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Neurology > Johnes Control and mastitis > Flashcards

Johnes Control and mastitis Flashcards

1
Q

Johnes

A

Mycobacterium avium s. paratuberculosis

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2
Q

Humans
Crohne’s

A

Link with MAP
Source dairy

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3
Q

Clinical Dz

A

> 3 yo
After stress (calving)
Profuse D+ (bubbles)
Weight loss
Individuals bright

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4
Q

Importance

A

Poorer yield
RF - mastitis + lame
+ other GI Dz

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5
Q

Transmission

A

80% <4wks/o
In utero/ Env (faeces)

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6
Q

Stages

A

1 - silent calves
2 - sub clin shedder
3 - early clin Dz
4 - Adv Dz

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7
Q

Dx

A

Faecal culture/ PCR
ELISA
30 cow screens (herd)
- milk/ blood ab
Falce -ve avian TB test

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8
Q

Control strategy

A

Biosecurity protect and monitor
Improved management
Strat testing
Culling
Breed to terminal sire
Firebreak vax
CHeCS accreditation

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9
Q

Consequence of mastitis

A

Chr Dz -> spread of Dz in herd
Permanent damage to udder (less yield)
Death (toxaemia/ PTS)

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10
Q

Innate udder immunity

A

Leukocytes (SCC, macrophages, neutrophils, T cells)
-phagocytosis and trigger acquired immunity (pro inflammatory mediators)
AM substances in milk
-lactoferrin, lactoperoxidase, lysozymes, free complement

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11
Q

Mastitis acquired immune system

A

Invasion of circulating neutrophils and IgG2
B cells
-lymph circulation, IgM & IgG2 initially
-IgG2 enter udder, opsonisation of pathogen for neutrophils
-APC for T cells
T lymphocytes
-Helpers- cytokines
-Cytotoxic eliminate infected cells
IgM fixates complement
IgA agglutinates bacteria and neutralises toxins
IgG1 opsonises bacteria

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12
Q

Genetic resistance to mastitis

A

Low heritability
-udder type, yield, MHC
Breed variation
Select for low SCC, better udder conformation cows
-not too low SCC -> high susceptibility of infection
Vaccine- Staph aureus, coliforms and some other staph

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13
Q

Mastitis stage of lactation

A

Dry
-new Dz acquired and persistent infections
Cessation of milking -> wide teat canal (high mammary Pa)
-bacteria not flushed out
-no teat dipping
-keratin plug (often poor seal)
-early dry cows have impaired neutrophils
Periparturient
-lots IgG1 - colostrogenesis and impaired neutrophils
-phagocytosis reduced

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14
Q

Mastitis nutrition

A

NEB
-impaired leukocyte activity and less present
Vit E/ Se deficiency
-slow leukocyte migration
SARA
-less appetite-> less DMI-> NEB, D+
HypoCa
-weaken teat sphincter mechanism

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15
Q

Mastitis (sub) clinical

A

Subclinical
-Dz present
-No CS, higher SCC, milk yield and quality affected
Clinical
-1- mild, milk changes
-2a- Ac, hot, painful udder
-2c- Chr, udder hard and lumpy
-3-cow sick

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16
Q

Teat skin

A

Strat squamous epi + bacteriostatic fatty acids
Some bacteria are ubiquitous
-compromise (trauma, lesions)
Post milking teat dips emollients
Prompt lesion Tx

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17
Q

Teat canal

A

Bac enter when open (takes 30 min to close)
Keratin lining traps bacteria
Keratin plug forms in dry period

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18
Q

Specific teat disorders

A

Infectious
-papillomavirus
-pseudo cowpox
-herpes mammilitis
-impetigo
-cow pox
-black spot
Non infectious
-hyperkeratosis
-photosensitisation
-chapped teats
-teat stenosis
-blind teats

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19
Q

Teat end hyperkeratosis
Black spot

A

Hyperkeratosis
-Excessive milk vacuum
-Rough and high mastitis risk
Black spot
-common
-damage to teat
-topical AB

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20
Q

Teat warts (bovine papillomatosis)
Pseudocowpox

A

Warts
-Most self cure
-Young cows
Pseudocowpox
-parapox
-circular scabs
-not painful
-Tx PMTD

21
Q

Bovine hepres mammillitis

A

Uncommon
Painful vesicle/ ulcer
BHV2
Slow to heal
Life long immunity

22
Q

Udder impetigo

A

Pustular lesions
Staph aureus normally
Tx- PMTD, antiseptic topically

23
Q

Teat pea

A

Pedunculated granuloma attached to canal wall causing obst.
Removal with Hudsons spiral
Prophylactic AB

24
Q

Teat stenosis and blind teats

A

Stenosis is sequelae to trauma
Tx- with LA, insert knife and rotate
Scar tissue may reform

