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Neurology > Large animal lameness > Flashcards

Large animal lameness Flashcards

1
Q

Lameness causing lesions

A

90% foot lesions
Non infectious (Claw Horn Disruption Lesion)
-Sole haemorrhagic
-Sole ulcers
-White line lesions

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2
Q

Sole haemorrhage/ bruising

A

Contusion of corium
Pressure from pedal bone
External pressure when soles are thin

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3
Q

Sole ulcers

A

Worse manifestation of sole bruising
Disrupted sole horn production
Exposure of corium

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4
Q

CHDL aetiology

A

Excess movement from pedal bone
-calving/ inflammation
Digital cushion protects corium from trauma
-BCS, parity
Foot anatomy
-unbalanced weight bearing surface

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5
Q

SH/ SU Tx

A

Functional trimming
Block unaffected claw
NSAID

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6
Q

White line lesions

A

Separation
Poor aetiology
Ass. w/ shearing force on foot
Claw overload
Abscess formation
Tx
-functional trimming
-removed detached horns
-block unaffected claw
-NSAID

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7
Q

Corrective trimming

A

Remove loose undermined and necrotic tissue
Avoid peripheral corium damage
Adjust weight bearing

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8
Q

Risk factors (farm management)

A

Cow comfort
-Cubicles- bedding material, dimensions
Stocking density
-more standing time
Feed barrier space
Milk frequency/ duration
-walking and standing time
Floor surface
-concrete not ideal
Tracks
-muddy/ stones
Animal handling
Nutrition
Transition cow management
Heat stress

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9
Q

Risk factors (cow)

A

Foot shape/ overgrowth
Foot angle and heel depth
-sole thickness
Digital cushion
Genetics
BCS
-thin get lame, lame get thin
Digital cushion
-Raber, logue, mulling
Age/ parity
Calving
-weak claw suspensory apparatus

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10
Q

CHDL control

A

ID RF
Early Tx of clinical cases
Routine trimming
Transition and heifer management
Genetic selection
Monitor progress

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11
Q

Interdigital hyperplasia

A

Hereditary, chronic skin irritation
Sx removal under local ana

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12
Q

Toe ulcer

A

Ass. w/ over wear/ trimming
Can get infected/ Pth fractures
Block unaffected claw
Part/ full digital amputation

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13
Q

Vertical wall crack

A

Sandcrack
Not always painful
Exposed corium

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14
Q

Axial wall crack

A

Remove detached horn
Block healthy claw

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15
Q

Deep digital sepsis

A

Untreated foul/ abscess in foot
V. painful
Amputation

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16
Q

Retroarticular abscess

A

Abscess above heel bulb
Painful swelling of heel of single Digit
Amputation

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17
Q

Corkscrew claw

A

Dorsal edge of claw wall deviates from a straight line

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18
Q

Digital amputation indications

A

Distal interphalangeal joint deep digital sepsis
Retroarticular abscess
Non healing wall lesions
Toe necroses

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19
Q

Digital amputation methods

A

Disarticulation proximal interphalangeal joint
-wash and block foot
2 other methods

20
Q

Arthrodesis

A

Foot washed and disinfected
IV regional block

21
Q

Post op care

A

Dressing changes
AB
Analgesia

22
Q

Asymmetry

A

Atrophy
-disuse (pain), neuro

Swelling
-haematoma, inflammation, effusion

23
Q

Further Dx

A

Radiography
-bone integrity, joint effusion, ST swelling
US
-tendon, ligament integrity
Scintigraphy
Thermography

24
Q

Contracted tendons (FL)

A

If can be extended to tip toe-
Cast/ splint for 2-4wks
Change after 10d (growth)
If not-
Tendonectomy (Sx)

25
Q

Gastrocnemius rupture

A

Calves mainly (pallet flooring)
Similar stance to tibial nerve paralysis
-loss of sensation to differentiate

