Trunk and Upper Limb Bones Flashcards
What is a vertebrae?
smallest structural and functional units of spine
What forms the spinous process?
fusion of lamina
What is the vertebral arch associated with?
pedicles
What is congenital malformation
bad formation
What is spinabifidia
spinous process has not formed
What is a facet?
small face, articulating surfaces
What forms the vertebral foramen
made between the body and vertebral arch
What forms the intervertebral foramen
foramen made between pedicles of adjacent vertebrae
What does a typical vertebrae contain?
body, vertebral arch, articular processes, transverse processes, spinous process, pedicle, laminae, superior vertebral notch and inferior vertebral notch
How many vertebrae are in the cervical region
7
What are typical cervical vertebrae?
C3, C4, C5,C6
What are the atypical vertebrae of the cervical region?
C1, C2, C7
What are the main common features of cervical vertebrae?
small body, transverse foramen in transverse process, bifurcated spinous process, and anterior + posterior tubercle
Why are the spinous processes of the cervical vertebrae bifurcated?
for the attachment of the nuchal ligament
Where is the uncinate process (uncus) located? What does it form?
C3-C7 on the sides of the superior surface of the bodies
forms uncovertebral joint
Why is C7 considered an atypical cervical vertebra?
its spinous process is not bifurcated
What is the vertebral prominence?
C7
What are the special features of C1? What is the name?
Atlas
- no body
- lacks laminae and pedicles
- no articular process
- no spinous process
- lateral mass on either side
- articular surfaces for occipital condyles and axis, and odontoid process of axis
What are the special features of C2? What is the name
Axis
-odontoid process (dens axis): attached to superior surface of the body, permists otation of atlas on the axis bon
What are the movements of the Atlantoaxial Joint (AAJ)
rotation of the head
What does costo/costal refer to?
ribs
What is the costal surface of a typical thoracic vertebrae for?
articulating with ribs
How many vertebrae are in the thoracic spine?
12
What are costal facets for on a typical thoracic vertebrae? Where are they located?
heads of the ribs articulate here, present of the sides of the bodies
Where are the transverse costal facets located on a typical thoracic vertebrae? What are they for?
on the transverse processes for articulation with tubercles of the ribs
What are the typical thoracic vertebra?
T2-T8
What are the atypical vertebra of the thoracic spine?
T1, T9-T12
Why is T1 atypical?
on either side of the body an entire articular facet for the first rib, and a semi-facet for the upper half of the head of the second rib
Why is T9 atypical
have no inferior semi facet
Why is T10 atypical
an entire articular facet on either side which is placed partially on the lateral surface of the pedicle
Why is T11 atypical
aritcular facets for head of the ribs are of large size and placed chiefly on the pedicles.
transverse processes have no articular facets for turbercle of rib 11
Why is T12 atypical
articular facts for the heads of the ribs are of large size and placed chiefly on pedicles
transverse processes have no articular facets for tubercle of 12th rib
True or false:spinous processes in thoracic region are less oblique/ inclined than cervical/lumbar vertebra
false: spinous processes in thoracic region are MORE oblique/incline than cervial/lumbar because they allow less movement
What is the lease moveable of all vertebral regions?
thoracic
How many vertebrae are in the lumbar region?
5
What are the features of a lumbar vertebrae?
body is massive and kindey shaped pedicles are strong laminae are thick transverse processes are long and slender mammillary process accessory process
What is a mammillary process? Where is it found
found at posterior margin of superior articular process of lumbar vertebrae
gives attachment to matifidus muscle
What is an accessory process? Where is it found?
found on posterior border of transverse process of lumbar vertebrae
for ligament attachment
What is the vertebral canal composed of and what does it contain?
composed of vertebral foraminia, contains spinal cord and meningies
What forms intervertebral foramen? What are they for?
made between two adjacent vertebrae, spinal nerves emerge
Why to vertebrae get larger from the cervical to the lumbar region
they bear more weight
Describe the secondary curve
cervial: convex anteriorly
thoracic: concave anteriorly
lumbar: convex anteriorly
sacral: concave anteriorly
Describe the primary curve
is convex posteriorly and concave anteriorly
After birth gradually the curvatures form, when and in what region do they appear ( in order )
sacral and thoracic in womb
2-3 months cervical
12-18 months lumbar
What is scoliosis?
abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
How many bones compose the sacral region?
