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Neurology > Oncology > Flashcards

Oncology Flashcards

1
Q

Cytology indication

A

Lesion palpable external/ seen on image
Organomegaly
Cavitary effusion
Cancer staging
Pyrexia of unknown origin

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2
Q

Cyto expectations

A

Inflammation/ neoplasia
Benign/ malignant
Can’t do-
Hyperplasia/ adenoma

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3
Q

Cyto adv/ dis

A

Advantages -
non invasive
inexpensive equipment
done in house
rapid results
Dis -
May not be definitively diagnostic
Need sample to be of diagnostic quality

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4
Q

Slide evaluations

A

Macroscopic- label and smeared correctly
Micro
-10x scan whole slide, find most representative area
- higher magnification to ID cells and morphology

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5
Q

Sample quality problems

A

Thickness
Insufficient staining time
Inadequate drying
-Nuclei don’t pop- more staining needed
-bubbles- aspiration pressure, repeat with needle only technique
-cells balled up- slow drying

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6
Q

Inflammation or neoplasia

A

Inflammation
-inflammatory cells, microbes, fibroblasts
Neoplasia
-monomorphic atypical cells
-abnormal cells for site of collection
Neoplasms can become inflamed
-SCC, mammary, mast cell

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7
Q

Inflammation types

A

Neutrophilic
-imm-mediate, pathogens
Histio/macrophage
- FB, fungus, Mycobacterium
Eosinophilic
-hypersensitivity, parasites, cancer
Lympo/lymphoplasmacytic
- antigenic stimulation, Chr inflammation

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8
Q

Benign tumour cyto

A

Uniform
Delineated
Low mitotic count
Low nuclear: cytoplasmic ratio

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9
Q

Malignant neoplasia cyto

A

Pleomorphism
Anisokaryosis: Atypical nuclear: cytoplasmic ration
High and varied mitotic count
Clumped chromatin
Multinucleation

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10
Q

Epithelial neoplasms

A

Tight clumped cells
Distinct cytoplasmic borders

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11
Q

Sebaceous adenoma

A

Raised cauliflower alopecic lesions
Foamy cytoplasm

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12
Q

Perianal gland tumour

A

Entire males
Sheets of hepatocyte like cells
Large oval cells

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13
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma

A

Proliferative and ulcerative lesions
Limbs, pinnae, faces
Polygonal cells, pleomorphic
Highly malignant and invasive

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14
Q

Mammary carcinoma

A

Background blood, basophilic
Variable cellular arrangement
Pleomorphic

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15
Q

Mesenchymal tumours

A

Poor delineation
Soft tissue sarcoma
-fibro, lipo, leiomyo, rhabdmyo, perivascular
=

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16
Q

Lipoma

A

Benign
Can’t distinguish from normal subcut adipose tissue on cytology

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17
Q

Osteosarcoma

A

Round/ spindle cells
Basophilic cytoplasm
Eccentrically placed nucleus and prominent nucleoli
Osteoclasts - large multinucleated cells may be present

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18
Q

Round cell tumours

A

Cells exfoliate individually
Round cells with distinct borders
Ex
- transmissible veneral, mast cell, lymphoma, plasmacytoma

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19
Q

Histiocytoma

A

Dome shaped, alopecia
Younger dogs, regresses after few weeks
Small lymphocytes common

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20
Q

Plasmacytoma

A

Cutaneous plasmacytoma is benign
Deep blue cytoplasm
Round eccentric nuclei

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21
Q

Lymphoma

A

Round
High nuclear: cytoplasm ration
Large lymphocytes
Monomorphic population

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22
Q

Mast cell tumour

A

Breed related - boxer/ pug
Vary in granularity
less granular -> more aggressive
Eosinophils often seen aswell

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23
Q

(Neuro) endocrine tumour

A

Exfoliate into loose sheets
Naked nuclei in lakes of cytoplasm
Highly cellular samples
Ex-
-thyroid, phaeochromocytoma

