Exotics Flashcards
1
Q
Rabbit general
A
Lagomorphs
Herbivores (fibre)
Caecotrophy
Special dentition (cont. growth)
Hind gut fermenter
Lifespan 10yr
Social
2
Q
Ferret general
A
Hypercarnivore
Sexual dimorphism (large males)
Females - seasonal induced ovulators
Lifespan 8yr
3
Q
Guinea pig
A
Herbivorous rodents
Hystricomorphs
Hind gut ferment (caecum)
Caecotrophy
Lifespan 6yr
Social
4
Q
Chinchilla general
A
Hystricomorph herbivores
Cold dry environment
10yr lifespan
5
Q
Rats
A
Myomorph - only incisors grow cont.
Omnivores
Dry ventilated environment
Social same sex groups
3yr
6
Q
Hamster general
A
Myomorph omnivore
Syrian, russian, roborovski
Solitary
2yr
7
Q
Bearded dragon general
(Pogona vitticeps)
A
Omni->herbivorous
Dry tererstrial
Basking 35°, Low 27°
UV B essential
Solitary
12yr
8
Q
Leopard gecko
A
Insectivore
Terrestrial and dry
Basking 25°C,
UV B advised
12yr
9
Q
Tortoise
A
Greek, Hermann’s, Horsfield
HErbivores
30°
UV B essential
Long lifespan
Some hibernate
10
Q
Cornsnake
A
Rodentivore
Terrestrial 25°
20yr
Solitary
11
Q
Budgie
A
Balanced seed mix, pellets, some greens
Social
Enrichment
15yr
12
Q
Afr. grey parrot
A
Pellets, fruit+veg, Ca supplementation
Enrichment
30yr
13
Q
UV light
A
A - behaviour
B - vit D/ Ca metabolism
Bulbs replace every 12-18months
14
Q
Environmental factors
A
Humidity - hygrometer
Photoperiod
Aquatic species
15
Q
Visual inspection
A
General demeanour
Dyspnoea signs
Trauma signs
External lesions
16
Q
Handling
A
Rabbits -
Floor
Restrain back legs
G pigs-
Freeze/ flight
easy to handle
Chinchilla-
Fur slip if rough handling
Rats- short periods, little restraint
17
Q
Handling ferrets
A
Wriggly and bite
Restrain by neck
Distract (fish oil)
18
Q
Clinical exam
A
Weight
Rectal °C (selected patients)
Check skin and coat
Check eyes, nose, ears
Oral-MM, CRT
Chest auscultation
Abd exam
BCS? (no proper scale)
Movement and gait
19
Q
Reptile handling
A
Tortoise
-rarely bite, sedate large
Terrapins
-more aggressive
-restrain caudally
20
Q
CE reptiles
A
Weight
Examine skin
-gen- retained shed, wound, lumps
-chelonian- check shell strength, discolouration
Oral examination- MM, teeth, saliva viscosity
HR- with doppler (no auscultation possible
Coelomic palpation
Cloacal probing
21
Q
Handling birds
A
Passerines- neck and folded wings
Psittacines- bite risk, towel + sedate?
