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Neurology > Ruminant GI > Flashcards

Ruminant GI Flashcards

1
Q

Vagal indigestion Aet

A

Aet - complication of traumatic reticuloperitonitis
- Vagus N injury
-Dr V achalasia of reticulo omasal orifice (bloat)
- pyloric branch V, achalasia of pylorus (abomasal impaction)
- reticular injury
Actinobacillosis, late preg

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2
Q

Vagal indigestion

A

Not always gross lesion
Reticular adhesions
Extensive inflammation (low motility)
Hx - traumatic reticulitis

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3
Q

VI pathogenesis

A

Disturbance in rumen/ pylorus outflow
Alteration in motility
Findings
-Chr inappetence/ BCS loss
Tx - rumen lavage, PTS

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4
Q

LDA epi

A

Dairy high yield and [] diet
1°abomasal atony
- Excess abomasal VFA
-infl. cytokines inh. motility

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5
Q

LDA RF

A

Early lactation
Housed
Imbalanced fibre and []
Ass ketosis & FMS
Low Ca
Inflammatory Dz
Investigate - nutrition, housing, comfort, other Dz

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6
Q

LDA

A

CS - low milk yield (slow), ketosis, selective appetite,<1m of calving
Ddx - VI, peritonitis, gas in rumen
Ping noise

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7
Q

Abomasal sounds

A

Spontaneouss gurgling
Flick rib - resonant ping
Absence rumen sounds over DA
Fat - no sound

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8
Q

Rolling

A

1- cast - R lat recumbent, roll dorsal, roll to L lat, ping to see if moved
2- good quality forage
50% success

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9
Q

Toggling

A

Places sutures where abomasum naturally lies
Ample people needed

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10
Q

LDA Sx Tx

A

L or R approach, 2 operators
R paramedian approach - cow cast
L to R

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11
Q

Sx technique (both sided)

A

Paravertebral
Incision
From both sides decompress Abomasum
Push to midline
Pull up to R incision
Omentopexy

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12
Q

Ventral abdominal paramedian

A

Sedation/ full GA
Dorsal
Line Block
Incise where abomasum is norm
Locate
Cat gut suture through its wall and peritoneum and Abd wall

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13
Q

LDA laproscopic sx

A

Less invasive
Costs of training and equipment
Toggling inside outwards

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14
Q

RDA Aet

A

Similar to LDA but less common
Progression
-dilation/ distension
-displacement
-torsion

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15
Q

RDA pathogenesis

A

Dilation and displacement
-caudal right, dilation lasts 3d
Metabolic sequelae
-pooling H+ and Cl-
-metabolic alkalosis
Dehydration
Torsion sequelae
-mucosal damage, cytokines
-metabolic acidosis, dehydration

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16
Q

Dilation and displacement phase

A

Inappetent
Less faeces
Dehydrated
Tachycardia
Pale MM
Doughy rumen
Less rumen turnover
Ping
Tense viscus cranial per rectum

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17
Q

RDA tx

A

Dil/displaced -
Medical-
Ca
Metoclopramide
Duscopan
Sx - drain and replace

Torsion-
Slaughter/ Sx

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18
Q

Prevention (RDA)

A

Better dry cow management

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19
Q

Intestinal conditions

A

Sudden milk drop
Anorexia
Ruminal stasis
Abdominal pain (flank kick)
Minimal faeces
Palpation loops of intestines per rectum
Mild R bloat

20
Q

Intestinal Ddx

A

Obstruction
Foreign body
Intestinal volvulus
Intussusception
Neoplasia
Jejunal haemorrhage syndrome
Peritonitis
Acidosis

21
Q

Intestinal Dx

A

CS - Abd discomfort
Palpation per rectum
US
Peritoneal tap
PM

22
Q

Intestinal Sx indications

A

Rapidity of deterioration
Response to analgesia
Severity of distension
CV status
Blood lactate

23
Q

Jejunal Haemorrhagic syndrome

A

Aet - C perf A
Anorexia and lethargy
Massage clots to move them on
Med/ Sx (Sx not successful)

24
Q

Caecal dilation and volvulus

A

Dairy cow in first months of lactation
Inappetent, reduced yield
Ping in dorso-caudal right sublumbar fossa.
Rectally: Distended, recognisable viscus into the pelvis.

