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Principles of disease > Therapeutic Options for CANCER > Flashcards

Therapeutic Options for CANCER Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two options for dealing with cancer

A

Prevention
Treatment

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2
Q

What 5 areas are used for prevention

A
  • right diet
  • Screening for early signs
  • Genetic testing
  • Preventative Meds
  • Not smoking or drinking
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3
Q

What foods are linked to cancer?

A

Red meat to CRC
Saturated Fat with breast cancer

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4
Q

What is the current advice to reduce cancer risk

A

5 fruit/vegetables a day
Avoid obesity
Exercise at least 30mins/day

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5
Q

What kind of screening is used for cervical canceR?

A

smear tests

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6
Q

Whats the use of screening in cancer prevention?

A

Allows early identification in risk groups

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7
Q

How do we screen for CRC?

A

faecal blood tests

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8
Q

Whats mammography used to screen?

A

Breast Cancer

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9
Q

What genes are used to identify familial predisposition to breast cancer?

A

BRCA1 & BRCA2 genes

(BReastCAncer gene 1/2)

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10
Q

What other cancers can people have a familial prdispostion to?

A

CRC
FAP (Familial Adenomatous Polyposis)

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11
Q

What is familial adenomatous polyposis?

A

Inherited condition
Numerous adenomatous polyps (small growths) form in epithelium of large intestine
Can become colon cancer

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12
Q

Why is preventative chemo so controversial?

A

Decreases quality of life
Harsh treatment

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13
Q

Why does surgical treatment need anatomical clearance?

A

Cancer will grow back from small portion left behind

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14
Q

How is radiotherapy used in conjunction with surgery?

A

Radiotherapy reduces inoperable tumour size then surgery removes it once operable.

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15
Q

Radiotherapy requires anatomical coverage. What is anatomical coverage?

A

Treatment must cover (effect) entire tumour
One untreated area will continue to grow & spread

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16
Q

How is radiotherapy useful when you dont intend to remove the tumour?

A

Allows you to maintain normal function & appearance of tissue without getting rid of tumour

17
Q

What is palliation?

A

Improving symptoms without curing cause

18
Q

=What are the 5 Rs of radiotherapy?

A
  • Radiosensitivity
  • Repair
  • Re-population
  • Re-oxygenation
  • Re-assortment
19
Q

What treatments work together with radiotherapy?

A
  • Surgery
  • Chemotherapy
20
Q

Name 4 types of systemic cancer treatment:

A

Hormonal Therapy
Immunotherapy
Chemotherapy
Whole Body Irradiation

21
Q

What kind of cancer is systemic treatment used for

A

Widespread cancers

(Cancer that spreads from origin to distant part of body)

22
Q

What is the main drawback of systemic cancer treatment?

A

Widespread toxicity

23
Q

Chemo is a cytotoxic drug, what forms is it used in?

A

Chemo can be used as-
- curative
- palliative
- adjuvant
- neo-adjuvant

24
Q

How often is chemo used curatively?

A

5% of cancer cases

25
Q

What is the purpose of adjuvant chemo?

A

Improve patients odds of survival after surgery
Suppress secondary tumours from arising

26
Q

What is the purpose of palliative chemo?

A

Relieve symptoms without solving underlying cause

27
Q

How often is palliative chemo sued?

A

50% of chemo usage is palliative

28
Q

Why must we be very careful when using palliative chemo?

A

Important to do more good than harm when not curing the disease

29
Q

What effect does palliative chemo have on survival rates?

A

Sometimes improves survival

30
Q

Whats the purpose of neoadjuvant chemo?

A

Improve survival & reduce morbidity in cancer patients
Usually used to shrink tumours before surgery

31
Q

Whats the difference between adjuvant & neoadjuvant chemo?

A

Neoadjuvant chemo precedes surgery & radiotherapy whereas adjuvant procedes it.

32
Q

what is hormone therapy used for?

A

preventing cancer in high risk groups.

33
Q

What are the 3 types of immune therapies for cancer?

A
  • Monoclonal antibodies
  • Programmed cell death pathway (PD-1)
  • Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells.
34
Q

How does PD-1 work?

A

Artificial antibodies target & block PD-1 receptor so tumour cells cant activate it
T cells attack tumour cells

35
Q

How do chimeric antigen receptor t cells work?

A

Retroviral vectors (gene transfer carrier systems) give T cells DNA to produce artificial receptors and give killing function directed against cancer cells

36
Q

What are designer therapies?

A

Specific & based on intracellular growth control points

37
Q

Define staging:

A

Process determines how much cancer in body & where it is

38
Q

What does staging base the severity of a persons cancer on

A

Magnitude of primary tumour
Extent of spread throughout body

39
Q

What are the 4 parts of staging?

A

Examination
Radiology/Imaging
Classification
Genomics (in the future)

Principles of disease (47 decks)

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