22
Q
CE birds
A
Weight
Inspect droppings
Assess BCS (pectorals)
Check plumage
Check eyes, nostrils, swelling (periorbital sinus)
Beak and MM
Palpate crop
Auscultate
Palpate coelomic cavity
Check cloaca
23
Q
Rabbit vaccinations
A
Myxomatosis
Viral Haemorrhagic Disease (VHD) 1 and 2
First dose from 5 weeks of age
Yearly booster
24
Q
Ferret vaccines
A
None licensed in UK
Distemper (12wks + annual boosters)
Rabies (12wks + 18m boosters)
Anaphylaxis - hyperaemia, V+, dyspnoea
Reconstitute with saline (vax)
Monitor 30min post vax
Tx- adrenaline, Dexammeth, Diphenhydramine
25
other vaccines
Pigeons
-Avian pox + paramyxovirus
Canaries
-Avian pox
26
Pinworm (Oxyurids)
Reptiles and rabbits faeces commonly
High in immunosuppressed
27
Ciliates
Commensal - herbivore reptiles
Significant in othr exotics
Dx - direct wet mounts
28
Wormers
Praziquantel - tapeworms, oral, inj, spot-on
Oxfendazole - nematodes, oral
Fenbendazole- toxic to some, oral
Ivermectin- tox - chelonia and snakes
29
Quarantine
2 months
Separate facilities and objects
Faecal test start and end
Species specific Dz testing
30
Neutering
Routine
Rabbits (uterine neo risk, 2 independent horns)
Male guinea pigs
Male rates
31
Ferret repro management
Jills-
-seasonal breeders
-induced ovulation
-can stay in oestrus indefinitely if no mating
-hyperoestrogenism-> bone marrow suppression-> aplastic anaemia
Males
-musky odour
Sx neutering not advised
-high risk of adrenal gland disease (androgen)
-gonads provide -ve feedback
32
Avian GA general
High incidence chronic and subclin Dz
Hypothermia susceptibility
Small - hard venous access/ to monitor
33
Avian GA Respiration
Respiratory syystem
-Nasal cavity> intraorbital sinus> ceervico-cephalic air sacs
-glottis
Trachea
-mucus can obst. tube (pigeon/ duck)
-complete overlap rings - uncuffed ET
-prox. narrowing lumen - ETT advancement
Syrinx- bifurcation in major bronchi
No diaphragm (ribs for pressure)
Efficient gas ex., high O2 demand
34
CV avian
High HR
High BP <180
35
Avian GA prep
CE
Fast for larger birds (2hr (not if small)
Confirm crop empty
Correct issues pre GA if possible
Lubricate eye (globe doesn't rotate)
Mentation
MM (pig in some sp.)
Afr. grey parrots - hypoCa
36
Avian sedation
Ind
-CE
-Short procedure
-Pre med (for GA)
Effect
-less handling stress
-GA sparing
-midazolam (amnesia?)
Midazolam + Butorphanol
Reverse - Flumazenil
37
Avian analgesia
NSAID - Meloxicam
Opioid - Butorphanol
Local Ana - combo lido + bupivicaine
-line block, splash block
-brachial plexus block (wing Sx)
38
Avian IV
Medial metatarsal - large species
Brachial vein - med sp., butterfly IV
Intraosseous - small (distal ulna)
Don't keep in post op
39
Gas anaesthesia avian
Face mask > chamber
ETT - non-cuffed, tape to lower beak
Iso risk arrhythmia and hypertension in raptors
Sevoflurane - less blood soluble, faster induction/ recovery
T piece system (non rebreathing)
40
GA avian support
Ventilation
Fluids
Temperature
41
Avian GA monitoring
Sx
corneal reflex slow
Palpbral -ve
Nicitans prolapses
Low deep RR
No deep pain
Cloacal -ve
-Feather plucking reflex
-Sudden piloerection > Cardiac arrest
Doppler probe (ulnar artery)
Pulse ox (SO2 unreliable)
Temp cloacal probe
IPPV recommended
42
Complications
Hypothermia
Hypovolaemia
Bradycardia
Hypotension
43
Complication approach avian
Confirm patent ETT
Start IPPV
Hypertonic saline
Atropine
Adrenaline
44
Avian GA recovery
Stop ana gas, provide O2
Check glottis for over mucus
Incubator
Care with orthostatic hypotension
45
Reptile GA
Poikilothermic
3 chamber heart (2A, 1V)
Renal portal system
Hepatic portal system
46
Reptile apnoea and hypoxia
Tolerant of myocardial hypoxia (30min)
Diving reflex in aquatic species (R-L heart shunt, pulmonic bypass)
47
Reptile respiration
Anaerobic meabolism
Hypoxia increases RR
Chelonia - short complete trachea rings, short uncuffed ETT
Lizard - incomplete rings
Snakes - incomplete tracheal rings, tracheal lung
48
Reptile prep
CE
Fasting
-2hr
->1d snakes and chelonia
Eye lube (Same as bird)
~27°C POTZ okay for most
49
Reptile sedation
CE
Minor procedures
Pre med
-Dexmedotomidine + Midazolam
50
Extra reptile premed
Atropine for chelonia
R -> L(v) shunt
Increases vagal tone
Vasodilation
Apnoea (breath holding)
51
Reptile GA
Inj - alfaxalone
