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Principles of disease > Principles of Immunity > Flashcards

Principles of Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What does natural passive immunity involve?

A

Placental transfer of IgG
Colostral transfer of IgA - yellowish liquid secreted by mammary gland

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2
Q

What is human normal immunoglobulin?

A

Preparation of proteins from plasma
Contains antibodies of normal adult levels from several different donors

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3
Q

What is specific immunoglobulin?

A

Preparation from human plasma
Selected for high immunoglobulin count against specific pathogen

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4
Q

What can immunoglobulins be used for?

A

Post - exposure prophylaxis

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5
Q

Give an example of Human Normal Immunoglobulin

A

Hepatits A, Measles, Rubella

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6
Q

Give an example of a human specific immuhnoglobulin

A

Hep B
Rabies
Tetanus

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7
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of passive immunity?

A

Advantages - Immediate protection

Disadvantages - Short term effect - no immunological memory

Serum Sickness - body recognises antibody as foreign - anaphylaxis

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8
Q

What is natural and artificial active immunisation?

A

Natural - exposure / infection

Artificial - Vaccination

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9
Q

What immunoglobulin is responsible for the primary response to infection?

A

IgM next is IgG

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10
Q

What are common diseases we vaccinate against?

A

Measles, mumps and rubella
(MMR)

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11
Q

Define contraindications

A

Procedure harmful to person

Symptom/medical condition that is reason for person not to receive particular treatment/procedure as it may be harmful

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12
Q

What are the contraindications of vaccination?

A

Febrile illness - symptoms of fever
Pregnancy - cannot give live attenuated viruses
Allergy
Immunocompromised

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13
Q

How is attenuation of a live virus achieved?

(weakening of virus)

A

Repeat passage in cell culture or non-human host

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14
Q

Why do attenuated viruses offer lifelong immunity?

A

Elicit strong cellular and antibody response

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15
Q

What are the downsides to live attenuated viruses?

A

Attenuated form can revert to virulent form and cause disease

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16
Q

Who cannot be given attenuated viruses?

A

damaged or weak immune system

17
Q

Which microorganism allows easy/difficult formation of an attenuated vaccine?

A

Easy for viruses

Difficult for bacteria

18
Q

How are inactivated vaccines created?

A

Contain viruses with genetic material that has been destroyed by heat, chemicals (formaldehyde) or radiation

(Killed organisms, inactivated microbial exotoxin, purified fractions of micro-organisms)

19
Q

What is the advantage/disadvantage of inactivated vaccines?

A

More stable and safer than live vaccines

Stimulate weaker immune response

Adjuvant often required

(ingredient in some vaccines helps create stronger immune response people receiving vaccine)

20
Q

Define adjuvant

A

substance enhances body’s immune response to antigen

21
Q

What does an acellular vaccine consist of?

A

Only antigenic part of organism (flagella, capsule or part of protein cell wall)

22
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of acellular vaccines?

A

Advantages - cannot cause disease - safe for immunocompromised

Disadvantages - Don’t induce strongest immune response

23
Q

When are toxoid vaccines used?

A

When bacterial toxin is main cause of illness

24
Q

How are the bacterial toxins inactivated?

A

Treated with formalin (formaldehyde solution)

25
Q

What is the immune response to a toxoid?

A

Learns how to fight off natural toxin

Produce antibodies that lock onto and block toxin

26
Q

How does the BCG vaccine protect against mycobacterium tuberculosis?

A

Attenuated strain of mycobacterium bovis
Similar to virulent organism but does not cause serious disease

27
Q

What do subunit vaccines contain?

A

Fragments of protein/polysaccharide from pathogen, uses epitopes

(part of antigen recognised by immune system)

28
Q

What type of immune response do you get from subunit vaccines?

A

Strong immune response

29
Q

How do conjugate vaccines work?

A

Link antigens or toxoids from microbe to polysaccharides - enabling immature immune system to react to polysaccharide coatings

Young children can’t respond to antigens disguised by polysaccharide coatings

30
Q

What are DNA vaccines?

A

DNA sequence coding for antigen is incorporated into some body cells
Causes large immune response

31
Q

Give an example of an adjuvant

A

Aluminium salts, causes a mild inflammatory response

32
Q

What is meant by heard immunity

A

Vaccinated less likely to spread infection, reduces risk of unvaccinated being exposed to infection

Individuals who cannot get vaccinated will benefit

Principles of disease (47 decks)

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