TPO72

Question 1

invade

Answer 1

to enter a place in large numbers, usually when unwanted and in order to take possession or do damage
example: Invading Algae

Question 2

exotic

Answer 2

unusual and specially interesting because of coming from a country that is far away
example: exotic species are an escalating threat to biodiversity

Question 3

irrevocably

Answer 3

in a way that is impossible to change
example: can displace native ones and irrevocably alter ecosystems

Question 4

marine

Answer 4

related to the sea or sea transport
example: when Dr. Alexandre Meinesz, a marine biologist at the University of Nice in France, learned that this exotic alga

Question 5

mutant

Answer 5

an organism that is different from others of its type because of a permanent change in its genes
example: discovered that a mutant variety of C. taxifolia was dumped into the Mediterranean with other aquarium refuse by the prestigious

Question 6

prestigious

Answer 6

very much respected and admired, usually because of being important
example: discovered that a mutant variety of C. taxifolia was dumped into the Mediterranean with other aquarium refuse by the prestigious

Question 7

amateur

Answer 7

a person who takes part in an activity for pleasure, not as a job
example: attention of amateur and professional aquarists for its exceptional beauty and hardiness

Question 8

hardiness

Answer 8

the ability to bear extreme conditions or difficult situations
example: attention of amateur and professional aquarists for its exceptional beauty and hardiness

Question 9

substrate

Answer 9

a substance or surface that an organism grows and lives on and is supported by
example: a variety of ocean substrates—sand,
mud, or rocks–and from near the surface

Question 10

elongate

Answer 10

to become or make something become longer, and often thinner
example: capable of elongating by 2 centimeters in a single

Question 11

frond

Answer 11

a long, thin leaf of a plant
example: forming a new frond every 2 days

Question 12

asexual

Answer 12

without sex or sexual organs
example: All of this growth is asexual.

Question 13

replicate

Answer 13

they make exact copies of themselves
example: s only male gametes in the Mediterranean and thus replicates only by
fragmentation

Question 14

fragmentation

Answer 14

a process in which an organism breaks into different parts, with each part growing into a complete new organism
example: only male gametes in the Mediterranean and thus replicates only by
fragmentation

Question 15

angiosperms

Answer 15

plants that produce flowers and bear their seeds in fruits
example: all other sea life such as marine angiosperms,

Question 16

infestations

Answer 16

a large number of animals and insects that carry disease, that are present where they are not wanted
example: Caulerpa infestations have also been found in southern Australia, in estuaries near Sydney and Adelaide

Question 17

estuary

Answer 17

the wide part of a river at the place where it joins the sea
example: Caulerpa infestations have also been found in southern Australia, in estuaries near Sydney and Adelaide.

Question 18

eradicate

Answer 18

to get rid of something completely or destroy something bad
example: Various methods have been tried to eradicate this deadly invader

Question 19

tarp

Answer 19

heavy waterproof cloth used as a covering
example: Black plastic tarps have been placed over the alga in an attempt to deprive

Question 20

deprive

Answer 20

to take something, especially something necessary or pleasant, away from someone
example: over the alga in an attempt to deprive it of life-giving sunlight

Question 21

incorporate

Answer 21

to include something as part of something larger
example: out of the leaves and incorporate the algal chloroplasts,

Question 22

unanimously

Answer 22

in a way that is agreed or supported by everyone in a group
example: were almost unanimously thought
to have volcanic origins

Question 23

postulate

Answer 23

to suggest a theory, idea
example: Hooke, who postulated in 1665 that they were formed by the impact of meteors

Question 24

fling something/someone out

Answer 24

to get rid of something you do not want
example: were formed from material flung out during the impact ejecta.

Question 25

impact

Answer 25

as noun : the force with which one thing hits another or with which two things hit each other
example: were formed from material flung out during the impact ejecta.

Question 26

ejecta

Answer 26

material that is forced or thrown out, especially as a result of volcanic eruption, meteoritic impact, or stellar explosion.
example: were formed from material flung out during the impact ejecta.