Uncuffed ET
Non rebreathing system (<10kg)
Isoflurane
IPPV (5/ min)
52
Reptile monitoring
Low BP compared to warm bloods
Reflexes
Rightening
Palpebral
Corneal
Cloacal pinch
Head withdrawal (chelonia)
Stroke ventral scales
HR - dopple over heart)
53
Reptile analgesia
Mu opioid receptors
Tramadol
Meloxicam (NSAID)
LA - bupivicaine, lidocaine
54
Reptile emergencies
Adrenaline
Fluids (crystalloids)
IPPV
Thermal support
55
Mammal GA general
PRey
stress ->catecholamines -> arrhythmia
Incidence chronic/ subclin Dz
Obligate nasal breathers (often breath hold)
Hypothermia prone
56
Mammal prep
CE
Fasting not advised
-rabbits and rodents don't V+
Correct abnormalities
Lubricate cornea
57
Sedation mammals
Pre med
Minor procedures
ECC dyspnoeic patients
Midazolam + butorphanol
58
Mammal monitoring
Limit- size, high HR (inaccuracies)
HR
BP (indirect measurement)
Capnography (40)
Reflex
Rightening
Corneal + palpebral (both can be retained)
Ear pinch (rabbit)
59
Rabbit GA protocols
Pre med (but + midaz)
Pre Ox facemask
IV catheter (marginal ear vein)
Induction - alfaxalone
Sevoflurane best for GA
60
Ferret GA protocol
Pre med
Induction chamber (quick procedures)
IV - cephalic vein)
Induction (chamber)
Intubation (lidocaine on glottis)
Isoflurane
61
Exotic mammal analgesia
Meloxicam
Buprenorphine
62
Avian emergency
Mask signs
Non specific complaints
Sudden decompensation -> collapse
Poor indicators
-Species sensitivity
-Small size
-Duration of problem
-Dyspnoea
63
General avian approach
Mental status (BAR / collapsed)
Breathing
EEC presentations
Collapsed, Dyspnoeic, stably unwell
64
Collapsed Avian
Supplement O2
Supplement heat
Fluids
Emergency drugs
Don't use steroids in birds
65
Approach to critical birds
Initial assessment
Stabilisation
Reassess
Further investigations
66
Reptile general emergency care
Proper emergencies rare
Trauma
Prolapses
Repro
Neuro
Most are decompensated chronic problems
Presentations- collapsed, stably unwell
67
Approach to collapsed reptile
ETT
IPPV
IV access (chelonia jugular)
IO proximal tibia
Warm fluids - IV/ IO bolus
Warm, Fluids, Assist feeding
68
Approach to reptile emergencies
Initial assessment
Warm
Supportive care
Further investigations
69
Mammal presentation (em.)
Collapsed
Dyspnoeic
Gut stasis (often 2°)
Trauma
Stably unwell
Prey species
70
Mammalian resuscitation
IV
- Rabbit - marginal ear vein
- Ferret - cephalic
IO - proximal femur
Atropine not reliable in rabbits
-Glycopyrrolate
NO steroids - rabbits/ rodents
71
Dyspnoeic management
Supplement O2
Sedate
Meloxicam
72
Gut stasis rabbits/ rodents
2° problem
Investigate cause
Tx
-Fluids, Analgesia, Prokinetics (metoclopramide)
-supplement feeding
73
Rabbit Leporipoxvirus
Myxomatosis
Shope's fibroma
Mild Dz - American
Severe Dz - European and pets
74
Myxomatosis spread
Direct contact
Inhalation
Biting arthropods
-fleas, mosquitoes, Cheyletiella (mite)
75
Myxomatosis
CS
Eylid thickening
Head lesions
Pneumonic signs
Death - starvation/ 2° DZ
Tx - PTS
PrV - Vax 5wks, annual +Para control
76
Shope fibroma
Naturally self limiting fibroma
American rabbits
X immunity for myxomatosis
- attenuated Shope fibroma for Myxo Vax
77
Viral haemorrhagic disease
Calicivirus (strain 1 and 2)
Highly infectious and fatal in Euro + pets
Transmitted
-fluids, aerosol, insects (mechanical)
78
VHD Dz
Liver - replication in hepatocytes
Necrotising hepatitis
-> acute hepatic failure
-> DIC
Death <4d
CS
-sudden death
-high RR, collapse, pyrexia
Dx-
- gross PTH (enlarged spleen)
-PCR
Tx - PTS
PrV - Vax 5wks, annual
79
Papillomatosis
Shope pap.- SCC like neo in pets (USA)
Oral pap- benign warts like lesion (self limits)
Ano-rectal- not viral, cauliflower mass, bleeds easily
80
Pasteurellosis
Snuffles
P multicoda
1° immunosuppressed
2° abscess in other Dz
Transmission- contact +aerosol
CS- URT dz (rhinitis, pneumonia), genital Dz, ear problems
Dx- deep nasal swab
PCR
Management- less stress, better husbandry
81
Treponema paraluiscuniculi
Rabbit syphilis (vert and sex transmission)
Ulcerative lesions (lips and genitals)
Dx - histo + silver stain
Tx - penicillin
82
Tyzzer's Dz
6-12 wks/o
2° to stress
Ac - D+, sudden death
Chr - intestinal fibrosis, liver necrosis
83
D+ rabbit
Fluid therapy
Diet management
Antibiotics
Analgesia?
