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Principles of disease > Chemotherapy > Flashcards

Chemotherapy Flashcards

1
Q

Whats it called when the primary tumour invades the blood vessel?

A

Intravasation

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2
Q

Whats it called when tumour cells invade out the blood vessles?

A

Extravasation

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3
Q

What happens if chemo isn’t delivered frequently enough?

A

Normal cells are damaged each time
Large interval allows tumour cell population to increase between courses

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4
Q

By what route are systemic therapies delivered?

A

IV & Oral

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5
Q

5 phases of mitosis?

A

Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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6
Q

what are the 5 main types of cytotoxic agents?

A
  • Alkylating Agents
  • Anti-metabolites
  • Mitotic Inhibitors
  • Antibiotics
  • “other”
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7
Q

At what point do antimetabolites act?

A

On DNA synthesis

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8
Q

Where do alkylating agents act?

A

On DNA itself

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9
Q

Where do intercalating agents act?

A

On DNA transcription & DNA duplication

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10
Q

When do spindle poisons act?

A

During mitosis, mitotic inhibitors

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11
Q

How do alkylating agents work?

A

Alkyl group allows covalent bonds to other molecules
DNA helix cross links between/within strands
Separate strands attach at N6 by free guanines
Prevents strands acting as templates for DNA replication (impairs replication)

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12
Q

How do antimetabolites prevent tumor cell division?

A

Incorporated into new DNA in place of normal nucleosides (nucleotide without Phos)
Bind irreversibly to viral enzymes

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13
Q

Name 2 types of anti-mitotic drugs?

A

Vinca Alkaloid
Taxanes

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14
Q

How do vinca Alkaloids inhibit mitosis?

A

Arrest metaphase
Bind to tubuli
Inhibit microtubule + spindle formation

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15
Q

How do taxanes inhibit mitosis?

A

Promote spindles, prevent disassembly & ‘freeze’ cells at that stage of cycle

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16
Q

What are the 2 types of antimitotic antibiotics?

A

Anthracyclines
Non-Anthracyclines

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17
Q

How do antibiotics inhibit DNA/RNA synthesis?

A

Directly blocking path of elongating RNA when transcript becomes 2-3 nucleotides in length

(intercalating)

18
Q

How do antibiotics prevent mitosis via disrupting the DNA chain?

A

Produce free radicals which disrupt DNA chain

19
Q

How do antibiotics block DNA replication?

A

By Alkylation

20
Q

What 2 other ways do antimitotic antibiotics act?

A

Bind to membrane & increase permeability to certain ions
Metal ion chelation results in cytotoxic compound

(Chelation = type of bonding of ions and molecules to metal ions)

21
Q

In combination chemo why use methods with different action mechanisms?

A

Reduce risk of resistance developing
Increased efficacy (synergistic or additive effect)

22
Q

In combo chemo why use methods with dissimilar toxicity?

A

Both can be used to max dose without causing toxicity

(E.g. dont use two that both have neurotoxicity)

23
Q

Name some side effects of chemo?

A

Mucositis
Alopecia
Nausea/vomiting
Sterility
Myalgia
Neuropathy
Renal failure
Cardiotoxicity
Pulmonary Fibrosis
Diarrhoea
Cystisis
Myelosuppresion
Phlebitis

24
Q

What is alopecia

A

Hair loss

25
Q

Mucositis?

A

Inflammation of mucous membranes

26
Q

pulmonary fibrosis?

A

Lung scarring causes dificulty breathign

27
Q

Cardiotoxicity?

A

Muscle damage to heart

28
Q

Cystisis?

A

Bladder inflamamtion

29
Q

Myalgia?`

A

muscle pain

30
Q

Neuropathy?

A

problems with nerves

31
Q

Myelosuppression?

A

Supression of cell production in the bone marrow (leukocytes, erythrocytes, thrombocytes)

32
Q

phlebitis?

A

inflammed veins due to clots

33
Q

CINV?

A

Chemotherapy Induced Nausea & Vomiting

34
Q

Describe hormonal drugs used to treat brest cancer

A

Anti Oestrogen tamoxifen
Aromatase inhibitors

35
Q

What kinds of hormonal drugs are used for prostate cancer?

A

Anti-androgen drugs (e.g. CPA)

36
Q

Name two targets for targeted cancer drugs?

A

EGFR & VEGF
epidermal growth factor receptor & Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor

37
Q

Example of VEGF targeted cancer drug?

A

Avastin

38
Q

Example of EGFR targeted cancer drug?

A

Erlotinib

39
Q

NSCLC?

A

Non-small cell lung cancer

40
Q

Types of immunotherapies?

A

CTLA4 inhibitors
PD-1/PDL1 inhibitors

41
Q

What type of immunotherapies are used for melanoma?

A

Ipilimumab (a CTLA4 inhibitor) & Nivolumab (PD-1/PDL1 inhibitor) together for treatment

Principles of disease (47 decks)

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