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MSAK-1 > Trunk and Upper Limb Bones > Flashcards

Trunk and Upper Limb Bones Flashcards

1
Q

What is a vertebrae?

A

smallest structural and functional units of spine

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2
Q

What forms the spinous process?

A

fusion of lamina

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3
Q

What is the vertebral arch associated with?

A

pedicles

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4
Q

What is congenital malformation

A

bad formation

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5
Q

What is spinabifidia

A

spinous process has not formed

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6
Q

What is a facet?

A

small face, articulating surfaces

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7
Q

What forms the vertebral foramen

A

made between the body and vertebral arch

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8
Q

What forms the intervertebral foramen

A

foramen made between pedicles of adjacent vertebrae

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9
Q

What does a typical vertebrae contain?

A

body, vertebral arch, articular processes, transverse processes, spinous process, pedicle, laminae, superior vertebral notch and inferior vertebral notch

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10
Q

How many vertebrae are in the cervical region

A

7

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11
Q

What are typical cervical vertebrae?

A

C3, C4, C5,C6

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12
Q

What are the atypical vertebrae of the cervical region?

A

C1, C2, C7

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13
Q

What are the main common features of cervical vertebrae?

A

small body, transverse foramen in transverse process, bifurcated spinous process, and anterior + posterior tubercle

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14
Q

Why are the spinous processes of the cervical vertebrae bifurcated?

A

for the attachment of the nuchal ligament

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15
Q

Where is the uncinate process (uncus) located? What does it form?

A

C3-C7 on the sides of the superior surface of the bodies

forms uncovertebral joint

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16
Q

Why is C7 considered an atypical cervical vertebra?

A

its spinous process is not bifurcated

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17
Q

What is the vertebral prominence?

A

C7

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18
Q

What are the special features of C1? What is the name?

A

Atlas

  • no body
  • lacks laminae and pedicles
  • no articular process
  • no spinous process
  • lateral mass on either side
  • articular surfaces for occipital condyles and axis, and odontoid process of axis
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19
Q

What are the special features of C2? What is the name

A

Axis

-odontoid process (dens axis): attached to superior surface of the body, permists otation of atlas on the axis bon

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20
Q

What are the movements of the Atlantoaxial Joint (AAJ)

A

rotation of the head

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21
Q

What does costo/costal refer to?

A

ribs

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22
Q

What is the costal surface of a typical thoracic vertebrae for?

A

articulating with ribs

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23
Q

How many vertebrae are in the thoracic spine?

A

12

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24
Q

What are costal facets for on a typical thoracic vertebrae? Where are they located?

A

heads of the ribs articulate here, present of the sides of the bodies

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25
Q

Where are the transverse costal facets located on a typical thoracic vertebrae? What are they for?

A

on the transverse processes for articulation with tubercles of the ribs

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26
Q

What are the typical thoracic vertebra?

A

T2-T8

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27
Q

What are the atypical vertebra of the thoracic spine?

A

T1, T9-T12

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28
Q

Why is T1 atypical?

A

on either side of the body an entire articular facet for the first rib, and a semi-facet for the upper half of the head of the second rib

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29
Q

Why is T9 atypical

A

have no inferior semi facet

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30
Q

Why is T10 atypical

A

an entire articular facet on either side which is placed partially on the lateral surface of the pedicle

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31
Q

Why is T11 atypical

A

aritcular facets for head of the ribs are of large size and placed chiefly on the pedicles.

transverse processes have no articular facets for turbercle of rib 11

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32
Q

Why is T12 atypical

A

articular facts for the heads of the ribs are of large size and placed chiefly on pedicles

transverse processes have no articular facets for tubercle of 12th rib

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33
Q

True or false:spinous processes in thoracic region are less oblique/ inclined than cervical/lumbar vertebra

A

false: spinous processes in thoracic region are MORE oblique/incline than cervial/lumbar because they allow less movement

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34
Q

What is the lease moveable of all vertebral regions?

A

thoracic

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35
Q

How many vertebrae are in the lumbar region?

A

5

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36
Q

What are the features of a lumbar vertebrae?

A 
body is massive and kindey shaped
pedicles are strong
laminae are thick
transverse processes are long and slender
mammillary process
accessory process
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37
Q

What is a mammillary process? Where is it found

A

found at posterior margin of superior articular process of lumbar vertebrae

gives attachment to matifidus muscle

38
Q

What is an accessory process? Where is it found?

A

found on posterior border of transverse process of lumbar vertebrae

for ligament attachment

39
Q

What is the vertebral canal composed of and what does it contain?

A

composed of vertebral foraminia, contains spinal cord and meningies

40
Q

What forms intervertebral foramen? What are they for?

A

made between two adjacent vertebrae, spinal nerves emerge

41
Q

Why to vertebrae get larger from the cervical to the lumbar region

A

they bear more weight

42
Q

Describe the secondary curve

A

cervial: convex anteriorly
thoracic: concave anteriorly
lumbar: convex anteriorly
sacral: concave anteriorly

43
Q

Describe the primary curve

A

is convex posteriorly and concave anteriorly

44
Q

After birth gradually the curvatures form, when and in what region do they appear ( in order )

A

sacral and thoracic in womb
2-3 months cervical
12-18 months lumbar

45
Q

What is scoliosis?