84
Coccidiosis
Eimeria (multiple sp.)
D+, weight loss, young and groups
Hepatic Dz - E. stiedae
Tx - toltrazuril
85
Internal rabbit Para
Oxyurids - pinworm
Tapeworm (int hosts), not of faecal samples
Flystrike PrV - cyromazine
86
Encephalitozoonosis
E. cuniculi (microsporidia)
CS from spre release (cell rupture)
Tr - inhalation, ingestion, vertical
CS- neuro (head tilt), ocular (uveitis, cataract), CKD
Dx - serology (Igm recent, IgG Chr)
PCR - intermittent shedding (false -ve)
Tx - fenbendazole
87
Rabbit skin Dz
RF
-less grooming, Env., breed (long hair)
Dx
-skin cyto/biopsy, culture
-reflects underlying Dz
88
Rabbit skin Dz CS
Matted hair
Bacterial dermatitis
Pododermatitis
External ear Dz
89
Rabbit skin Dz problems
Matts- clip, bathe and clean
Bac dermatitis- Tx derm + underlying Dz
-Meloxicam + Fluoroquinolones
Pododermatitis- plantar avascular necrosis
-relieve pressure + analgesia
90
Rabbit ear Dz
Aural haematoma
Neoplasia
Otitis externa
-lop breeds
-often Sx (Partial ear canal ablation)
91
Rabbit urinary problems
Presentations
-Cystitis, uroliths, CKD
Stress reduces blood renal flow
Ca metabolism (high Ca diet)
Sludge urine-
Tx- meloxicam, AB, up H20 intake, less dietary Ca
Sx- catheter and flush bladder, perineal dermatoplasty
92
Urolithiasis
Ca Carbonate, oxalate, phosphate
RF- obst., less H20 intake
Bloods, Xray, US
Bladder - cystotomy
Urethral- cystotomy
Renal- medical (analgesia + ACE inh.)