25
Caecal dilation and volvulus Clinical findings
V - blind end rotated Cr, body distended Tor - can be in V, twists longitudinally Clinical findings (dil)- Anorexia, mild Abd discomfort, lower yield, less faeces Clinical findings (Tor) - Above + dehydration, tachycardia and Abd pain
26
Caecal dilation and volvulus Examination Tx
Per rectum - -Distention - long movable cylinder -Volvulus- Points Cr and lat Tx- Med - good hay, TLC, monitor Sx - caecotomy Purse string suture Small incision Milk contents out POst op - Ab, long fibre, TLC
27
Summary
Simple dilation -not serious, observe Volvulus -serious, Sx, necro of caecum Twist - occurs in volvulus, Sx
28
Abomasal ulcers
Mature cattle Acute abomasal haemorrhage Melena Perforation > acute peritonitis Often incidental slaughter finding
29
Abomasum ulcer causes
Lactating dairy- Early lactation Stress, high levels of grain Mature bulls- Stress Handfed calves- Weaning 2°- LDA RDA Vagal indigestion
30
Abomasal ulcer pathogenesis and types
Injury to gastric mucosa Diffusion of H+ ions into tissue Damage T1- -Non perforating, minimal intra-lumen bleeds T2- -major blood vessel perforates, severe loss, melena T3- -perforation, acute peritonitis (local) T4- -perforation and diffuse peritonitis Calves - pyloric ulceration Cattle - fundic ulceration
31
Ulcer clinical findings
Abd pain Melena Pale MM Sudden anorexia Tachycardia Hypovolaemia (perforation)
32
Ulcer Tx
Magnesium oxide Blood transfusion (haematocrit <12%) Midline Sx over sew/excise
33
Ruminal tympany (Bloat) general
Accumulation of gas sufficient to change rumen contour Visible distension T1 - free gas, less common, obst./ unable to eructate T2 - frothy, stable foam on top of rumen, blocks gaseous release
34
Bloat CS
CS- Distended left Abd Painful - reluctant to move/ eat Resp distress Can cause rapid death when recumbent
35
Free gas bloat
Oesophageal obstruction - FB/ 2° to Chr pneumonia Rumino reticular motility compromise Cast
36
Frothy bloat
More common c.f. free gas On alfalfa pasture, lots ground grain Rapid digestion in rumen forming fine particles trapping gas
37
Rumen tympany Dx, Tx
Dx - Hx (diet), Cs Tx - free gas Pass stomach tube Trochar - emergency taut rumen Chr bloat - rumen fistula Tx - frothy bloat Pass stomach tube, trochar Dose w/ surfactant and exercise
38
Oesophageal obstruction
Signs - unable to swallow, regurg, drool, bloat Aet- intra luminal (root veg), extra luminal (mediastinal abscessation) Tx - starve, sedate, buscopan, flunixin Manual removal Trocharise rumen to relieve bloat Feed v. tube
39
Traumatic reticulitis Hx
Sudden milk drop Hunched appearance Stiff gait Inappetent Fed TMR Reticulum 6-8th rib
40
Rumen reticulum cycle
3 contractions / 2min 1° - Biphasic Mixing cycle Contraction of reticulum Contraction of rumen 2° - Rumen contraction Starts in caudal rumen Pushes gas to cardia Eructation
41
Traumatic reticulitis Dx
Eric Williams test - listen over trachea Withers Pinch - Abd pain Faeces - stiffer w/ long fibre
42
Eric Williams test
1° cycle: ◼ Place right hand in left sub lumbarfossa. ◼ Stethoscope over trachea ◼ Feel contraction. ◼ No eructation. 2° cycle. ◼Feel the contraction. ◼Observe the eructation. There is pain on reticular contraction: ◼ 3 scenarios: 1. Reduction in 1° cycles 2. Grunt immediately prior to 1° . 3. Breath holding prior to 1° . 4. Very subtle
43
Causes of traumatic reticulitis
Tyres falling into feeder wagons Nails Old fencing wire
44
Traumatic reticulitis
Sudden onset – drop in yield 39.5°C Reduced rumen contractions. Eric Williams test. ◼ Reduced number of 10 contractions ◼ +ve early on ◼ -ve later on ◼ lesion walled off Hunched up ◼ Adducted elbows Inappetant , dull, depressed.
45
Traumatic pericarditis
Very ill Washing machine heart sounds Heart failure Distended jugular Submandibular oedema
46
Exlap
Left submandibular fossa Incise Palpate Abd Exteriorise cranial Rumen Bone pin anchor Sterile towel seal Incise rumen Locate reticulum Search for FB Check for more FB Close - cushing/ lembert
47
Exlap after care
Ab NSAIDs Return to milk yield Magnets for others Don't use tyres

Neurology (25 decks)

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