Lesson 1

Question 1

CSF analysis contraindications

Answer 1

↑ICP
clotting problems
Chiari-like malformation
AA instability or trauma

Question 2

Serology for infectious dz dogs

Answer 2

Neospora
Toxoplasma
CDV
Cryptococcus
Tick borne dz

Question 3

Serology for infectious dz cats

Answer 3

FIV
FeLV
FIP
Toxoplasma
Cryptococcus

Question 4

Myelography

Answer 4

IVDD
Guide surgery (which site and disc)
Neuro complications

Question 5

Computed tomography

Answer 5

Trauma
Acute IVDD in chondrodystrophic
Spinal stabilisation

Question 6

Immune mediated dz

Answer 6

Acetylcholine receptor antibodies titres
gold standard diagnostic tool for acquired Myasthenia Gravis
Type IIM antibodies titres gold standard for Masticatory Muscle Myositis

Question 7

Electromyography

Answer 7

records spontaneous muscle electrical activity
normal muscle at rest is electrically silent
destabilization of the muscle cell membrane results is spontaneous discharge
ID denervated/ damaged muscles

Question 8

Nerve conduction velocities

Answer 8

Evaluates peripheral nerve function
Calculated by stimulating nerve at least at 2
different points
Amplitude - Axons
Velocity - Myelin

Question 9

Repetitive nerve stimulation

Answer 9

Evaluates n-m junction
Series of 10 repetitions of stimulus
Myasthenia gravis

Question 10

Electroencephalography

Answer 10

Records spontaneous electrical activity in cerebral cortex
5-12 electrodes in head
Seizures / brain death

Question 11

Paroxysmal Dyskinesia
(movement disorder)

Answer 11

Recurrent involuntary movement without consciousness changing
Basal nuclei signalling abnormality
Idiopathic and genetic (CKCS)

Question 12

Other non seizures

Answer 12

Idiopathic head tremor (boxer)
Episodic muscle stiffness
Narcolepsy
Vestibular episodes

Question 13

Seizure = forebrain
Other forebrain signs

Answer 13

Contralateral proprioception deficits
Head turn/ circling towards lesion

Question 14

Seizure causes

Answer 14

Reactive - metabolic/ toxic
Idiopathic - no interictal neuro abnormalities (normal neuro outside of post ictal)
Structural - cerebral pathology (inflammation, neoplasm, trauma)

Question 15

Progression of deficits

Answer 15

Improve- vascular, trauma, toxin
Worsen- inflammation, metabolic (can be both), degenerative, neoplasm

Question 16

Lateralisation of deficit

Answer 16

Asymmetrical - Vascular, inflammation, trauma, metabolic, neoplasia
Symmetrical- Metabolic, toxin, hypoxia, degenerative

Question 17

Initial neuro assessment

Answer 17

Hx - description of episodes, non ictal changes
Exam - abn asym - structural lesion
abn sym - metabolic/
bilateral lesion
Bloods - extra cranial causes (bile
acid stim test
MRI/ CSF - if asym deficits

Question 18

Seizure tx

Answer 18

MOA - inhibition by facilitating GABA
Less excitatory transmission
Modulate cell membrane conductance
Phenobarbitone (GABA MOA)
Bromide (Cell mem) (NOT FOR CATS)
Imepitoin (GABA MOA)

Question 19

Emergency seizure management

Answer 19

Diazepam - IV
Phenobarbitone - IV (20min)
Ket
Propofol - abolish seizure signs

Question 20

Neuro grades

Answer 20

1 - pain (norm neck), no deficits
2 - ataxic paretic
3 - support needed for ambulation
4 - paralysis
5 - loss of pain perception

Question 21

Vertebral location

Answer 21

C1-5: norm to high TL and PL reflexes
C6-T2: less TL/ norm to high PL
T3-L3: norm TL/ norm to high PL
L4-S3: norm TL/ less PL

Question 22

Per acute presentations

Answer 22

Vascular - FCE (dog), Stroke (cats),
Trauma - Acute non compressive annulus pulposus extrusion
Supportive care and physio, no Sx

Question 23

Ischaemic myelopathies

Answer 23

SC blood supply interrupted
Per acute, not painful
Lateralised
Dogs - FibroCartilagenous Embolism

Question 24

ANNPE

Answer 24

Acute non compressive annulus pulposus extrusion
Trauma
Acute, not pain/ progressive
Cord contusion with minimal compression

Question 25

Fracture and luxations

Answer 25

Trauma
Neuro exam
Thorax, abd radiograph (orthoganol)

Question 26

Fr continued compartment model

Answer 26

Dorsal - articular processes, spinous process, support tissue
Mid - dorsal longitudinal ligament, dr annulus fibrosus
Ventral - rest of vertebral body

Question 27

Fr tx

Answer 27

Stabilise and analgesia
Sx / splint
Decompression
PTS if no deep pain perception

Question 28

Acute -IVDD most common (t1)

Answer 28

Chondrodystrophic - 1/2yo, chondroid metamorphosis, IVD dehydrates and hayline cartilage invasion
Non chondro breeds - mid age, fibroid metamorphosis, fibrocartilage invasion

Question 29

IVDD types

Answer 29

1 - Herniation of nucleus pulposus through annular fibres (extrusion)
2 - annular protrusion (old non chondro breeds) (protrusion)

Question 30

IVDD tx

Answer 30

Conservative -
Strict rest 1m, analgesia
Sx -
Grade >3, severe pain, no rest improvement

Question 31

Steroid responsive meningitis

Answer 31

Neck pain in young dogs
CS - lethargy, cervical rigidity, concurrent IMPA
Dx - CSF analysis
Tx - Corticosteroids (ciclosporin)

Question 32

Discospondylitis

Answer 32

IVD infection and adjacent vertebrae (L7-S1)
CS - spinal pain
Dx - radiograph (narrow IVD space)
Tx - Ab 2m, Analgesia

Question 33

MUO (Meningomyelitis of unknown origin)

Answer 33

Acute, multifocal and progressive
Dx - MRI, CSF (mononuclear)
Tx - corticosteroids

Question 34

Spinal neoplasia

Answer 34

Chronic, progressive, pain
Extradural - primary vert., lymphoma
Intradural extramedullary - meningioma, nephroblastoma, nerve sheath
Intradural Intramedullary - glioma,
Tx - decompress, radiation, palliative

Question 35

Cervical spondylomyelopathy (wobblers)

Answer 35

Rottweiler
Cs - short stilted gait and TL muscle atrophy
Multifactorial cause
Tx - conservative/ sx

Question 36

Lumbosacral degenerative stenosis

Answer 36

CS - exercise intolerance, lameness, lumbosacral pain, incontinence
Dx - multifactorial
Tx- conservative/ Sx