Question 27

intact

Answer 27

complete and in the original state
example: volcanic hypothesis remained intact

Question 28

fragment

Answer 28

a small piece or a part, especially when broken from something whole
example: preserve fragments of the original projectiles because they

Question 29

projectile

Answer 29

an object that is thrown or fired, esp. from a weapon
example: preserve fragments of the original projectiles because they

Question 30

rim

Answer 30

the outer, often curved or circular, edge of something
example: through the ejecta on the rim would pass through layers of the same material twice

Question 31

strata plural of stratum

Answer 31

a layer of rock, soil, or similar material
example: Shoemaker’s words, the strata appeared to “have been peeled back from the area of the
crater

Question 32

cement

Answer 32

as a verb : to attach firmly, or to cover with cement
At Meteor Crater, shattered target rocks are cemented together by glass at depths of 200-400 meters

Question 33

instantaneously

Answer 33

in a way that happens immediately, without any delay
example: because the pressure is applied almost instantaneously, it is referred
to as shock pressure.

Question 34

swath

Answer 34

a strip or belt, or a long area of something
example: Greece over a large swath of southwestern Asia and northern Africa

Question 35

resurgence

Answer 35

a new increase of activity or interest in a particular subject or idea that had been forgotten for some time
example: these new kingdoms was the resurgence of monarchy, which had many repercussions

Question 36

monarchy

Answer 36

a country that has a king or queen
example: these new kingdoms was the resurgence of monarchy, which had many repercussions

Question 37

repercussion

Answer 37

the effect that an action, event, or decision has on something, especially a bad effect
example: these new kingdoms was the resurgence of monarchy, which had many repercussions

Question 38

polis

Answer 38

a city-state in ancient Greece
example: loyalty that Greeks had once
felt for the polis.

Question 39

grind to a halt

Answer 39

to stop slowly
example: Otherwise royal business would grind to a halt

Question 40

civilized

Answer 40

A civilized society or country has a well developed system of government, culture, and way of life and that treats the people who live there fairly
example: civilized life was unthinkable without the polis

Question 41

mere

Answer 41

Used to emphasize that something is not large or important
example: far more than a
mere city

Question 42

autonomous

Answer 42

independent and having the power to make your own decisions
example: was by definition autonomous state run by its citizens, free of any outside power or restraint

Question 43

sovereignty

Answer 43

the power of a country to control its own government
example: refused to grant sovereignty to
their cities

Question 44

trappings

Answer 44

all the things that are part of or typical of a particular job, situation, or event
example: monarchs gave their cities all the external trappings of a polis

Question 45

wage

Answer 45

as verb: to fight a war or organize a series of activities in order to achieve something
example: or wage their own wars

Question 46

sovereign

Answer 46

a king or queen
example: was the real sovereign

Question 47

welfare

Answer 47

help given, esp. money, by a government to people who are poor and who do not have jobs
example: were important parts of the kingdom, but the welfare of the whole
kingdom came first

Question 48

disparity

Answer 48

a lack of equality or similarity, especially in a way that is not fair
example: In some instances this disparity spurred natives to assimilate
Greek culture

Question 49

spur

Answer 49

to encourage an activity or development or make it happen faster
example: In some instances this disparity spurred natives to assimilate
Greek culture

Question 50

assimilate

Answer 50

to become part of a group, country, society, etc., or to make someone or something become part of a group, country, society, etc.
In some instances this disparity spurred natives to assimilate
Greek culture

Question 51

homogeneous

Answer 51

consisting of parts or people that are similar to each other or are of the same type
example:The Hellenistic city was not
homogeneous and could not spark the intensity of feeling that marked the polis

Question 52

mime

Answer 52

the act of using movements of your hands and body, and expressions on your face, without speech, to communicate emotions and actions or to tell a story
example: sign language, gestures, or miming

Question 53

deliberate

Answer 53

(often of something bad) intentional or planned
example: but we can give deliberate
signals with our bodies as well

Question 54

invade

Answer 54

to enter a place by force, often in large numbers
Invading someone’s space can be a way
of intentionally signaling aggression

Question 55

divergence

Answer 55

the situation in which two things become different
example: we would expect divergence
among the cultures of the world

Question 56

musculature

Answer 56

the position and structure of the muscles
example: elaborate overlapping musculature in the facial region

Question 57

locomotion

Answer 57

the ability to move
example: skeletal locomotion

Question 58

monopoly

Answer 58

something that is controlled by one person or group and not shared by others
example: mammals have the monopoly on facial expressions

Question 59

co-opt

Answer 59

divert to or use in a role different from the usual or original one
example: have discovered that a
muscle group that was originally located in the throat was co-opted and
relocated to the face