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24
Q

Thyroid carcinoma

A

Blood in background
Clusters cells with scattered naked nuclei
Extracellular pink colloid often seen

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25
Q

Phaeochromocytoma

A

Chromaffin cells in adrenal medulla
CS from catecholamine release
Naked nuclei in basophilic cytoplasm lake

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26
Q

Melanoma

A

Raised dark hairless mass
Malignant - variable pigmentation, inflammed
Pleomorphic

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27
Q

Forms of radiotherapy

A

Various protocols for visits (weekly/ daily)
Brachytheraypy
-Direct aplication
-implantation
-Systemic administration
Teletherapy
-External beam

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28
Q

High energy electromagnetic radiation

A

Analgesic and carcinogenic
Compton theory
-high frequency photons scattering following an interaction with a charged particle
Damage is caused by H2O ionisation (around DNA)
-free radicals produced harm DNA
Rapid repaired unless O2 fixation
Cell death
-apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, mitotic catastrophe

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29
Q

Radio beam

A

Shaped with jaw
Margins
Multiple beams increase tumour dose whilst sparing surrounding tissue
E-: direct ionisation, loses energy rapidly through tissue (superficial tumours)

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30
Q

RT response

A

Repair of sublethal cell damage
-repair capacity for tumour and self similar
Repopulation
-rapidly dividing tissue
Redistribution
ReO2
-may occur after therapy

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31
Q

Fractionation

A

2 separate RT doses < 1 combined RT dose
-cell repair damage between doses and repopulate
Fractionation reduces self tissue toxicity
Limitations
-GA, cost, compliance (hospitalisation and frequent visits)

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32
Q

RT tumours

A

Smaller are more sensitive
Most sensitive
-lymphoma, transmissible venereal, acanthomatous ameloblastoma
Mid
-Oral SCC (dog)
-brain
Poor
-fibrosarcoma
-osteosarcoma
-feline oral SCC
Tumour response varies (type and sit)

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33
Q

RT side effects

A

Acute and late
Tissue in irradiated area will be affected
Damage apparent following division of cells (days rapid, year slow division)
Ac
-skin, MM
-resolve within few weeks
Late
-ischaemic necrosis (bone and brain)
-alopecia
Carcinogenic (years, avoid in young patients)

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34
Q

Chemotherapy use

A

1°- sole Tx for sensitive tumours
Adjuvant - post Sx for metastic Dz
Neoadjuvant- Tx pre Sx to shrink, easier resection
Concurrent with RT - increase sensitivity to RT

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35
Q

Tumour cell heterogenity

A

Cancer is the result of genetic instability
Tumours produce subclones with more mutations
Resistant clones can form

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36
Q

Chemo success factors

A

Tumour cell heterogeneity
Inherent tumour sensitivity
Drug dosage
Tumour supply
Tx interval

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37
Q

Factors affecting chemo response

A

Administration
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion

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38
Q

Polychemotherapy

A

Sequential - several drugs at different times
Combo - several given simultaneously
Avoid topical/ intratumoural
Env. contamination risk
High dose chemo has narrow therapeutic range

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39
Q

Chemo tox

A

Immediate
-Anaphylaxis, arrhythmia, emesis
Acute tumour lysis syndrome
-large burden/ rapid tumour destruction
Rapidly dividing cells most affected
Bone marrow
Alopecia (uncommon in smallies)
GI
-enterocyte damage, mucosal barrier compromised, maropitant
7-10d post Tx
-Haematopoietic cell damage (low neutrophil count)
-pyrexic/ afebrile neutropenic

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40
Q

Drug associated complications

A

Doxorubicin - Canine cardiotoxicity
Cyclophosphamide - sterile haemorrhagic cystitis
Lomustine - hepatoxicity
Cisplatin - nephrotoxic
Vincristine - peripheral neuropathy
Extravasation - perivascular irritants - doxorubicin, vincristone
0raise and rawn back vein

