TPO73

Question 1

penetration

Answer 1

a movement into or through something or someone
example: available to plants are structures that make penetration by predators difficult

Question 2

impale

Answer 2

to push a sharp object through something, especially the body of an animal or person
example: , which may trap, impale, or fence out insects and discourage browsing by vertebrate herbivores

Question 3

vertebrate

Answer 3

having a spine
example: discourage browsing by vertebrate herbivores

Question 4

embryo

Answer 4

an animal that is developing either in its mother’s womb or in an egg, or a plant that is developing in a seed
example: , the seedling embryo is sealed in, never to germinate

Question 5

germinate

Answer 5

to start growing, or to cause a seed to start growing
example: , the seedling embryo is sealed in, never to germinate

Question 6

predation

Answer 6

the fact that an animal hunts, kills, and eats other animals
example: turned seed predation into a mechanism for seed dispersal

Question 7

dispersal

Answer 7

the action of spreading across or moving away over a large area, or of making people or things do this
example: turned seed predation into a mechanism for seed dispersal

Question 8

graze

Answer 8

to (cause animals to) eat grass
example: such apparent defensive structures against grazing herbivores

Question 9

spinescent

Answer 9

becoming spiny
example: experimentally the effects of plant spinescent

Question 10

ungulate

Answer 10

having hooves
example: and the Boer goat, a domestic
ungulate

Question 11

hand-reared

Answer 11

A hand-reared animal has been fed and cared for by a human since it was very young
example: The experimenters hand reared the antelope from calves to allow

Question 12

foliage

Answer 12

the leaves of a plant or tree, or leaves on the stems or branches on which they are growing
example: researchers visually estimated the relative loss of foliage from
browsing

Question 13

palatable

Answer 13

food or drink that has pleasant taste
example: , than those of other palatable plant species

Question 14

compensate

Answer 14

to take the place of something useful or needed with something else of similar value
example: straight-throne species, kudu compensated partially for their slow eating rates by spending more time gathering the leaves

Question 15

crude

Answer 15

in a natural or unfinished state, especially before being treated in an industrial process
example: armed species had a higher crude protein to their foliage

Question 16

incur

Answer 16

to experience something, usually something unpleasant, as a result of actions you have taken
example: . In addition, the animals may incur scar tissue in the esophagus and scratches in the mouth and throat.

Question 17

medieval

Answer 17

related to the Middle Ages (= the period in European history from about AD 600 to AD 1500)
example: Most medieval African
societies south of the Sahara

Question 18

confine

Answer 18

to limit
example: languages were confined mainly to Ethiopia, to Sudan, and to the maritime cities

Question 19

maritime

Answer 19

near the sea or coast
example: languages were confined mainly to Ethiopia, to Sudan, and to the maritime cities

Question 20

preserve

Answer 20

to keep something as it is, especially in order to prevent it from decaying or being damaged or destroyed
example: ,old papers are preserved only with great difficulty, for white ants

Question 21

memoirs

Answer 21

a written record of a usually famous person’s own life and experiences
example: the memoirs of a king of the Luba

Question 22

peculiar

Answer 22

unusual and strange
example: , administrative files have a peculiar value denied to other written records

Question 23

memorandum

Answer 23

a written report prepared especially for a person or group of people and containing information about a particular matter
example: make official memorandums, communiques ,and such more reliable

Question 24

communique

Answer 24

an official piece of news or an announcement, especially to the public or newspapers
example: make official memorandums ,communiques, and such more reliable

Question 25

deceive

Answer 25

to persuade someone that something false is the truth, or to keep the truth hidden from someone for your own advantage
example: hardly ever wrote in order to deceive posterity

Question 26

posterity

Answer 26

the people who will exist in the future
example: hardly ever wrote in order to deceive posterity

Question 27

authenticity

Answer 27

the quality of being real or true
example: unusual degree of authenticity

Question 28

speculative

Answer 28

based on a guess and not on information
example: accurately except by speculative extrapolations from literate cultures

Question 29

extrapolation

Answer 29

the process of using information that is already known to guess or think about what might happen
example: accurately except by speculative extrapolations from literate cultures

Question 30

conjecture

Answer 30

a guess about something based on how it seems and not on proof
example: literate cultures or by conjectures determined to a large extent by our own cultural preconceptions

Question 31

indigenous

Answer 31

native
example: with information from indigenous traditions and folklore

Question 32

genealogical

Answer 32

related to the history of the past and present members of a family or families
example: genealogical tables, and personal reminiscences

Question 33

reminiscences

Answer 33

Your reminiscences are the experiences you remember from the past, often written in a book
example: genealogical tables, and personal reminiscences

Question 34

elicit

Answer 34

to obtain something, esp. information or a reaction
example: necessarily elicit the same information

Question 35

dwell on something

Answer 35

to keep thinking or talking about something, especially something bad or unpleasant
example: who dwell on the Lua pula River, are, for instance, very interested in their own past

Question 36

substratum

Answer 36

something important from which something else develops, but that is not immediately obvious
example: they help them pose new questions, and they tell them a great deal concerning a
people’s culture; they also provide a substratum of fact.

Question 37

corroboration

Answer 37

the act of proving an account, statement, idea, etc. with new information
example: like all other forms of evidence, always stand in need of corroboration and
can never be accepted on the basis of their own authority.

Question 38

conventional

Answer 38

traditional and ordinary
example: difficult to interpret, and the conventional historian’s intellectual tools may often prove inadequate for the task

Question 39

terrestrial

Answer 39

relating to the earth
example: stars with densities greater than any known terrestrial
material

Question 40

dim

Answer 40

not giving or having much light
example: it will slowly become cooler and
dimmer

Question 41

luminosity

Answer 41

the state of producing or reflecting bright light; the state of appearing to shine
example: their small size would greatly limit their luminosity

Question 42

beacon

Answer 42

a light that acts as a signal or warning
example: Earth happened to be in the path of this beacon

Question 43

pulsar

Answer 43

a very small dense (= heavy in relation to its size) star that sends out radio waves
example: that radiates short pulses of radio energy, called a pulsar

Question 44

immense

Answer 44

extremely large in size or degree
example: their gravity would be so immense that even light could not escape the surface

Question 45

emit

Answer 45

to send out a beam, noise, smell, or gas
example: Theory predicts that as matter is pulled into a black hole, it should become very hot and emit a flood of x-rays before being engulfed.

Question 46

engulf

Answer 46

to surround and cover something or someone completely
example: Theory predicts that as matter is pulled into a black hole, it should become very hot and emit a flood of x-rays before being engulfed