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Neurology > Johnes Control and mastitis > Flashcards

Johnes Control and mastitis Flashcards

1
Q

Johnes

A

Mycobacterium avium s. paratuberculosis

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2
Q

Humans
Crohne’s

A

Link with MAP
Source dairy

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3
Q

Clinical Dz

A

> 3 yo
After stress (calving)
Profuse D+ (bubbles)
Weight loss
Individuals bright

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4
Q

Importance

A

Poorer yield
RF - mastitis + lame
+ other GI Dz

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5
Q

Transmission

A

80% <4wks/o
In utero/ Env (faeces)

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6
Q

Stages

A

1 - silent calves
2 - sub clin shedder
3 - early clin Dz
4 - Adv Dz

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7
Q

Dx

A

Faecal culture/ PCR
ELISA
30 cow screens (herd)
- milk/ blood ab
Falce -ve avian TB test

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8
Q

Control strategy

A

Biosecurity protect and monitor
Improved management
Strat testing
Culling
Breed to terminal sire
Firebreak vax
CHeCS accreditation

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9
Q

Consequence of mastitis

A

Chr Dz -> spread of Dz in herd
Permanent damage to udder (less yield)
Death (toxaemia/ PTS)

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10
Q

Innate udder immunity

A

Leukocytes (SCC, macrophages, neutrophils, T cells)
-phagocytosis and trigger acquired immunity (pro inflammatory mediators)
AM substances in milk
-lactoferrin, lactoperoxidase, lysozymes, free complement

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11
Q

Mastitis acquired immune system

A

Invasion of circulating neutrophils and IgG2
B cells
-lymph circulation, IgM & IgG2 initially
-IgG2 enter udder, opsonisation of pathogen for neutrophils
-APC for T cells
T lymphocytes
-Helpers- cytokines
-Cytotoxic eliminate infected cells
IgM fixates complement
IgA agglutinates bacteria and neutralises toxins
IgG1 opsonises bacteria

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12
Q

Genetic resistance to mastitis

A

Low heritability
-udder type, yield, MHC
Breed variation
Select for low SCC, better udder conformation cows
-not too low SCC -> high susceptibility of infection
Vaccine- Staph aureus, coliforms and some other staph

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13
Q

Mastitis stage of lactation

A

Dry
-new Dz acquired and persistent infections
Cessation of milking -> wide teat canal (high mammary Pa)
-bacteria not flushed out
-no teat dipping
-keratin plug (often poor seal)
-early dry cows have impaired neutrophils
Periparturient
-lots IgG1 - colostrogenesis and impaired neutrophils
-phagocytosis reduced

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14
Q

Mastitis nutrition

A

NEB
-impaired leukocyte activity and less present
Vit E/ Se deficiency
-slow leukocyte migration
SARA
-less appetite-> less DMI-> NEB, D+
HypoCa
-weaken teat sphincter mechanism

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15
Q

Mastitis (sub) clinical

A

Subclinical
-Dz present
-No CS, higher SCC, milk yield and quality affected
Clinical
-1- mild, milk changes
-2a- Ac, hot, painful udder
-2c- Chr, udder hard and lumpy
-3-cow sick

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16
Q

Teat skin

A

Strat squamous epi + bacteriostatic fatty acids
Some bacteria are ubiquitous
-compromise (trauma, lesions)
Post milking teat dips emollients
Prompt lesion Tx

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17
Q

Teat canal

A

Bac enter when open (takes 30 min to close)
Keratin lining traps bacteria
Keratin plug forms in dry period

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18
Q

Specific teat disorders

A

Infectious
-papillomavirus
-pseudo cowpox
-herpes mammilitis
-impetigo
-cow pox
-black spot
Non infectious
-hyperkeratosis
-photosensitisation
-chapped teats
-teat stenosis
-blind teats

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19
Q

Teat end hyperkeratosis
Black spot

A

Hyperkeratosis
-Excessive milk vacuum
-Rough and high mastitis risk
Black spot
-common
-damage to teat
-topical AB

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20
Q

Teat warts (bovine papillomatosis)
Pseudocowpox

A

Warts
-Most self cure
-Young cows
Pseudocowpox
-parapox
-circular scabs
-not painful
-Tx PMTD

21
Q

Bovine hepres mammillitis

A

Uncommon
Painful vesicle/ ulcer
BHV2
Slow to heal
Life long immunity

22
Q

Udder impetigo

A

Pustular lesions
Staph aureus normally
Tx- PMTD, antiseptic topically

23
Q

Teat pea

A

Pedunculated granuloma attached to canal wall causing obst.
Removal with Hudsons spiral
Prophylactic AB

24
Q

Teat stenosis and blind teats

A

Stenosis is sequelae to trauma
Tx- with LA, insert knife and rotate
Scar tissue may reform

25
Q

Milking machine

A

Intermittent -ve Pa v. pulsator liner and regulator controlled
-Cont. -ve pa stops circulation
Claw piece collects
Long milk tube to bulk tank

26
Q

Problems with milking machines

A

Vacuum high
-regulator/ setting issue
Pa fluctuation
-inadequate pump, tube holes
Blocked air bleeds
Faulty pulsator
-poor circulation

