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Large animal lameness Flashcards

1
Q

Lameness causing lesions

A

90% foot lesions
Non infectious (Claw Horn Disruption Lesion)
-Sole haemorrhagic
-Sole ulcers
-White line lesions

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2
Q

Sole haemorrhage/ bruising

A

Contusion of corium
Pressure from pedal bone
External pressure when soles are thin

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3
Q

Sole ulcers

A

Worse manifestation of sole bruising
Disrupted sole horn production
Exposure of corium

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4
Q

CHDL aetiology

A

Excess movement from pedal bone
-calving/ inflammation
Digital cushion protects corium from trauma
-BCS, parity
Foot anatomy
-unbalanced weight bearing surface

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5
Q

SH/ SU Tx

A

Functional trimming
Block unaffected claw
NSAID

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6
Q

White line lesions

A

Separation
Poor aetiology
Ass. w/ shearing force on foot
Claw overload
Abscess formation
Tx
-functional trimming
-removed detached horns
-block unaffected claw
-NSAID

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7
Q

Corrective trimming

A

Remove loose undermined and necrotic tissue
Avoid peripheral corium damage
Adjust weight bearing

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8
Q

Risk factors (farm management)

A

Cow comfort
-Cubicles- bedding material, dimensions
Stocking density
-more standing time
Feed barrier space
Milk frequency/ duration
-walking and standing time
Floor surface
-concrete not ideal
Tracks
-muddy/ stones
Animal handling
Nutrition
Transition cow management
Heat stress

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9
Q

Risk factors (cow)

A

Foot shape/ overgrowth
Foot angle and heel depth
-sole thickness
Digital cushion
Genetics
BCS
-thin get lame, lame get thin
Digital cushion
-Raber, logue, mulling
Age/ parity
Calving
-weak claw suspensory apparatus

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10
Q

CHDL control

A

ID RF
Early Tx of clinical cases
Routine trimming
Transition and heifer management
Genetic selection
Monitor progress

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11
Q

Interdigital hyperplasia

A

Hereditary, chronic skin irritation
Sx removal under local ana

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12
Q

Toe ulcer

A

Ass. w/ over wear/ trimming
Can get infected/ Pth fractures
Block unaffected claw
Part/ full digital amputation

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13
Q

Vertical wall crack

A

Sandcrack
Not always painful
Exposed corium

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14
Q

Axial wall crack

A

Remove detached horn
Block healthy claw

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15
Q

Deep digital sepsis

A

Untreated foul/ abscess in foot
V. painful
Amputation

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16
Q

Retroarticular abscess

A

Abscess above heel bulb
Painful swelling of heel of single Digit
Amputation

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17
Q

Corkscrew claw

A

Dorsal edge of claw wall deviates from a straight line

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18
Q

Digital amputation indications

A

Distal interphalangeal joint deep digital sepsis
Retroarticular abscess
Non healing wall lesions
Toe necroses

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19
Q

Digital amputation methods

A

Disarticulation proximal interphalangeal joint
-wash and block foot
2 other methods

20
Q

Arthrodesis

A

Foot washed and disinfected
IV regional block

21
Q

Post op care

A

Dressing changes
AB
Analgesia

22
Q

Asymmetry

A

Atrophy
-disuse (pain), neuro

Swelling
-haematoma, inflammation, effusion

23
Q

Further Dx

A

Radiography
-bone integrity, joint effusion, ST swelling
US
-tendon, ligament integrity
Scintigraphy
Thermography

24
Q

Contracted tendons (FL)

A

If can be extended to tip toe-
Cast/ splint for 2-4wks
Change after 10d (growth)
If not-
Tendonectomy (Sx)

25
Gastrocnemius rupture
Calves mainly (pallet flooring) Similar stance to tibial nerve paralysis -loss of sensation to differentiate
26
Flexor tendon injury
Trauma Clean Tx -Tenorrhaphy and cast -Confine and block
27
Cruciate ligament rupture
Dx -Rule out lower limb -Clicking sound -Joint effusion, crepitus
28
Patellar fixation
Adult steers? Intermittent Leg fixed in full extension (wear on dorsal horn) Tx - cut medial patellar ligament (both legs)
29
Osteodystrophy
Rickets -> growing animals Osteoporosis -> older animals RF- imbalance Ca:P Affects calcification and bone tissue formation CS- stiffness, bone distortion, long bone F# Dx- joint fluids, Bloods (low Ca)
30
Hip dysplasia
Hereford, angus, galloway Males <2yo Stifle rotated out, hock in Bilateral Dorsal acetabulum and femoral head
31
Osteochondrosis
Atlanto-occipital/ femoral/ patellar joints Often bilateral Focal necrosis, cartilage vessels CS- low libido Dx- young, little lame, little inflammed Tx- box rest and NSAIDs
32
Degenerative joint diseaes
Diffuse cartilage disease DIJ in calves Diffuse cartilage lesions
33
Hip dislocation
Less anterior phase Swelling greater trochanter Tx- closed reduction
34
Fractures
Trauma Spontaneous - hypophosphataemia Pathological - Dz Restrain and splint (not above elbow/ stifle) Transport - good legs forward, NSAID Box rest - humerus/ femur Amputation is tolerated Cast (not spiral or open F#) Open F# (ext. fixation) Aftercare
35
Fracture complication
Osteomyelitis Ischaemic necrosis Disuse atrophy/ osteodystrophy Dislocation/ non union
36
Septic arthritis
Haematogenous/ traumatic Pathogens - T pyogens most common Often polyarthritis Dx- arthrocentesis (high white blood cells) Tx- aggressive AB, NSAID Sx- GA, lavage, arthroscopy Discospondylitis
37
Hygroma
Wide spread herd problem Fluid filled sac Clip, prep, drain
38
Infectious causes of lameness
Digital dermatitis Interdigital Phlegmon (foot foul) Interdigital dermatitis Heel horn erosion
39
Digital dermatitis
Treponema (skin damage for baac entry) Strawberry foot, Mortellaro Dz CS- painful red area above digital cleft Skin microbiome important RF- env. (housing, hygiene), stocking density -parity and recurrence -1st lactation cow at high risk -DD susceptibility heritable Biosecurity- trimming, new arrivals Tx- clean, dry, topical AB (oxytet)
40
Footbaths
Milking herd, dry cows and youngstock Formalin
41
Foul in foot, foot rot, interdigital phlegmon, infectious pododermatitis
Fusobacterium necrophorum Ac onset Swelling above claw and foul odour Painful Tx- clean lesion, remove necrotic tissue, sys AB, NSAIDs
42
Interdigital dermatitis
Milder infection of interdigital skin Can spread across heal
43
Pain pathways
Site damage -release inflammatory mediators Nociceptors ->Spinal pathways ->Brain -Withdrawal reflex -CV change -conscious perception thalamus -behaviour- limbic system
44
Hyperalgesia
Long term condition Longer nociception stimulation happens > more nociceptor sensitivity
45
Lameness CS
Motility Not fully weight bearing on affect limb Arching of spine Nodding head Short stride Unwilling to walk Lame animals can't be transported
46
Measuring welfare impact of lameness
Animal based measures -mobility scoring -Swellings -Lesions -BCS -Cleanliness Resource based welfare measure -record lameness and Tx -housing assessment -nutrition
47

Neurology (25 decks)

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