26
Q

Flexor tendon injury

A

Trauma
Clean
Tx
-Tenorrhaphy and cast
-Confine and block

27
Q

Cruciate ligament rupture

A

Dx
-Rule out lower limb
-Clicking sound
-Joint effusion, crepitus

28
Q

Patellar fixation

A

Adult steers?
Intermittent
Leg fixed in full extension (wear on dorsal horn)
Tx
- cut medial patellar ligament (both legs)

29
Q

Osteodystrophy

A

Rickets -> growing animals
Osteoporosis -> older animals
RF- imbalance Ca:P
Affects calcification and bone tissue formation
CS- stiffness, bone distortion, long bone F#
Dx- joint fluids, Bloods (low Ca)

30
Q

Hip dysplasia

A

Hereford, angus, galloway
Males <2yo
Stifle rotated out, hock in
Bilateral
Dorsal acetabulum and femoral head

31
Q

Osteochondrosis

A

Atlanto-occipital/ femoral/ patellar joints
Often bilateral
Focal necrosis, cartilage vessels
CS- low libido
Dx- young, little lame, little inflammed
Tx- box rest and NSAIDs

32
Q

Degenerative joint diseaes

A

Diffuse cartilage disease
DIJ in calves
Diffuse cartilage lesions

33
Q

Hip dislocation

A

Less anterior phase
Swelling greater trochanter
Tx- closed reduction

34
Q

Fractures

A

Trauma
Spontaneous - hypophosphataemia
Pathological - Dz
Restrain and splint (not above elbow/ stifle)
Transport - good legs forward, NSAID
Box rest - humerus/ femur
Amputation is tolerated
Cast (not spiral or open F#)
Open F# (ext. fixation)
Aftercare

35
Q

Fracture complication

A

Osteomyelitis
Ischaemic necrosis
Disuse atrophy/ osteodystrophy
Dislocation/ non union

36
Q

Septic arthritis

A

Haematogenous/ traumatic
Pathogens - T pyogens most common
Often polyarthritis
Dx- arthrocentesis (high white blood cells)
Tx- aggressive AB, NSAID
Sx- GA, lavage, arthroscopy
Discospondylitis

37
Q

Hygroma

A

Wide spread herd problem
Fluid filled sac
Clip, prep, drain

38
Q

Infectious causes of lameness

A

Digital dermatitis
Interdigital Phlegmon (foot foul)
Interdigital dermatitis
Heel horn erosion

39
Q

Digital dermatitis

A

Treponema (skin damage for baac entry)
Strawberry foot, Mortellaro Dz
CS- painful red area above digital cleft
Skin microbiome important
RF- env. (housing, hygiene), stocking density
-parity and recurrence
-1st lactation cow at high risk
-DD susceptibility heritable
Biosecurity- trimming, new arrivals
Tx- clean, dry, topical AB (oxytet)

40
Q

Footbaths

A

Milking herd, dry cows and youngstock
Formalin

41
Q

Foul in foot, foot rot, interdigital phlegmon, infectious pododermatitis

A

Fusobacterium necrophorum
Ac onset
Swelling above claw and foul odour
Painful
Tx- clean lesion, remove necrotic tissue, sys AB, NSAIDs

42
Q

Interdigital dermatitis

A

Milder infection of interdigital skin
Can spread across heal

43
Q

Pain pathways

A

Site damage
-release inflammatory mediators
Nociceptors
->Spinal pathways
->Brain
-Withdrawal reflex
-CV change
-conscious perception thalamus
-behaviour- limbic system

44
Q

Hyperalgesia

A

Long term condition
Longer nociception stimulation happens
> more nociceptor sensitivity

45
Q

Lameness CS

A

Motility
Not fully weight bearing on affect limb
Arching of spine
Nodding head
Short stride
Unwilling to walk
Lame animals can’t be transported

46
Q

Measuring welfare impact of lameness

A

Animal based measures
-mobility scoring
-Swellings
-Lesions
-BCS
-Cleanliness
Resource based welfare measure
-record lameness and Tx
-housing assessment
-nutrition

47
Q
A

Neurology (25 decks)

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