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41
Q

Metronomic chemo

A

Continuous low dose chemo (less dose, more doses)
Palliative/ following MTD chemo
Targets angiogenesis
Stim immune response
Cyclophosphamides w/ piroxicam

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42
Q

TKI

A

Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors
Inhibit activation of cancer signalling pathways (specific neos)
-affect angiogenesis, toxicity, need monitoring
Mastinib oral for Mast Cell Tumour
Adv- D+. anorexia, bone marrow suppression

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43
Q

Lymphoma clinical presentations (dogs)

A

Mid to old aged
CS dependent on tumour sites
Multicentric 80%
Mediastinal and GI 5% each

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44
Q

Canine multicentric lymphoma

A

Generalised peripheral lymphadenopathy
CS- enlarged LN, D+, V+, anorexia, lethargy

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45
Q

Cranial mediastinal canine lymphoma

A

Solitary or part of multicentric form
Tachy & dyspnoea
Hyper Ca signs (PUPD, V+, tremors)
Altered cardiac PMI

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46
Q

Canine alimentary lymphoma

A

CS- V+, D+, pan hypoproteinaemia, abdominal masses
Aggressive form

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47
Q

Cutaneous lymphoma

A

Epitheliotropic - T cell
Non epitheliotropic - B cell, multi lesions
Raised erythematous plaques
Poor chemo response

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48
Q

Paraneoplastic syndrome

A

HyperCa
IMHA
Monoclonal gammopathies
Neuropathies
Cachexia

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49
Q

Lymphoma Dx

A

Cytological or histological
Ancillary tests - PARR (clonality and phenotypes)
Histo classes
-Grade; low-intermediate-high
- Immunophenotype; B cell, T cell, null
Staging - bloods, biopsy

50
Q

Lymphoma Tx

A

No Tx
-Asymptomatic - MST 5 wks
-CS present -> PTS

Prednisolone
-MST up to 2m
-chemo resistance

Multidrug chemo best
-MST dependent on drugs and protocol
-prolong survival time

51
Q

Lymphoma chemo protocol

A

COP (high dose)
-haematology pre Tx
70% response rate
Median survival time 7m
Drugs-
-Prednisolone
-Vincristine
-Cyclophosphamide

Discontinuous CHOP
90& response rate
Median survival time 1yr
Drugs
-Prednisolone
-Vincristine
-Cyclophosphamide
-Doxorubicin

L-asparaginase if CNS lymphoma (penetrates BBB)

52
Q

Lymphoma rescue protocols

A

DMAC
Dexamethosone
Melphalan
Actinomycin-D
Citarabine
MST 2m , 3.5m if CR

53
Q

Feline leukaemia aetiology

A

Pre FeLV
-mediastinal/ multicentric
Post FeLV
-GI in geriatrics

FeLV
-oncogenesis through immune suppression
-B cell lymphoma

54
Q

Multicentric feline lymphoma

A

Regional lymphadenopathy
Mid aged
CS
-painless enlarged nodes
-anorexia, malaise,

55
Q

Mediastinal feline lymphoma

A

Younger siamese
CS- Dyspnoea, dysphagia
CE- palpable reduction in Cr thorax compressibility

56
Q

Alimentary feline lymphoma

A

Older cats with insidious weight loss

57
Q

Feline lymphoma Dx

A

FNA
Flow cytometry
Biopsy (node)
PARR - PCR Antigen Receptor Rearrangements (+/-)
Staging, Grade, Type
Different stages to dogs

58
Q

Feline lymphoma prognostic indicators

A

+ve
-CR
-small extra nodal Dz
-ve
-No CR
-FeLV +

59
Q

Feline lymphoma Tx

A

None (4wks)
Corticosteroids
Multi drug chemo (COP best)
-Vincristine
-Cyclophosphamide
-Prednisolone

