Class 1 Flashcards
Define Anatomy
study of structures and their relationships to each other; revealed by dissection
What are the subdivisions of Anatomy?`
- Surface: through the surface of the skin
- Gross-observed microscopically via the naked eye
- Systemic: dividing into systems
- Regional: dividing into regions
- Radiographic: x ray, mri, etc.
- Developmental: process of human development
If the body is face down it is in the _____ position
prone
if the body is laying face up it is in the _______ position
supine
What is another word for midline?
axis
What is the sagittal plane?
vertical plane that divides the body into right and left sides
What is the midsagittal plane?
divides the body or structure into equal left and right sides
What is the parasagittal plane?
divides the body or structure into unequal right and left sides
What is the Frontal (Coronal) Plane?
Divides into anterior and posterior
What is the transverse plane? What is it also known as?
divides into superior vs inferior
cross sectional, horizontal plane
What is the oblique plane?
angled
define cephalad
toward head
Define caudal
away from head, towards tail
External
outside
internal
inside
define bilateral
equal on both sides
unilateral
one side
In what plane does flexion and extension happen in
sagittal plane
what plane does abduction and adduction happen in?
frontal plane
What makes up the skeletal system?
bones and joints
What makes up the axial skeleton?
skull, hyoid, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, ear ossicles
How many bones make up the axial skeleton
80
What makes up the appendicular skeleton
upper limbs: humerous, radius, ulna, carpal bones, metacarpal, phalnges
lower limbs: femur, tiba, fibula, patella, taral, metatarsal, phalnges
pelvic (r+l hop bones)
How many bones make up the appendicular skeleton
126
What are the 5 basic types of bone?
long: greater length than width
short: almost cube-shaped
flat: thin
sesamoid: develops in tendons
sutural: small bones located in suture of skull
What are the functions of bones?
- supporting and protecting soft tissues
- attachment site for muscles making movement possible
- storage of minerals, calcium, and phosphate
- blood cell production in red bone marrow (hemopoiesis)
What is skeletal muscle tissue?
primarily attached to bone, skin or fascia
- voluntary contraction and relation
- sometimes involuntariy ie. shivering
What is cardiac muscle tissue?
forms the walls of the heart, involuntary
What is the smooth (visceral) muscle tissue?
located in viscera
What are the functions of skeletal muscle tissue?
- producing body movements
- stabilizing body positions
- movement of substances within body cavity
- producing heat
What types of nerves supply skeletal muscle?
motor and sensory
What are the functions of cardiac muscle?
- regulating organ volumes
- movement of substances in the body
what are the functions of visceral muscle?
- regulating organ volumes
- movement of substances within body
What are sphincters?
bands of smooth muscle
Define origin
point attached to bone or muscle, USUALLY isnt moved by contraction of muscle
Define insertion
point attached to skin, bone, or muscle. Attaches to structure that does move
What is the belly of a muscle?
fleshy portion of muscle between attachment sites
What is muscle tone?
involuntary contraction of small number of muscle fibres (alter. active and inactive, shifting pattern)
keeps muscle firm when relaxed
does not produce movement
essential for maintaining posture
helps maintain blood pressure
Rectus
parallel to midline
Transverse
perpendicular to midline
oblique
diagonal to midline
maximus
largest
minimus
smallest
longus
long
brevis
short
latissimus
widest
longissimus
longest
mangus
large
major
larger
minor
smaller
vastus
huge
deltoid
triangular
trapezius
trapeziod
serratus
saw toothed
rhomboid
diamond shape
orbicularis
circular
pectinate
comb-like
piriformis
pear shaped
platys
flat
quadratus
square, four sided
gracillis
slender
flexor
decreases joint angle
extensor
increases joint angle
abductor
moves bone away from midline
adductor
moves bone closer to midline
levator
raises/elevates
depressor
lowers/depresses
supinator
turns palm anteriorly
pronator
turns palm posteriorly
sphincter
decreases size of an opening
tesnor
makes body part rigid
rotator
rotates bone around longitudinal axis
biceps
2 origins
triceps
3 origins
quadriceps
4 origins
Tendon
cord of dense connective tissue that attaches a muscle to the bone or other muscle
aponeurosis
a tendon that extends as a broad, flat layer
ligament
short band of connective tissue that connects bone to bone
tendon sheath
tube like structure made by connective tissue wraps around tendons at wrist or ankle
superficial fascia
loose connective tissue and fat underlying the skin
contains superficial veins and sensory nerves
deep fascia
dense irregular connective tissue under superficial fascia that wraps body
well defined in limbs
What is a nerve?
enclosed cable like bundle of dendrites or axons
What are sensory nerves?
receive sensory stimuli
what are motor nerves?
allows brain to stimulate muscle contraction
exclusively contains axons of neurons that innervate skeletal muscle or glands
What are spinal nerves? How many pairs?
31 pairs
mixed sensory and motor nerves that come out of spinal cord
innervates most skeletal muscle
What are cranial nerves? How many pairs?
12 pairs emerge directly from the brain
contain sensory and motor nerve fibres and innervate different regions
What are the important nerves to remember for the quiz
Cranial nerve V: Trigeminal nerve
and mandibular division of trigeminal nerve
Cranial nerve VII: facial nerve
Cranial nerve XII: hypoglossal