27
Q

Parlour hygiene

A

Gloves
Pre milking teat preparation
-fore milk (legal need ~1min), disinfection
Post dipping
Loafing time (close sphincter
Milk order (Dzed cows)
Wash up
?Teat score > 20% herd

28
Q

Pre milking teat preparation

A

None
Disinfectant wipe
wash + dry
Spray w/ disinfectant

29
Q

Milk ejection reflex

A

Teat stimulation
-causes afferent neurons ending in paraventricular nucleus hypothalamus
Oxytocin released from pos. pituitary
Contraction of myoepithelial cells

30
Q

Machine teat damage

A

Teat end sphincter hyperkeratosis
-excess vacuum, overmilked

31
Q

Teat dips

A

Pre milk - remove microbes that may enter in milking
Post milk - kill microbes left on after milking
Condition teat skin to withstand disinfectants and machines
Constituents- disinfectant (I/ chlorhexidine), Emollients (glycerine) skin condition

32
Q

Milking order

A

Heifers
Fresh calvers
High yielders
Low yielders
High SCC
Mastitic

33
Q

Basic needs for housing

A

Lying area (cubicles/ straw (strep uberis risk in cubicles)
Loafing area (natural interactions)
Feed space (2’ milker, 3’ dry)
Safe flooring (less injury risk)
Water (10cm/ cow)
Slurry handling (minimise cow -slurry contact)

34
Q

Cubicles

A

Comfortable incline, dung over kerb
Stats
-CCQ (lying down/ interacting) >80% ideal
-SUI (stall use index)
-SSI (stall standing index
Behaviour
-reverse (kerb too high)
-diagonal (too wide)
-hind feet in passage (head rail too near kerb)

35
Q

Cubicle lesions

A

Hock- insufficient bedding/ short cubicle
Callus/ neck hair loss - low feed barrier
Solar ulcers/ slurry heel (heel horn erosion)

36
Q

Monitoring mastitis

A

In parlour
-fore milking, CS, California mastitis test
Clinical case records
-% affected, % recurrence, seasonality/ lactation stage
SCC
Bulk tank bactoscan - bacterial no. in milk, weekly be milk processor
Bacteriology - bulk/ individual
Multiplex PCR
ADHB plan, Quarter pro (quarterly monitoring)

37
Q

Mammary signs of systemic Dz

A

Photosensitisation - liver Dz/ mycotoxicosis
Mycoplasma wenyonii

38
Q

Herd high cell count problem

A

Contagious Dz - Strep uberis, Staph aureus, Strep agalactiae
Quick fixes - >400K/ml don’t enter tank
Strategies for dealing with individuals
Mastitis investigation to ID main problems
Tx for Chr high
-ID Dz, extended intra mammary therapy, systemic therapy
-Dry off and Tx
-Cull Chr infected older cows

39
Q

Raised bactoscan problems

A

Poor housing hygiene
Poor premilking teat preparation
High levels of mastitis on farm
Poor plant cleaning
Take milk sample from bulk tank for bulk milk bacteriology

40
Q

Mastitis bacteriology

A

ID problems with high bactoscan
1st line investigation
Counts
-bacteria, cell, peuedomonas, staph, coliform
Bulk tank, clinical cases, high cell count individuals
Individual
-High SCC, C+S, repeat sampling
Intermittent shedding causes issues

41
Q

5 point mastitis control plan

A

Post milking teat disinfection
Dry cow therapy
Prompt Tx clinical cases
Cull Chr cases
Maintain and use machines properly

42
Q

Mastitis action plan

A

Housing
-Dry, ventilated, clean passageways, acceptable cubicles
Parlour routines
-gloves, order of milking, fore milk, disinfect teats, post milk dip and loafing
Prompt clinical case Tx
Dry cows
-therapy, housing, nutrition
Nutrition
-avoid SARA/ NEB, PrV milk fever
Cull Chr cases
Regular monitoring
Fly control
Record keeping

43
Q

Staphylococcus aureus

A

Tx for longer period
Dry off early
1wk intra mammary AB

44
Q

E coli

A

Beding and faeces cource of Dz
Picked up dry period and early lactation
House hygiene
Disinfect and loafing

45
Q

Strep uberis

A

Environmental in bedding manure
Dry period early lactation contraction

46
Q

Mastitis investigation

A

High SCC/ clinical cases/ recurrence/ bactoscan
Hx, Bacteriology, records
Hygiene score
-area - below hock, flank, udder (1-4)

47
Q

Dry cow

A

60d
Clear infection from previous lactation and PrV new Dz
Selective therapy - nothing (low SCC)/ teat sealant
Sealant - Bismuth subnitrate, strip out in calving (black spot cheese)
Summer mastitis - arcanobacter, peptococcus, strep dysgalactia
Make sure clean when using tubes
Cloxacillin (lasts a while) +/- ampicillin target staph

48
Q

Mastitis Tx

A

Failure too short course
-Resistance, dormancy, biofilms, low dose
Tubes Tx
E coli - Anti inflammatory, sulphonamides
Staph aureus - sinulox (amoxi clav)
Strep uberis - penicillin
Staph dys - penicillin
Sulphonamides good for all
Preds are in some tx
12hr intervals for 3 consecutive milkings
Blitz/ pulse therapy

49
Q
A

Neurology (25 decks)

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