TPO74 Flashcards
to court:
have a relationship
predecessors
a thing that comes before another in time or in a series
example: that many of its predecessors were
carnivores
prominent
noticeable
example: They became gradually larger; the middle toe,
eventually to become the single hoof of the modern horses, became stronger and
more prominent
coincident
happening at the same time
example: coincident with the spread of grassy
prairies, that abrupt changes took place
prairie
a wide area of flat without trees
example: coincident with the spread of grassy
prairies, that abrupt changes took place
abrupt
sudden
example: coincident with the spread of grassy
prairies, that abrupt changes took place
lineage
all the living things that are related directly to the same living thing that existed long ago
example: , resulting in several different lineages of horse evolution
succulent
as noun: a plant such as a cactus in which the leaves and stem are thick and can store a lot of water
example: Compared to the succulent leaves of tropical trees that were the fodder
fodder
food that is given to cows, horses, and other farm animals
example: Compared to the succulent leaves of tropical trees that were the fodder
abrasive
rough
example: grasses are abrasive and much more difficult to chew and grind
muzzle
the mouth and nose of an animal, especially a dog
example: and the muzzle longer, to make room for the long rows of grinding teeth along the horse’s cheeks
fusion
join
example: This occurred through fusion of several of the independent bones in the lower parts of the legs
invoke vs evoke
invoke: active way of supporting or for laws
evoke : passive way of producing something intangible.
example: Most of these invoke a change in global climate as an important factor
silt
sand or soil that is carried along by flowing water and then dropped, especially at a bend in a river or at a river’s opening
example: t had been captured from the silt flowing down from the major
rivers
Peasant
a person who owns or rents a small piece of land and grows crops, keeps animals, etc. on it, especially one who has a low income, very little education, and a low social position.
example: Peasant farmers produced on their own plots much of the food the family consumed
subsistence
what a person needs in order to stay alive or basic needs
example: the region could not be called subsistence agriculture
commercial
relating to buying and selling things
example: commercial crops were grown and exchanged in markets
dot
as a verb: to be spread across an area
example: exchanged in markets that dotted the
countryside
commerce
the activities involved in buying and selling things
example: while commerce and market exchanges were an important part of the rural
economy
rural vs urban
small city with low population vs big city with high population
example: while commerce and market exchanges were an important part of the rural
economy
biannual
happening twice a year
example: headed up the Pearl River to biannual fairs in the city
embankment
an artificial slope made of earth and/or stones
example: On the embankments, peasant farmers in the early Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)
cultivate
to prepare land and grow crops on it, or to grow a particular crop
example: thirty percent of the cultivated land area
parallel
as a verb: to happen at the same time as something else, be similar or equal to something else
example: argued that the formation of the Moon paralleled that of Earth and the other planets…
minute
as an adjective: extremely small
example: Moon formed from minute rock fragments and gases…
nebula
a cloud of gas or dust in
space
example: composed a disk-shaped structure (the solar nebula)that orbited the early Sun
accumulate
to gradually increase in amount
example: disk collided and accumulated into larger masses that, in turn, accreted into planetary-sized bodies …
accrete
to gradually increase or grow by the addition of new layers or parts
example: in turn, accreted into planetary-sized bodies
semi-molten
semi: half or partly
molten: the liquid state of rock and metal because of high temperatures
example: a Mars-sized body with a semi-molten Earth
mantle
the part of the earth that surrounds the central core
example: huge quantities of mantle rock from the primordial Earth…
primordial
existing at or since the beginning of the world or the universe
example: huge quantities of mantle rock from the primordial Earth
plausible
seeming likely to be true
example: Though the giant impact hypothesis provides a plausible mechanism
crater
the round hole at the top of a volcano, or a hole in the ground similar to this
example: other things variations in crater density
debris
broken or torn pieces of something larger
example: y impacted as it swept up debris from the solar nebula
bombardment
a continuous attack on a place with guns or bombs
example: continuous bombardment and perhaps radioactive decay
decay
the process by which a radioactive substance breaks down and sends out harmful radiation
example: continuous bombardment and perhaps radioactive decay
scum
dirt
example: floated to
the top and formed a surface scum
remnant
a small piece or amount of something that is left from a larger, original piece or amount
example: Remnants of the original crust
influx
the arrival of a large number of people or things
example: whether it was
an influx of bodies from farther out in the solar system…
mountainous
very big
example: these huge pits ejected mountainous
quantities of lunar rock into piles rising 5 kilometers or more…
depression
hole
example: Rays of material ejected from these young” depressions
erosional
caused or created by erosion (= damage to soil, stone, etc. by waves, rain, or wind)
example: erosional forces would have long since obliterated it…
obliterate
destroy
example: erosional forces would have long since obliterated it…
flurry
a sudden, short period of activity, excitement, or interest
example: where a flurry of technological and social
innovations…
demographic
relating to demography (= the study of populations and the different groups that make them up)
example: what is known as “the demographic transition”…
substantially
to a large degree
example: both decline substantially
coincided
to happen at or near the same time
example: its associated population
boom coincided with the onset of the Industrial Revolution…
unprecedent
never having happened or existed in the past
example: a period of
historically unprecedented economic change…
cumulative
increasing as each new amount is added or as each new fact or condition is considered
example: The cumulative effect of these changes
was profound
bolster
to support or improve something or make it stronger
example: bolstered by better access to formal and informal education…
