TPO74

Question 1

to court:

Answer 1

have a relationship

Question 2

predecessors

Answer 2

a thing that comes before another in time or in a series
example: that many of its predecessors were
carnivores

Question 3

prominent

Answer 3

noticeable
example: They became gradually larger; the middle toe,
eventually to become the single hoof of the modern horses, became stronger and
more prominent

Question 4

coincident

Answer 4

happening at the same time
example: coincident with the spread of grassy
prairies, that abrupt changes took place

Question 5

prairie

Answer 5

a wide area of flat without trees
example: coincident with the spread of grassy
prairies, that abrupt changes took place

Question 6

abrupt

Answer 6

sudden
example: coincident with the spread of grassy
prairies, that abrupt changes took place

Question 7

lineage

Answer 7

all the living things that are related directly to the same living thing that existed long ago
example: , resulting in several different lineages of horse evolution

Question 8

succulent

Answer 8

as noun: a plant such as a cactus in which the leaves and stem are thick and can store a lot of water
example: Compared to the succulent leaves of tropical trees that were the fodder

Question 9

fodder

Answer 9

food that is given to cows, horses, and other farm animals
example: Compared to the succulent leaves of tropical trees that were the fodder

Question 10

abrasive

Answer 10

rough
example: grasses are abrasive and much more difficult to chew and grind

Question 11

muzzle

Answer 11

the mouth and nose of an animal, especially a dog
example: and the muzzle longer, to make room for the long rows of grinding teeth along the horse’s cheeks

Question 12

fusion

Answer 12

join
example: This occurred through fusion of several of the independent bones in the lower parts of the legs

Question 13

invoke vs evoke

Answer 13

invoke: active way of supporting or for laws
evoke : passive way of producing something intangible.
example: Most of these invoke a change in global climate as an important factor

Question 14

silt

Answer 14

sand or soil that is carried along by flowing water and then dropped, especially at a bend in a river or at a river’s opening
example: t had been captured from the silt flowing down from the major
rivers

Question 15

Peasant

Answer 15

a person who owns or rents a small piece of land and grows crops, keeps animals, etc. on it, especially one who has a low income, very little education, and a low social position.
example: Peasant farmers produced on their own plots much of the food the family consumed

Question 16

subsistence

Answer 16

what a person needs in order to stay alive or basic needs
example: the region could not be called subsistence agriculture

Question 17

commercial

Answer 17

relating to buying and selling things
example: commercial crops were grown and exchanged in markets

Question 18

dot

Answer 18

as a verb: to be spread across an area
example: exchanged in markets that dotted the
countryside

Question 19

commerce

Answer 19

the activities involved in buying and selling things
example: while commerce and market exchanges were an important part of the rural
economy

Question 20

rural vs urban

Answer 20

small city with low population vs big city with high population
example: while commerce and market exchanges were an important part of the rural
economy

Question 21

biannual

Answer 21

happening twice a year
example: headed up the Pearl River to biannual fairs in the city

Question 22

embankment

Answer 22

an artificial slope made of earth and/or stones
example: On the embankments, peasant farmers in the early Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)

Question 23

cultivate

Answer 23

to prepare land and grow crops on it, or to grow a particular crop
example: thirty percent of the cultivated land area

Question 24

parallel

Answer 24

as a verb: to happen at the same time as something else, be similar or equal to something else
example: argued that the formation of the Moon paralleled that of Earth and the other planets…

Question 25

minute

Answer 25

as an adjective: extremely small
example: Moon formed from minute rock fragments and gases…

Question 26

nebula

Answer 26

a cloud of gas or dust in
space
example: composed a disk-shaped structure (the solar nebula)that orbited the early Sun

Question 27

accumulate

Answer 27

to gradually increase in amount
example: disk collided and accumulated into larger masses that, in turn, accreted into planetary-sized bodies …

Question 28

accrete

Answer 28

to gradually increase or grow by the addition of new layers or parts
example: in turn, accreted into planetary-sized bodies

Question 29

semi-molten

Answer 29

semi: half or partly
molten: the liquid state of rock and metal because of high temperatures
example: a Mars-sized body with a semi-molten Earth

Question 30

mantle

Answer 30

the part of the earth that surrounds the central core
example: huge quantities of mantle rock from the primordial Earth…

Question 31

primordial

Answer 31

existing at or since the beginning of the world or the universe
example: huge quantities of mantle rock from the primordial Earth

Question 32

plausible

Answer 32

seeming likely to be true
example: Though the giant impact hypothesis provides a plausible mechanism

Question 33

crater

Answer 33

the round hole at the top of a volcano, or a hole in the ground similar to this
example: other things variations in crater density

Question 34

debris

Answer 34

broken or torn pieces of something larger
example: y impacted as it swept up debris from the solar nebula

Question 35

bombardment

Answer 35

a continuous attack on a place with guns or bombs
example: continuous bombardment and perhaps radioactive decay

Question 36

decay

Answer 36

the process by which a radioactive substance breaks down and sends out harmful radiation
example: continuous bombardment and perhaps radioactive decay

Question 37

scum

Answer 37

dirt
example: floated to
the top and formed a surface scum

Question 38

remnant

Answer 38

a small piece or amount of something that is left from a larger, original piece or amount
example: Remnants of the original crust

Question 39

influx

Answer 39

the arrival of a large number of people or things
example: whether it was
an influx of bodies from farther out in the solar system…

Question 40

mountainous

Answer 40

very big
example: these huge pits ejected mountainous
quantities of lunar rock into piles rising 5 kilometers or more…

Question 41

depression

Answer 41

hole
example: Rays of material ejected from these young” depressions

Question 42

erosional

Answer 42

caused or created by erosion (= damage to soil, stone, etc. by waves, rain, or wind)
example: erosional forces would have long since obliterated it…

Question 43

obliterate

Answer 43

destroy
example: erosional forces would have long since obliterated it…

Question 44

flurry

Answer 44

a sudden, short period of activity, excitement, or interest
example: where a flurry of technological and social
innovations…

Question 45

demographic

Answer 45

relating to demography (= the study of populations and the different groups that make them up)
example: what is known as “the demographic transition”…

Question 46

substantially

Answer 46

to a large degree
example: both decline substantially

Question 47

coincided

Answer 47

to happen at or near the same time
example: its associated population
boom coincided with the onset of the Industrial Revolution…

Question 48

unprecedent

Answer 48

never having happened or existed in the past
example: a period of
historically unprecedented economic change…

Question 49

cumulative

Answer 49

increasing as each new amount is added or as each new fact or condition is considered
example: The cumulative effect of these changes
was profound

Question 50

bolster

Answer 50

to support or improve something or make it stronger
example: bolstered by better access to formal and informal education…