60
Q

Feline chemo side effects

A

Myelosuppressive agents (check haem each dose)
Whisker loss
GI

61
Q

Leukaemia

A

Rare
Class
-Acute/ Chronic, Lymphoid/ Myeloid
Acute forms rapidly fatal - palliative
-MST w/ chemo 120d
Chr MST w/ Preds 2yrs (CL leukaemia)

62
Q

Leukaemia Dx

A

Haematology
Flow cytometry of peripheral blood
Bone marrow biopsy

63
Q

Multiple myeloma

A

Sys neoplastic proliferation of plasma C
-> overproduction of Abs
Dx
-haematology, biochem, urine
Monoclonal gammopathy
Osteolytic bone lesions (X ray)
Bence-Jones proteinuria
Tx
-Support
-Preds
-Chemo

64
Q

Paraneoplastic syndrome or Systemic effects

A

Paraneo
-consequence of cancer but not due to neoplasm location

Sys
-consequence of neoplasm location

65
Q

Neo GI effects

A

Cancer cachexia
-anaerobic respiration due to tumoral hypoxia
-altered metabolism due to cytokines and inflammation
-poor appetite
-Tx- maintain calorie intake
Gastroduodenal ulceration
-bleeding -> anaemia
-melena
Protein losing enteropathy (lymphoma)
-diffuse lesions allow protein loss

66
Q

Mechanisms of haematological effects

A

Loss
Less production
Destruction
Cytoses
Monoclonal gammopathies
Coagulation disorders

67
Q

Blood loss anaemia

A

Acute
-no haematemesis/ melena then likely splenic
-TP drops pre PCV

Chr
-CS- lethargy/ pallor
-Poorly regenerative - microcytic hypochromic anaemia (Fe deficiency)

68
Q

Reduced protein cytopaenia

A

Anaemia of Chr inlammation
-disorder Fe storage
-short RBC life span
Myelophthisis
-stem cell crowded out by neoplasm
-non-regenerative normochromic
-Dx bone marrow aspirate
Hyperoestrogenism
-sertoli cell tumour
-neutrophilia > pancytopenia (cause of bone marrow hypoplasia

69
Q

Destruction cytopaenia

A

Paraneoplastic immune mediated anaemia (thromboaemia)
-exclude lymphoproliferative Dz
Microangiopathic anaemia
-Sys effect
-RBC fragmentation > anaemia

70
Q

Monoclonal gammopathies

A

Excess production of a single Ig by tumour cell
High blood globulins
Blood hyper viscosity
-renal failure, neuro, coagulopathy
Dx
-electrophoresis of serum and urine (Bence-Jones proteins)
Tx-
-plasmapheresis sera and urine, tumour directed Tx

71
Q

Coagulation

A

Altered coagulation
-altered platelet function and infarcts
Disseminated IV coagulation
-altered consumptive coagulation
-multi organ failure possible
-schistocytes, high APTT
-carcinomas

72
Q

Endocrine

A

HyperCa
-PNS
-elevated PTH
-assess tCa and iCa
Hypoglycaemia
-PNS with insulinoma
Ectopic ACTH syndrome
-lung tumours
-+ve hyperadrenocorticism test but no sign of adrenal
-hyperadrenocorticism
Hyperaestrogenism

73
Q

Neurological

A

Sys effect of neuro mass lesion
PNS
-myaesthenia gravis
-peripheral neuropathy

74
Q

Myasthenia gravis

A

2°immune mediated Dz
CS
-weakness, exercise intolerance, dysphagia
Dx
-+ACHr Ab and tumour (thymoma, osteo, lymphoma)
Tx
-Tx tumour, immune suppression

75
Q

Peripheral neuropathy

A

Demyelination
Myelin globulation
Axonal degeneration
Varied tumour relations
Apparent lesions uncommon
Tx- Tx tumour

76
Q

Cutaneous PNS

A

Alopecia
Malassezzia ass. dermatitis
Pancreatic ass. panniculitis
Superficial necrolytic dermatitis
Pemphigus multiforme
Nodular dermatofibrosis
Feline thymoma ass. exfoliative dermatitis

