in the blank: An improperly sized bike is both ______ and terribly uncomfortable.
inefficient
Efficiency is significantly impacted by bike size.
What is the purpose of measuring stand-over height?
To ensure that the rider can jump off the bike safely without hitting their crotch.
How much stand-over clearance is recommended?
At least 2 inches off the ground.
What factors can affect stand-over height?
- Slope of the top tube
- Bottom-bracket height
- Manufacturer’s frame size measurement methods
What are the common methods for measuring frame size?
- Center-to-center measurement
- Center-to-top measurement
- Measurement to the top of the seat tube
What should you do if you cannot find a bike with sufficient stand-over clearance?
Consider a bike with 24-inch wheels.
What is knee-to-handlebar clearance?
The distance ensuring that your knees do not hit the handlebar while riding.
How can you check for knee-to-handlebar clearance?
Check while standing out of the saddle and seated, with the front wheel turned slightly.
What is important to check regarding handlebar reach and drop?
That the reach feels comfortable and you can easily grab the brake levers.
What allows for limited adjustment of stem height on modern bikes?
Threadless headsets.
What should you consider if you need a higher handlebar due to height?
A bike with 29-inch wheels.
What does pedal overlap refer to?
The risk of your toe hitting the front tire when turning sharply at low speeds.
Why is toe overlap a concern for slow-speed riding?
It can result in the front wheel turning sharply as the feet pass by.
Is toe overlap an issue at high speeds?
No, because you cannot turn the front wheel sharply enough to hit the foot.
Fill in the blank: To measure stand-over height, you should lift the bike until the top tube hits your _______.
crotch
What is the primary purpose of measuring inseam in bike fitting?
To determine the frame size for a bike.
How should you measure your inseam?
Stand with feet 2 inches apart and measure from the floor to a level held firmly in your crotch.
What is the inseam-plus-torso measurement?
The distance from the floor to a mark made by a pencil held horizontally at the jugular notch.
How is arm length measured for bike fitting?
Measure from the lateral tip of the acromion to the wrist bone with the arm at a 45-degree angle.
What is the formula to find your frame size?
Subtract 36-42cm from your inseam length.
What adjustments should be made for bikes with sloping top tubes?
Use a shorter seat-tube length for sufficient stand-over clearance.
What is the significance of the bottom bracket height in frame sizing?
A higher bottom bracket reduces stand-over height, affecting seat-tube length.
What should shorter riders consider when choosing a bike?
Look for a bike with a curved top tube or smaller wheel sizes (26-inch or 24-inch).
What is the recommendation for taller riders struggling to find a suitable bike size?
Consider bikes with 29-inch wheels.
How do you find your top-tube length?
Subtract inseam from inseam-plus-torso, add to arm length, then multiply by 0.47 to 0.5.
What factors influence the choice between 0.47 and 0.5 when calculating top-tube length?
Casual riders use 0.47; aggressive riders use 0.5.
What is the recommended method for measuring top-tube length on a sloping top tube?
Measure horizontally from the center of the seat tube to the center of the head tube.
How do you calculate stem length?
Multiply arm-plus-torso length by 0.085 to 0.115.
What is the common crankarm length for mountain bikes?
175mm.
What crankarm lengths are recommended for tall and short riders?
Tall riders: 180mm or longer; short riders: 170mm or shorter.
Fill in the blank: To ensure adequate stand-over clearance, do not subtract less than ______ from your inseam to obtain your seat-tube length.
36cm
True or False: The top-tube length is less important than the specific frame size.
True.
What is the purpose of measuring the horizontal distance for top-tube length?
To accurately reflect body position while riding.
What is a step-through frame, and how does it affect bike fitting?
A frame with a steeply up-angled top tube, where seat-tube length is less relevant.
What is the significance of saddle height in bike fitting?
Saddle height is crucial for achieving a biomechanically efficient pedaling position, ensuring the knee locks without rocking the hips at the bottom of the pedal stroke.
Saddle height can be determined by either observing knee position or using inseam measurement multiplied by 1.09.
How can you determine the proper saddle setback?
Saddle setback can be measured by dropping a plumb line from just below the kneecap to the crankarm, ensuring it touches the crankarm or is up to 2cm behind it.
This position encourages smooth pedaling and can be adjusted for climbing efficiency.
What factors influence handlebar height adjustment?
Handlebar height adjustment depends on flexibility, riding style, overall size, and type of riding preferred.
Aggressive riders may prefer lower handlebars, while beginners might favor higher handlebars for comfort.
What is the recommended starting drop for handlebar height in cross-country riding?
Start with a 4cm drop for general cross-country riding and adjust based on comfort and performance needs.
The drop affects climbing dynamics and wind resistance.
How should handlebar reach be determined?
Handlebar reach is subjective and can be assessed by dropping a plumb line from the back of the elbow to ensure it is 2-4cm ahead of the knee when the crankarm is horizontal.
It is important to vary reach by changing stem length, not saddle position.
What is the ideal angle for bar ends for performance riders?
Performance riders should position bar ends between horizontal and 15 degrees up from horizontal.
This positioning allows powerful pulling during climbs and a lower seated position.
What angle do casual riders typically prefer for bar ends?
Casual riders often prefer a higher angle for bar ends, around 45 degrees, to maintain a straight wrist while seated.
This angle facilitates comfort while pulling against the bar ends.
What is the purpose of inner bar ends on a wide riser bar?
Inner bar ends provide support for the shoulders and allow for a more relaxed arm position compared to outer bar ends.
They enable a comfortable, aerodynamic position while maintaining brake access.
True or False: Bar ends should be used to compensate for a poor-fitting bike.
False.
Bar ends are not a solution for poor bike fit; proper adjustments should be made to the bike itself.
What should be done if you want a higher hand position without using bar ends?
To achieve a higher hand position, use a taller or more up-angled stem and/or a higher-rise handlebar.
This ensures better steering control and brake accessibility.
Fill in the blank: The ideal reach from the saddle to the handlebar is dependent on _______.
[personal preference].
Adjustments should be made based on comfort and efficiency.