A

abnormal lateral curvature of the spine

46
Q

How many bones compose the sacral region?

A

5 FUSED bones

47
Q

What does the sacrum articulate with?

A

upper border: L5
inferior border: coccyx
laterally articulates with hip bones to form sacroiliac joints

48
Q

What is the sacral canal

A

vertebral foramina to form sacral canal

49
Q

How many sacral crests are there? What are they formed by?

A

3

on the posterior surface of sacrum fromed by the fusion of spinous, articular and transverse processes of sacral vertebrae to form bony ridges

50
Q

How many sacral foramina are there? What are they?

A

4 pairs

sacral foramina = intervertebral foramina

51
Q

What is the sacral hiatus?

A

formed by non union of laminae from S5 and is covered by soft tissue

52
Q

what is the promontory of the sacrum

A

bony landmark used for pelvimetry measurement of pelvis diameter

53
Q

What is the sacral ala?

A

one the sides of the first sacral vertebrae there are 2 triangular flat surfaces

54
Q

What is the coccyx, where is it?

A

inferior to the sacrum, made by 4-5 fused coccyxial vertebrae

55
Q

What bones does the coxal bone consist of

A

illium: superior
ischium: inferior posterior
pubis: inferior anterior

56
Q

What is the symphyseal surface?

A

on pubis, joints hip bones to for pubic symphysis

57
Q

What does a typical rib contain?

A

head, neck, tubercle, articular portion, non articular portion, shaft/body, angle, costal groove

58
Q

What is the costal groove?

A

on the inferior border of a typical rib, accommodates intercostal vessels and nerve

59
Q

Describe the head of a typical rib

A

had two semi facets for articulation with the numerically corresponding lateral side vertebral body and that of the vertebra immediately above

60
Q

Describe the neck of a typical vertebra

A

constricted portion situated between the head of the tubercle

61
Q

Describe the tubercle of a typical rib

A

prominence on the outer surface of the rib at the junction of the neck with the shaft, consists of articular portion and non articular portion

62
Q

Describe the articular portion of the tubercle of a typical rib

A

has a facet for articulation with the transverse process of the numerically corresponding vertebra

63
Q

Describe the non articular portion of the tubercle of a typical rib

A

gives attachment to ligaments

64
Q

describe a typical rib

A

long, twisted flat bone having as superior border and an inferior border

65
Q

Describe the shaft/body of a typical rib

A

thin and flattened and twisted on its long axia

66
Q

Describe the angle of a typical rib

A

where the shaft of the ribs bends sharply forward

67
Q

What are the two ways to classify ribs?

A

typical vs atypical

true vs false

68
Q

What are the typical ribs?

A

R3-R8

69
Q

What are the atypical ribs?

A

R1, R2 ,R9, R10, R11, R12

70
Q

What are the true ribs?

A

R1-R7

71
Q

What are the false ribs?

A

R8-R12

72
Q

What are the free ribs?

A

R11-R12

73
Q

Why is R1 atypical?

A

is flattened from above downward

Scalene tubercle: tubercle on medial border

no angle or costal groove

head has only one articular surface for body of T1

74
Q

Why is R2 atypical

A

oriented in a plane between sagittal and horizontal, lacks costal groove

75
Q

Why is R10 atypical

A

has a single articular facet on its head

76
Q

Why is R11+R12 atypical

A

no neck, no tubercle
R11 has slight angle and a shallow costal groove
R12 has no angle an no costal groove

77
Q

What is the sternum?

A

flat bone that is divided into 3 parts: manubirum, body and xiphiod process

78
Q

Describe the manubrium

A

upper part of sternum that articulates with clavicles, first and upper part of costal cartilages are each side

79
Q

What is the suprasternal notch (jugular notch)?

A

large visible ditch where clavicle joins sternum

80
Q

Describe the body of the sternum

A

articulates superiorly with manubrium and inferiorly with the xiphoid process

on each side has notches for articulation with lower part of second costal cartilate and 3-7 costal cartilages

81
Q

Describe the xiphoid process

A

lowest and smallest part of the sternum

82
Q

What is the sternal angle? What is it also known as?

A

AKA angle of louis, manubriosternal joint
angle formed by junction of the manubium and body of the sternum in the form of cartilaginous joint

marks approximate level of 2nd par of costal cartilages and level of intervertebral disk between T4-T5

83
Q

How many ribs do we have, where do they articulate

A

12 pairs that articulate posteriorly to thoracic vertebrae

84
Q

Why is it called true ribs

A

articulate with sternum directly via their OWN costal cartilage

85
Q

Why is it called false ribs

A

articulate with sternum indirectly via their own coastal cartilage attaching to the coastal cartilage of R7

86
Q

Why are they called free/floating ribs

A

no not articulate with sternum

87
Q

What are intercostal spaces

A

spaces in between the ribs

88
Q

What does the thorax refer to?

A

sternum, 12 pairs of ribs, 12 thoracic v

89
Q

What makes up the superior thoracic aperture

A

region just superior to first rib and opening between clavical and first rib

90
Q

What makes up the inferior thoracic aperture

A

formed by T12, R11+R12 and costal cartilages of R7-R10 and costal margin

91
Q

What is the coastal margin

A

lower edge of thorax formed by bottom edge of rib cage

MSAK-1 (19 decks)

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