77
Q

Feline paraneoplastic alopecia

A

Alopecia
-acute, non pruritic
-hair easily epilated
-initially ventral abdomen
Glistening skin
-alopecic skin inelastic and thin
-smooth and shiny
Footpad
-concentric scale, painful fissures
Malassezzia dermatitis
-brown greasy accumulations

78
Q

Pancreatic panniculitis

A

Inflammation and hydrolysis of adipose tissue
Pancreatic carcinoma and adenocarcinoma

79
Q

Superficial necrolytic dermatitis

A

Hepatic Dz
Pancreatic neo
Associated amino acid deficiency
Distinctive histo and US
Footpad hyperkeratosis
-erythema, fissures
Crusting dermatitis
-alopecia, pressure point crusts

80
Q

Paraneoplastic pemphigus

A

Autoimmune induced ulceration of mucosa junctions
Lymphoma, thymoma, splenic sarcoma
Cutaneous markers
-oral and mucocutaneous ulceration
-rapidly rupturing vesicles
-oral ulceration

81
Q

Feline Thymoma-Associated Exfoliative Dermatitis

A

Generalised exfoliative dermatitis in old cats
Ass. thymoma
Exfoliative dermatitis
-diffuse erythema and skin exfoliation
Kerato-sebaceous accumulations
Crusting and ulcerations

82
Q

Hypertrophic osteodystrophy

A

Palisading periosteal proliferation along long bone shafts
Pulmonary tumours
CS- shifting lameness
Dx- long bone x-ray
Tx- remove inciting cause

83
Q

Oral tumours

A

Malignant melanoma
SCC
Fibrosarcoma
Dx- biopsy
Staging
-1° often locally invasive, imaging required (CT/ MRI)
Thoracic Xray for metastases
Tx- Sx best if possible (mandiblectomy)
-Adjuvant RT (SCC)

84
Q

Melanoma

A

Small old dogs
Locally invasive and metastatic
Dx- melanin containing mesenchymal cells
Sx - ass. lots recurrence
RT also viable
Chemo not indicated

85
Q

Oral SCC

A

Low metastatic rate
Tx- Sx +/- RT (+ = 3yr MST)
Tonsillar SCC
-high metastatic rate
Tx- Sx +/- RT

86
Q

Fibrosarcoma

A

Large breeds middle aged
Invasive
Mod metastatic risk
Tx- Sx +/- RT

87
Q

Epulides

A

Non metastatic lesions from gingiva
Acanthomatous ameloblastoma

88
Q

Canine oral osteosarcoma

A

Not as metastatic as appendicular form of OSA
Tx- Sx
Maxilla OSA - death from recurrence
Mandibular OSA - death from metastases

89
Q

Feline oral SCC

A

RF- canned food, smoke
Oral discomfort and anorexia
Locally invasive
Low metastatic risk
Tx- Sx, feeding tube often indicated

90
Q

Feline fibrosarcoma

A

Mid to old age
Locally invasive
Tx- Sx

91
Q

Mammary tumours

A

RF- reduced if neutered pre 3rd cycle
-obesity, age, breed (Small dogs and Siamese)
Normally multiple masses
Dx- FNA, excisional biopsy
Staging
Tx- mastectomy (single/ regional)
Ovariohysterectomy 1/2 recurrence rate (time of mastectomy)

92
Q

Canine inflammatory carcinoma

A

Tumours extremely painful
Mistaken for mastitis, all glands normally affected
Palliative Tx

93
Q

Feline mammary tumours

A

Similar RF to canids
Normally malignant
Ddx- fibroepithelial hyperplasia (all enlarged)
Tx- chain mastectomy

94
Q

Sarcomas

A

Malignant mesenchymal (connective/structural tissue) cancer
Locally invasive
High metastatic risk (haematogenous route)
-osteo, haemangio, histiocytic
Stage- how has it got (Dz burden)
Grade- histo features (activity, vascularity, invasiveness)
Dx- FNA, Biopsy
Imaging- CT> Xray
Sx- 3cm lateral + 1 fascial plane
Excision margin assessed- cardinal method (spheroid mass), bread loafing
Adjuvant RT, metronomic chemo

