Toxicology (farm)

Question 1

General Tx

Answer 1

Remove source
Limit absorption
Quicken elimination
Symptomatic/ Supportive
Specific antidotes

Question 2

Lead poisoning

Answer 2

Ac - young calves
death in 24hr of sudden toxicity
CS - tremors, hyper°C, convulsions
other neuro signs
SubAc - live for days
Chr - lambs on high Pb soil
nephrosis, ill thrift, gait Abn
Dx - CS, Heparin (bloods)
Tx - chelation, support
Prv

Question 3

Cu poisoning

Answer 3

Chronic sheep, pig manure
CS - sudden, depressed, jaundice
ataxia
PM - carcass pale and jaundice
Dx - Hx, PM, kidney [Cu] confirms
Tx - support, Molybdenum
antagonist

Question 4

Selenium poisoning

Answer 4

Ac toxicosis, excess supplement
CS - CV and Ur damage
none-specific CS
PM - subcut haemorrhages,
straw pericardial fluid
Dx - elevated in liver and heart
No tx

Question 5

Anticoagulant rodenticides

Answer 5

Tissue residues last
CS- anaemic, weak, norm°C

Question 6

Nitrate and nitrite

Answer 6

Rumen bugs
Nitrate>nitrite>NH4>Bac Protein
Accumulation nitrate absorbed
-Hb to methemaglobin (no O2)
CS - anoxia, resp struggle
Dx - plasma protein bound nitrite
blood discoloured
Tx - methylene blue
Plants - docks, fat hen

Question 7

Botulism

Answer 7

Broiler litter fertiliser
CS - dead, flaccid paralysis
Dx - CS, PM - botulism toxin test
Prv-
Care with litter, Animal ByPro Order

Question 8

Mycotoxins

Answer 8

Less crop yield
Product rejection
Poor animal performance
Increased health issues
Dx - not many tests
Tx - depends on source
Prv best

Question 9

Mycotoxin controls

Answer 9

Grain dried to right moisture
Prevent silage O2 exp
Avoid silage wrap Dam
Keep straw dry
Clean crop storage areas

Question 10

Aflatoxins - myco

Answer 10

Aspergillus (corn)
Carcinogenic
CS - hepatic Dz, less intake/ yield
Tx - remove source

Question 11

Deoxynivalenol - myco

Answer 11

Fusarium
CS - low intake and yield
D+, V+, imm sup.
Tx - remove source

Question 12

Zearalenone

Answer 12

Fusarium, high temps, pigs
Cs - hyperestrogenism,
nymphomania
Dx - Cs, Hx

Question 13

Facial Eczema

Answer 13

Sporidesmin from Pithomyces chartarum in leaf litter (humid, warm)
Cs - ill thrift, low fertility
Dx - Serum GGT
Oral Zn pre Exp

Question 14

Ryegrass Staggers

Answer 14

Lolittrem from
Acremonium loliae
Cs - neuro, tremor head and neck

Question 15

Ergotism

Answer 15

Alkaloids by Claviceps purpurea
Rye
CS - peripheral capi Dam
gangrenous lower legs

Question 16

Ragwort

Answer 16

Alkaloids
Hepatotoxicity
Carcinogen
Residue in foodchain

Question 17

Bluebell

Answer 17

Alkaloids
GI pain, V&D
Bloat, hard dry faeces

Question 18

Brassica

Answer 18

Problems in high vol
SMCO - haemolysis, jaundice, Hburia
Nitrates
Goitres
Dx - Hx, blood smears

Question 19

Other plants

Answer 19

Clovers
Linseed
Potatoes
Onions

Question 20

St John’s Wart

Answer 20

Hepatotoxicity
Photosensitisation
CS - erythema, swelling (white area)
Tx - move to shade, AnFlamms,
liver support

Question 21

Rhodedendron

Answer 21

Ruminant projectile vomit
Activated charcoal
Problem with pet goats

Question 22

Oak

Answer 22

GI signs - black tarry poo, haemuria
PME - GI ulcers, nephritis, hepatitis
Pigs more resistant

Question 23

Bracken

Answer 23

Bright blindness in upland sheep
Cattle - haematuria, pancytopaenia
Bladder wall tumour (beef)
Pigs - thiamine def, Hrt enlargae
Dx - Hx, CS, bloods

Question 24

Yew

Answer 24

Still in mouth when dead
CV

Question 25

Hemlock

Answer 25

Oenanthotoxin
CS- sudden death, nervous signs
Dx - grows in ditches, hx, found in rumen