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Principles of disease > Chromosomes and Cell Division 2/2 - First Lecture > Flashcards

Chromosomes and Cell Division 2/2 - First Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

What are the stages of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase and mitosis

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2
Q

What are the different stages of interphase?

A

G1, S and G2

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3
Q

What happens during the G1 stage of interphase?

A

Protein and RNA synthesis

Growth and maturation of cell

DNA checking and subsequent repair during pause between G1 and S

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4
Q

What happens during the S phase of interphase?

A

DNA synthesis

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5
Q

What happens during the G2 phase of interphase?

A

Further synthesis of RNA and proteins

Further growth of organelles

Proof reading and subsequent repair of newly synthesised DNA

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6
Q

What are the stages of Mitosis?

A

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

Cytokinesis

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7
Q

What happens during Prophase?

A

Chromosomes condense

Nuclear membrane disappears

Spindle fibres form from centriole

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8
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A

Chromosomes align at equator of cell

Attached by fibre to each centriole

Maximum condensation of chromosome

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9
Q

What happens during anaphase?

A

Sister chromatids separate at centromere

Move to opposite ends of cell

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10
Q

What happens during telophase?

A

Nuclear membranes form

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11
Q

What happens during cytokinesis?

A

Cytoplasm separates

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12
Q

What is the structure of the centromere?

A

Repetitive DNA sequences (satellite DNA)

Site of kinetochore - protein complex that binds to microtubules

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13
Q

What is the difference between Heterochromatin and Euchromatin?

A

Heterochromatin - condensed structure, Silenced genes

Euchromatin - Open structure, Active genes

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14
Q

Where can you find satellite DNA and what is it?

A

Centromeres

Telomere

Tandemly repeated DNA sequences

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15
Q

How is chromatin formed?

A

DNA packed within histone proteins

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16
Q

What is the charge of histone?

A

Positively charged

17
Q

What is a nucleosome?

A

Unit of eukaryotic chromosome

Length of DNA wrapped around core of 8 histones

18
Q

How is a solenoid structure formed?

A

Further wrapping of nucleosomes

19
Q

What are the different levels of structural elements of chromatin?

A

Nucleosome

Chromatin fibre

Fibre-scaffold complex

Chromosome

20
Q

What is the purpose of packaging DNA?

A

Charge neutralised

Takes up less space

Inactive DNA can be folded into inaccessible locations until required

21
Q

What is the purpose of FISH (fluorescent In Situ Hybridisation)

A

Mark or tag a specific DNA sequence out of the whole genome

22
Q

What is the process of FISH?

A

Denature DNA into single strands

Hybridise DNA with fluorescent tag (tag complimentary to desired DNA sequence)

Excess tags washed away

Tags either fluorescent themselves or can attach to fluorescent molecule

Chromosome viewed under fluorescence microscope, revealing physical location of desired gene

23
Q

What are the different types of FISH probes?

A

Unique sequence probes

Centromeric probes

Telomeric probes

Whole chromosome probes

24
Q

What are the stages of meiosis?

A

DNA replication

Homologous chromosomes pair up

Recombination

Homologous chromosomes separated by spindle fibres

Cell division 1

Meiotic division 2 takes place

25
Q

What is the purpose of meiosis?

A

Germ Cell division to form haploid gametes from diploid cells in ovaries and testes

26
Q

What are the different names given to egg formation and sperm formation?

A

oogenesis spermatogenesis

27
Q

When does gametogenesis begin in males and females?

A

Males - Puberty

Females - Early embryonic life

28
Q

What determines the sex of the zygote?

A

If sperm has Y chromosome

29
Q

Where does mitochondrial DNA come from?

A

Only mother via egg

30
Q

What happens to the X chromosome in females?

A

One is randomly inactivated

Principles of disease (47 decks)

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