95
Q

Feline injection site sarcoma

A

Malignant fibroblasts
Inflammed (lymphocytes)
Firm cutaneous mass
Dx- incisional biopsy, advanced imaging
Tx- Sx (incomplete resection adjuvant RT)

96
Q

Bone tumours

A

Most skeletal tumours = osteosarcoma (norm. axial skeleton)
95% metastised pre Dx
Mid to old large breeds
CS- lameness (1 leg)
-swelling, radiographic changes
Tx- Sx (amputation), RT
Reducing pain- bone stabilisation Sx (high failure risk)
Chemo prolongs survival (carboplatin)
Prognostic factors- location, metastasis, total alkaline phosphatase

97
Q

Hemangiosarcoma

A

Blood vessel wall tumour
Spleen, right auricular appendage, liver
Highly invasive and metastatic
CS
- from bleeding
-shock, haemoabdomen, pericardial effusion
Pth- anaemia, schistocytosis
Dx- histology, imaging
Sx- splenectomy (ventricular arrhythmia risk)
Survival time poor if gross metastases pre splenectomy (chemo help anthracycline)
RT works for non visceral sites (muscle)

98
Q

Histiocytic sarcoma

A

Highly metastatic
Histiocytes (antigen presenting cells)
Affects various tissues
St bernards
Tx - Multimodal therapy best
-Sx + RT + anthracycline (chemo)
4-5m MST if gross metastases present
If not 500d

99
Q

Mast cell tumour

A

Most common skin tumour
Present - cutaneous mass (variable appearance)
-intracytoplasmic granules (histamine)
-local erythema, haemorrhage (Darier’s sign)
Dx- FNA
Staging- bloods, urinanalysis, FNA LN, Abd US
Patnaik grading system - histological grade (prognostic factor (I-III grades)
Tx- often multimodal
-Sx (I,II curative often), RT adjunctively, Chemo (III/ metastases)
-prednisolone, vinblastine

100
Q

Transitional cell carcinoma

A

Urinary bladder tumour (bladder trigone)
Often metastases to iliac LN
RF- schnauzer
CS- low URI tract signs
Dx- histopathological (FNA cause seeding)
Stagin- bloods, urine, Abd US, thoracic radiograph
Tx- brachytherapy, chemo

101
Q

Quality of life

A

1° concerns for vet and owner
-most owners value quantity of quality
Difficult definition
Satisfaction
-physical; appetite, mobility, pain, behaviour, lethargy, grooming
-emotional; attitude, depression, happiness
-social; owner and animal relationship
-interaction with env.
Health related

102
Q

Assess QOL

A

Subjective- indirect information
Species specific
Individual specific
Questionnaire - multiple items, different domains, vary scales

103
Q

Pain management

A

Prevalence of cancer pain
Consequence of pain
-worse QOL, altered physiological function
Classifications
-mal/ adaptive
-nociceptive/ neuropathic
-Ac/ Chr
Recognition
-Physical response
-measurable parameters
-activity, gait
-attitude

104
Q

Pain Tx

A

NSAIDs (contraindicated - corticosteroids, GI/ kidney problems)
Prostaglandin receptor antagonists (grapiprant
-dogs w/ OA
Paracetemol- dogs (okay w/ corticosteroids)
Tramadol- opioidergic- weak µ agonist
Gabapentin- neuropathic pain
Buprenorphine

105
Q

Pain relief, symptom relief

A

Amputation
-Sx excision of ulcerated/ painful mass
Stenting
-Urethra, trachea
Cystotomy tubes
-urethral obstruction (TCC)
-not long term