5 FUSED bones
What does the sacrum articulate with?
upper border: L5
inferior border: coccyx
laterally articulates with hip bones to form sacroiliac joints
What is the sacral canal
vertebral foramina to form sacral canal
How many sacral crests are there? What are they formed by?
3
on the posterior surface of sacrum fromed by the fusion of spinous, articular and transverse processes of sacral vertebrae to form bony ridges
How many sacral foramina are there? What are they?
4 pairs
sacral foramina = intervertebral foramina
What is the sacral hiatus?
formed by non union of laminae from S5 and is covered by soft tissue
what is the promontory of the sacrum
bony landmark used for pelvimetry measurement of pelvis diameter
What is the sacral ala?
one the sides of the first sacral vertebrae there are 2 triangular flat surfaces
What is the coccyx, where is it?
inferior to the sacrum, made by 4-5 fused coccyxial vertebrae
What bones does the coxal bone consist of
illium: superior
ischium: inferior posterior
pubis: inferior anterior
What is the symphyseal surface?
on pubis, joints hip bones to for pubic symphysis
What does a typical rib contain?
head, neck, tubercle, articular portion, non articular portion, shaft/body, angle, costal groove
What is the costal groove?
on the inferior border of a typical rib, accommodates intercostal vessels and nerve
Describe the head of a typical rib
had two semi facets for articulation with the numerically corresponding lateral side vertebral body and that of the vertebra immediately above
Describe the neck of a typical vertebra
constricted portion situated between the head of the tubercle
Describe the tubercle of a typical rib
prominence on the outer surface of the rib at the junction of the neck with the shaft, consists of articular portion and non articular portion
Describe the articular portion of the tubercle of a typical rib
has a facet for articulation with the transverse process of the numerically corresponding vertebra
Describe the non articular portion of the tubercle of a typical rib
gives attachment to ligaments
describe a typical rib
long, twisted flat bone having as superior border and an inferior border
Describe the shaft/body of a typical rib
thin and flattened and twisted on its long axia
Describe the angle of a typical rib
where the shaft of the ribs bends sharply forward
What are the two ways to classify ribs?
typical vs atypical
true vs false
What are the typical ribs?
R3-R8
What are the atypical ribs?
R1, R2 ,R9, R10, R11, R12
What are the true ribs?
R1-R7
What are the false ribs?
R8-R12
What are the free ribs?
R11-R12
Why is R1 atypical?
is flattened from above downward
Scalene tubercle: tubercle on medial border
no angle or costal groove
head has only one articular surface for body of T1
Why is R2 atypical
oriented in a plane between sagittal and horizontal, lacks costal groove
Why is R10 atypical
has a single articular facet on its head
Why is R11+R12 atypical
no neck, no tubercle
R11 has slight angle and a shallow costal groove
R12 has no angle an no costal groove
What is the sternum?
flat bone that is divided into 3 parts: manubirum, body and xiphiod process
Describe the manubrium
upper part of sternum that articulates with clavicles, first and upper part of costal cartilages are each side
What is the suprasternal notch (jugular notch)?
large visible ditch where clavicle joins sternum
Describe the body of the sternum
articulates superiorly with manubrium and inferiorly with the xiphoid process
on each side has notches for articulation with lower part of second costal cartilate and 3-7 costal cartilages
Describe the xiphoid process
lowest and smallest part of the sternum
What is the sternal angle? What is it also known as?
AKA angle of louis, manubriosternal joint
angle formed by junction of the manubium and body of the sternum in the form of cartilaginous joint
marks approximate level of 2nd par of costal cartilages and level of intervertebral disk between T4-T5
How many ribs do we have, where do they articulate
12 pairs that articulate posteriorly to thoracic vertebrae
Why is it called true ribs
articulate with sternum directly via their OWN costal cartilage
Why is it called false ribs
articulate with sternum indirectly via their own coastal cartilage attaching to the coastal cartilage of R7
Why are they called free/floating ribs
no not articulate with sternum
What are intercostal spaces
spaces in between the ribs
What does the thorax refer to?
sternum, 12 pairs of ribs, 12 thoracic v
What makes up the superior thoracic aperture
region just superior to first rib and opening between clavical and first rib
What makes up the inferior thoracic aperture
formed by T12, R11+R12 and costal cartilages of R7-R10 and costal margin
What is the coastal margin
lower edge of thorax formed by bottom edge of rib cage