25
Milking machine
Intermittent -ve Pa v. pulsator liner and regulator controlled -Cont. -ve pa stops circulation Claw piece collects Long milk tube to bulk tank
26
Problems with milking machines
Vacuum high -regulator/ setting issue Pa fluctuation -inadequate pump, tube holes Blocked air bleeds Faulty pulsator -poor circulation
27
Parlour hygiene
Gloves Pre milking teat preparation -fore milk (legal need ~1min), disinfection Post dipping Loafing time (close sphincter Milk order (Dzed cows) Wash up ?Teat score > 20% herd
28
Pre milking teat preparation
None Disinfectant wipe wash + dry Spray w/ disinfectant
29
Milk ejection reflex
Teat stimulation -causes afferent neurons ending in paraventricular nucleus hypothalamus Oxytocin released from pos. pituitary Contraction of myoepithelial cells
30
Machine teat damage
Teat end sphincter hyperkeratosis -excess vacuum, overmilked
31
Teat dips
Pre milk - remove microbes that may enter in milking Post milk - kill microbes left on after milking Condition teat skin to withstand disinfectants and machines Constituents- disinfectant (I/ chlorhexidine), Emollients (glycerine) skin condition
32
Milking order
Heifers Fresh calvers High yielders Low yielders High SCC Mastitic
33
Basic needs for housing
Lying area (cubicles/ straw (strep uberis risk in cubicles) Loafing area (natural interactions) Feed space (2' milker, 3' dry) Safe flooring (less injury risk) Water (10cm/ cow) Slurry handling (minimise cow -slurry contact)
34
Cubicles
Comfortable incline, dung over kerb Stats -CCQ (lying down/ interacting) >80% ideal -SUI (stall use index) -SSI (stall standing index Behaviour -reverse (kerb too high) -diagonal (too wide) -hind feet in passage (head rail too near kerb)
35
Cubicle lesions
Hock- insufficient bedding/ short cubicle Callus/ neck hair loss - low feed barrier Solar ulcers/ slurry heel (heel horn erosion)
36
Monitoring mastitis
In parlour -fore milking, CS, California mastitis test Clinical case records -% affected, % recurrence, seasonality/ lactation stage SCC Bulk tank bactoscan - bacterial no. in milk, weekly be milk processor Bacteriology - bulk/ individual Multiplex PCR ADHB plan, Quarter pro (quarterly monitoring)
37
Mammary signs of systemic Dz
Photosensitisation - liver Dz/ mycotoxicosis Mycoplasma wenyonii
38
Herd high cell count problem
Contagious Dz - Strep uberis, Staph aureus, Strep agalactiae Quick fixes - >400K/ml don't enter tank Strategies for dealing with individuals Mastitis investigation to ID main problems Tx for Chr high -ID Dz, extended intra mammary therapy, systemic therapy -Dry off and Tx -Cull Chr infected older cows
39
Raised bactoscan problems
Poor housing hygiene Poor premilking teat preparation High levels of mastitis on farm Poor plant cleaning Take milk sample from bulk tank for bulk milk bacteriology
40
Mastitis bacteriology
ID problems with high bactoscan 1st line investigation Counts -bacteria, cell, peuedomonas, staph, coliform Bulk tank, clinical cases, high cell count individuals Individual -High SCC, C+S, repeat sampling Intermittent shedding causes issues
41
5 point mastitis control plan
Post milking teat disinfection Dry cow therapy Prompt Tx clinical cases Cull Chr cases Maintain and use machines properly
42
Mastitis action plan
Housing -Dry, ventilated, clean passageways, acceptable cubicles Parlour routines -gloves, order of milking, fore milk, disinfect teats, post milk dip and loafing Prompt clinical case Tx Dry cows -therapy, housing, nutrition Nutrition -avoid SARA/ NEB, PrV milk fever Cull Chr cases Regular monitoring Fly control Record keeping
43
Staphylococcus aureus
Tx for longer period Dry off early 1wk intra mammary AB
44
E coli
Beding and faeces cource of Dz Picked up dry period and early lactation House hygiene Disinfect and loafing
45
Strep uberis
Environmental in bedding manure Dry period early lactation contraction
46
Mastitis investigation
High SCC/ clinical cases/ recurrence/ bactoscan Hx, Bacteriology, records Hygiene score -area - below hock, flank, udder (1-4)
47
Dry cow
60d Clear infection from previous lactation and PrV new Dz Selective therapy - nothing (low SCC)/ teat sealant Sealant - Bismuth subnitrate, strip out in calving (black spot cheese) Summer mastitis - arcanobacter, peptococcus, strep dysgalactia Make sure clean when using tubes Cloxacillin (lasts a while) +/- ampicillin target staph
48
Mastitis Tx
Failure too short course -Resistance, dormancy, biofilms, low dose Tubes Tx E coli - Anti inflammatory, sulphonamides Staph aureus - sinulox (amoxi clav) Strep uberis - penicillin Staph dys - penicillin Sulphonamides good for all Preds are in some tx 12hr intervals for 3 consecutive milkings Blitz/ pulse therapy
49

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