106
Q

Why does cancer cause anorexia and cachexia

A

Anorexia
-oral +/- Abd pain
-chemo and cytokine release (IL6)
Cachexia
-cytokine release (IL6)
-extensive lipidolysis and proteolysis
-pre diabetes
-more common cats vs dogs
Help
-well balanced palatable diet
-CKD - low protein
-DM - slow release carbs
Assess BCS regularly, diet changes slow, small frequent meals, warm up (cats)
Meds, assisted feeding technique

107
Q

5 step hospice and palliative care

A

1 Evaluate caregivers needs and goals
-emotional, financial, physical
2 Education on Dz and delivery of care
-Dx, Tx
3 Develop personalised plans
4 Application of palliative care techniques
5 Emotional support

108
Q

Euthanasia

A

Make sure you have enough time
Administrative aspects discuss pre PTS
Talk owner through procedure
Check catheter
Consider sedation pre pentobarbital

109
Q

Equine neoplasms

A

90% are skin tumours
Sarcoid
SCC
Papilloma
Melanoma
MCT
RF- age
-Breed lipizzaner (melanoma), Shire (ocular SCC)

110
Q

Equine neo signs

A

Depends on type and functionality (hrm secreting)
Size- GCT small no sign, mid colic, large ruptured ovarian artery
Location
Number
Duration

111
Q

Equine paraneoplastic syndromes

A

mucocutaneous and skin syndromes
-pemphigus, pruritus
Neurological syndromes
Haematological syndromes
-anaemia, polycytaemia
Endocrine and metabolic
-cachexia, marie’s Dz

112
Q

Equine lymphoma

A

Most common haematopoietic neo
Lymphatic origin
Multicentric, alimentary, mediastinal, cutaneous

113
Q

Multicentric equine lymphoma

A

4-12yrs
CS- weight loss, ventral oedema, recurrent fever
Dx- cyto/ biopsy
Tx- Sx removal

114
Q

Alimentary lymphoma EQ

A

Most common intestinal neoplasia
>12yrs
CS- malabsorption, colic
Dx- cytology (peritoneal fluid), biopsy
Tx- Sx excision
Typically poor prognosis

115
Q

Mediastinal lymphoma EQ

A

Most common thoracic neoplasia
Horses of all ages
CS- weight loss, depression, ventral and limb oedema
Dx- cytology
Tx- palliative

116
Q

EQ haemangiosarcoma

A

Mid to old aged
Dx- cytology, biopsy
Tx - palliative

117
Q

EQ alimentary neoplasia

A

Ameloblastoma - odontogenic epithelium
Ossifying fibroma - young rostral mandible
SCC- most common oral neo
Melanoma- lip/ parotid region
Gastric SCC
Intestinal lymphoma
Intestinal adenocarcinoma
Lipoma
Hepatic adenocarcinoma

118
Q

EQ respiratory neoplasms

A

URT
-SCC
-atheroma
-nasal polyp
-ethmoidal haematoma
-guttural pouch melanoma
LRT
-Pulmonary granular cell tumour
-Haemangiosarcoma
-Lymphoma
Haematopoietic
-Lymphoma
-Plasma cell myeloma
-Leukaemia

119
Q

EQ endocrine and CNS neoplasms

A

Pituitary - PPID
Thyroid - adenoma/ adenocarcinoma
Adrenal -phaeochromocytoma
CNS
-Astrocytoma/ meningioma
-Lymphoma
-Melanoma
Peripheral nerves
-Neuroma
-Schwannoma

120
Q

EQ ocular neoplasms

A

Orbit
-Sarcoid
-SCC
-Melanoma
-MCT
-Lymphoma
Globe
-Melanoma
-Ameloblastoma
-Astrocytoma
-Proliferative optic neuropathy

121
Q

Other EQ tumours

A

Repro
Male - SCC, melanoma. sarcoid, testicular (rare)
Female - SCC, GCT, mammary (rare)
Kidney- carcinoma
Bladder- carcinoma
Muscle- rhabdomyoma/ sarcoma, haemangiosarcoma
Bone- osteoma/ sarcoma

122
Q
A

Neurology (25 decks)

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