Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Principles of disease > Tumour Pathology 2 > Flashcards

Tumour Pathology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are physical properties of cancer

A

Pleomorphic - alter morphology, biological function, reproductive model in response to EF
Hyperchromatic - darker nucleus
Coarse chromatin - Clumpy large mass of Chromatins
Highly mitotic and abnormal forms - unregulated division, quicker
Disorganised structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the behavioural changes of cancer cells

A

Unregulated growth
Loss of cohesion
Immaturity
Immortality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe formation of cancer 1

A

Avoid immune destruction - not present antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe formation of cancer 2

A

Replicative immortality - avoid mechanisms for senescence
(Telomeres)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe formation of cancer 3

A

Activate invasion and metastasis - Loss of cell to cell cohesion in order to invade dense CT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe formation of cancer 4

A

Induce angiogenesis - formation of new blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe formation of cancer 5

A

Resist cell death - anti apoptosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe formation of cancer 6

A

Deregulate cellular energetics

Anaerobic glycolysis - less efficient, protects against low O2 environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe formation of cancer 7

A

Sustain proliferated signalling - Constitutive activation (ligand independent activity) of growth factor mechanisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe formation of cancer 8

A

Evade growth suppressors - evade negative feedback

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe formation of cancer 9

A

Genome instability and mutations - favours mutations accumulating and multiple mutations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe formation of cancer 10

A

Mediate tumour-associated inflammatory response - may release tumour promoting molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the tumour biomarkers?

A

Tumour-related proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the clinical utility of tumour biomarkers?

A

Screening
Diagnosis
Prognostic - identifying patients with specific outcome
Predictive - identifying patients who will respond to particular therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the biomarker for Teratoma of testis and hepatocellular carcinoma?

A

Alpha-fetoprotein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the biomarker for colorectal cancer?

A

Carcino-embryonic antigen

17
Q

What is the biomarker for Breast cancer?

A

Oestrogen receptor
(Hormone receptor)

18
Q

What is the biomarker for Prostate cancer?

A

Prostate specific antigen

19
Q

What are the predictive tumour biomarkers for lung cancer?

A

EGFR - epidermal growth factor receptor
Kras

20
Q

What are the predictive tumour biomarkers for breast cancer and gastric cancer?

A

Her2

21
Q

What are the predictive tumour biomarkers for melanoma?

A

BRAF

22
Q

What is pleomorphism

A

Variation in size and shape of cancer

23
Q

Is mitosis present in cancer cells?

A

Yes, abnormal

24
Q

What is tumour growth a balance between?

A

Angiogenesis
Apoptosis

25
Q

What is angiogenesis?

A

New blood vessel formation by tumours, required to sustain tumour growth

26
Q

What is the downside on human health brought about by angiogenesis?

A

Provides a route for release of tumour cells into circulation

27
Q

What is the relationship between blood vessels and prognosis?

A

More blood vessels -poorer prognosis

28
Q

What is involved in the response to chemo-radiotherapy?

A

Apoptosis

29
Q

What is the major clinical problem of cancer?

A

Formation of metastatic (secondary) tumour

30
Q

What is the effect of metastasis on matrix degradation by proteolytic enzymes?

(How does metastasis affect matrix degradation by proteolytic enzymes?)

A

Increases degradation

31
Q

What are the various modes of spread of cancer?

A

Local
Lymphatic
Blood
Transcoelomic spread

32
Q

What is the intermediate tissue for tumour invasion of lymph/blood vessels?

A

Connective tissue

33
Q

What are the stages of metastasis via lymphatics?

A

Tumour cells adhere to lymph vessels
Invasion from lymphatics
Invasion into lymph nodes
Formation of metastasis in lymph node
Clinical evidence of metastasis

34
Q

What are the stages of metastasis via blood?

A

Same process but substituting the lymph vessels with blood vessels

35
Q

What is Trans-coelomic spread?

A

Spread of tumour cells across body cavities

Pleural or peritoneal cavities

Principles of disease (47 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions