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Neurology > Ruminant GI > Flashcards

Ruminant GI Flashcards

1
Q

Vagal indigestion Aet

A

Aet - complication of traumatic reticuloperitonitis
- Vagus N injury
-Dr V achalasia of reticulo omasal orifice (bloat)
- pyloric branch V, achalasia of pylorus (abomasal impaction)
- reticular injury
Actinobacillosis, late preg

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2
Q

Vagal indigestion

A

Not always gross lesion
Reticular adhesions
Extensive inflammation (low motility)
Hx - traumatic reticulitis

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3
Q

VI pathogenesis

A

Disturbance in rumen/ pylorus outflow
Alteration in motility
Findings
-Chr inappetence/ BCS loss
Tx - rumen lavage, PTS

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4
Q

LDA epi

A

Dairy high yield and [] diet
1°abomasal atony
- Excess abomasal VFA
-infl. cytokines inh. motility

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5
Q

LDA RF

A

Early lactation
Housed
Imbalanced fibre and []
Ass ketosis & FMS
Low Ca
Inflammatory Dz
Investigate - nutrition, housing, comfort, other Dz

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6
Q

LDA

A

CS - low milk yield (slow), ketosis, selective appetite,<1m of calving
Ddx - VI, peritonitis, gas in rumen
Ping noise

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7
Q

Abomasal sounds

A

Spontaneouss gurgling
Flick rib - resonant ping
Absence rumen sounds over DA
Fat - no sound

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8
Q

Rolling

A

1- cast - R lat recumbent, roll dorsal, roll to L lat, ping to see if moved
2- good quality forage
50% success

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9
Q

Toggling

A

Places sutures where abomasum naturally lies
Ample people needed

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10
Q

LDA Sx Tx

A

L or R approach, 2 operators
R paramedian approach - cow cast
L to R

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11
Q

Sx technique (both sided)

A

Paravertebral
Incision
From both sides decompress Abomasum
Push to midline
Pull up to R incision
Omentopexy

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12
Q

Ventral abdominal paramedian

A

Sedation/ full GA
Dorsal
Line Block
Incise where abomasum is norm
Locate
Cat gut suture through its wall and peritoneum and Abd wall

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13
Q

LDA laproscopic sx

A

Less invasive
Costs of training and equipment
Toggling inside outwards

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14
Q

RDA Aet

A

Similar to LDA but less common
Progression
-dilation/ distension
-displacement
-torsion

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15
Q

RDA pathogenesis

A

Dilation and displacement
-caudal right, dilation lasts 3d
Metabolic sequelae
-pooling H+ and Cl-
-metabolic alkalosis
Dehydration
Torsion sequelae
-mucosal damage, cytokines
-metabolic acidosis, dehydration

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16
Q

Dilation and displacement phase

A

Inappetent
Less faeces
Dehydrated
Tachycardia
Pale MM
Doughy rumen
Less rumen turnover
Ping
Tense viscus cranial per rectum

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17
Q

RDA tx

A

Dil/displaced -
Medical-
Ca
Metoclopramide
Duscopan
Sx - drain and replace

Torsion-
Slaughter/ Sx

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18
Q

Prevention (RDA)

A

Better dry cow management

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19
Q

Intestinal conditions

A

Sudden milk drop
Anorexia
Ruminal stasis
Abdominal pain (flank kick)
Minimal faeces
Palpation loops of intestines per rectum
Mild R bloat

20
Q

Intestinal Ddx

A

Obstruction
Foreign body
Intestinal volvulus
Intussusception
Neoplasia
Jejunal haemorrhage syndrome
Peritonitis
Acidosis

21
Q

Intestinal Dx

A

CS - Abd discomfort
Palpation per rectum
US
Peritoneal tap
PM

22
Q

Intestinal Sx indications

A

Rapidity of deterioration
Response to analgesia
Severity of distension
CV status
Blood lactate

23
Q

Jejunal Haemorrhagic syndrome

A

Aet - C perf A
Anorexia and lethargy
Massage clots to move them on
Med/ Sx (Sx not successful)

24
Q

Caecal dilation and volvulus

A

Dairy cow in first months of lactation
Inappetent, reduced yield
Ping in dorso-caudal right sublumbar fossa.
Rectally: Distended, recognisable viscus into the pelvis.

25
Q

Caecal dilation and volvulus
Clinical findings

A

V - blind end rotated Cr, body distended
Tor - can be in V, twists longitudinally
Clinical findings (dil)-
Anorexia, mild Abd discomfort, lower yield, less faeces
Clinical findings (Tor) -
Above + dehydration, tachycardia and Abd pain

26
Q

Caecal dilation and volvulus
Examination
Tx

A

Per rectum -
-Distention - long movable cylinder
-Volvulus- Points Cr and lat
Tx-
Med - good hay, TLC, monitor
Sx - caecotomy
Purse string suture
Small incision
Milk contents out
POst op - Ab, long fibre, TLC

27
Q

Summary

A

Simple dilation
-not serious, observe
Volvulus
-serious, Sx, necro of caecum
Twist
- occurs in volvulus, Sx

28
Q

Abomasal ulcers

A

Mature cattle
Acute abomasal haemorrhage
Melena
Perforation > acute peritonitis
Often incidental slaughter finding

29
Q

Abomasum ulcer causes

A

Lactating dairy-
Early lactation
Stress, high levels of grain
Mature bulls-
Stress
Handfed calves-
Weaning
2°-
LDA
RDA
Vagal indigestion

30
Q

Abomasal ulcer pathogenesis and types

A

Injury to gastric mucosa
Diffusion of H+ ions into tissue
Damage
T1-
-Non perforating, minimal intra-lumen bleeds
T2-
-major blood vessel perforates, severe loss, melena
T3-
-perforation, acute peritonitis (local)
T4-
-perforation and diffuse peritonitis
Calves - pyloric ulceration
Cattle - fundic ulceration

31
Q

Ulcer clinical findings

A

Abd pain
Melena
Pale MM
Sudden anorexia
Tachycardia
Hypovolaemia (perforation)

32
Q

Ulcer Tx

A

Magnesium oxide
Blood transfusion (haematocrit <12%)
Midline Sx over sew/excise

33
Q

Ruminal tympany (Bloat) general

A

Accumulation of gas sufficient to change rumen contour
Visible distension
T1 - free gas, less common, obst./ unable to eructate
T2 - frothy, stable foam on top of rumen, blocks gaseous release

34
Q

Bloat CS

A

CS-
Distended left Abd
Painful - reluctant to move/ eat
Resp distress
Can cause rapid death when recumbent

35
Q

Free gas bloat

A

Oesophageal obstruction
- FB/ 2° to Chr pneumonia
Rumino reticular motility compromise
Cast

36
Q

Frothy bloat

A

More common c.f. free gas
On alfalfa pasture, lots ground grain
Rapid digestion in rumen forming fine particles trapping gas

37
Q

Rumen tympany Dx, Tx

A

Dx - Hx (diet), Cs
Tx - free gas
Pass stomach tube
Trochar - emergency taut rumen
Chr bloat - rumen fistula
Tx - frothy bloat
Pass stomach tube, trochar
Dose w/ surfactant and exercise

38
Q

Oesophageal obstruction

A

Signs - unable to swallow, regurg, drool, bloat
Aet- intra luminal (root veg), extra luminal (mediastinal abscessation)
Tx - starve, sedate, buscopan, flunixin
Manual removal
Trocharise rumen to relieve bloat
Feed v. tube

39
Q

Traumatic reticulitis Hx

A

Sudden milk drop
Hunched appearance
Stiff gait
Inappetent
Fed TMR
Reticulum 6-8th rib

40
Q

Rumen reticulum cycle

A

3 contractions / 2min
1° -
Biphasic
Mixing cycle
Contraction of reticulum
Contraction of rumen
2° -
Rumen contraction
Starts in caudal rumen
Pushes gas to cardia
Eructation

41
Q

Traumatic reticulitis Dx

A

Eric Williams test - listen over trachea
Withers Pinch - Abd pain
Faeces - stiffer w/ long fibre

42
Q

Eric Williams test

A

1° cycle:
◼ Place right hand in left sub lumbarfossa.
◼ Stethoscope over trachea
◼ Feel contraction.
◼ No eructation.
2° cycle.
◼Feel the contraction.
◼Observe the eructation.
There is pain on reticular contraction:
◼ 3 scenarios:
1. Reduction in 1° cycles
2. Grunt immediately prior to 1° .
3. Breath holding prior to 1° .
4. Very subtle

43
Q

Causes of traumatic reticulitis

A

Tyres falling into feeder wagons
Nails
Old fencing wire

44
Q

Traumatic reticulitis

A

Sudden onset – drop in yield
39.5°C
Reduced rumen contractions.
Eric Williams test.
◼ Reduced number of 10 contractions
◼ +ve early on
◼ -ve later on
◼ lesion walled off
Hunched up
◼ Adducted elbows
Inappetant , dull, depressed.

45
Q

Traumatic pericarditis

A

Very ill
Washing machine heart sounds
Heart failure
Distended jugular
Submandibular oedema

46
Q

Exlap

A

Left submandibular fossa
Incise
Palpate Abd
Exteriorise cranial Rumen
Bone pin anchor
Sterile towel seal
Incise rumen
Locate reticulum
Search for FB
Check for more FB
Close - cushing/ lembert

47
Q

Exlap after care

A

Ab
NSAIDs
Return to milk yield
Magnets for others
Don’t use tyres

Neurology (21 decks)

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