93
Rabbit renal failure
Ac
-USG isosthenuric
-high blood Urea, Creatinine, Phosphate
-norm. Ca
Chr
-Pu/Pd
-anaemia
-USG variable
94
Rabbit renal failure management
Ac-
-Tx main cause
-IVFT
-less stress
-analgesia
Chr
-SC FT
-ACE inh
-up H2O intake
95
Lame rabbits
Causes
-Trauma
-Pododermatitis
-Discospondylitis
-Arthritis
96
Rabbit neuro exam
Can be tricky (prey species)
Menace inconsistent
Freezing response
Assess - paresis, proprioception
2° signs- poor grooming, urine scald
97
Vestibular rabbits
Head tilt, ataxia, paresis
Causes
-E. cuniculi, Pasteurellosis
Central
-brainstem, vert, nystagmus, hemiparesis (poss.), E cuniculi
Peripheral
-cochlea/ mid ear, horizontal nystagmus, no intention tremor/ no hemi paresis
98
Dx vestibular rabbits
CE
Neuro exam
Otoscopy not useful
X ray, blood, CT
Meds
-Doxy, Prochlorpoerazine (vertigo)
99
Rabbit spinal Dz
Congenital, trauma, degeneration
Dx- CE, neuro, X ray, CT
CS- stiff gait, inflexible, pain
Tx- meloxicam long term
100
Rabbit neoplasia
Dx- FNA, image, bloods
Tx- Sx, chemo, radio
101
Rabbit uterine adenocarcinoma
Most common rabbit neo
Slow growing
Risk higher over 3y/o
CS- haematuria, palpable horns in CEE
Tx - spay
102
Rabbit bile duct adenocarcinoma
2° to bile duct irritation
No specific CS
Often incidental finding
No specific Tx described
103
Rabbit lymphoma
Not ass. leukaemia
Norm. multicentric
Non specific CS
Dx- cyto, US
Tx- chemo
104
Thymoma
Not common
CS - respiratory, muffled chest auscultation
Dx- US/ xray + cyto
Tx - Sx/ chemo
105
Rabbit gut stasis
Clinical syndrome
Causes - anything that causes pain or less diet intake
Tx
- stabilise, FT, analgesia
-motility (metoclopromide)
-feeding
106
Rabbit dentition
Lagomorphs
Elodont (open root)
Hypsodont (long crowns)
107
Rodent dentition
1 pair continuously growing upper incisors
Myo and scurio- only incisors
Hysticomorph- all teeth
108
Dentition RF
Diet
congenital malocclosion
Staging-
1 normal
3 malocclusion
5 abscessation
109
Dentition presentations
Molar overgrowth
-epiphora, dacryocystitis, abscess
Incisor overgrowth
-obvious overgrowth, abrasions on lips
110
Dental investigation
Oral exam
Skull radiograph
Management
-review husbandry and diet, meds, Sx
111
Dental analgesia
Multimodal
NSAID - meloxicam
Opioid - methadone
112
Tx incisor malocclusion
Rabbit
-crown reduction
-incisor extraction
Rodents
-crown reduction
113
Molar malocclusion Tx
Crown and spur reduction
Periapical abscess
Long term meloxicam
113
dacryocystitis
Lacrimal duct occlusion
-due to molar overgrowth/ inflammation
CS
-periocular dermatitis
-Chr discharge
Dx- xray
Management
-lacrimal duct flush
Meloxicam
114
Abscess marsupialisation
Circumferential incision and removal of abscess capsule
Suture capsule to surrounding skin
Debride
Pack cavity with bacteriocidal material
2° intention healing
115
Chinchilla dentition
Periodontal Dz
^ common
Often tooth resorption
Dental caries also common
116
Guinea pig specific problems
Macrodontia
-teeth width enlargement
-irregular surface
Temporo mandibular joint luxation
-accompanies other tooth overgrowth problems
Urolithiasis (Ca carbonate)
-Meloxicam, maropitant
117
Guinea pigs D+
Need high fibre content
RF- young, immunosupressed
Old males - 2° anal sphincter msc tone loss
Cause- Diet, Bacteria, enterotoxaemia
118
Approach to guinea pig D+
CE and Hx
Supportive care
Faecal testing +culture
Bloods +/- US
119
Guinea pig cystitis
Norm. 2° to urolithiasis
Same CS as uroliths
Sterile/ bacterial
Dx- urinalysis, US
AB- marbofloxacin
Sterile- meloxicam +/- maropitant
120
Guinea pig ovarian cysts
Serous or follicular
Serous- non functional (don't respond to LH)
Follicular- hormonally active, respond to LH
-non pruritic (sym) alopecia, mammary hyperkeratosis
Non-specific CS
Abd distension/ palpable lesion
Dx- US (no differentiation)
Tx
Med- human chorionic gonadotrophin
Sx- spay
121
Guinea pig neoplasia
Uterine leiomyosarcoma (spay)
Lymphoma
-multicentric
Dx- cyto +/- US scan
Tx- palliative
122
Rat respiratory disease complex
URT, LRT
Multi agents normally
Causes-
Vir-Sendai, paramyxo
Bac- myco pulmonis, strep pneumonis
Fungal- Pneumo carinii
Dx- CE, Xray, PCR virus
Tx- doxycycline
NSAID- meloxicam
123
Rat neoplasia
Mammary fibroadenoma
Mammary adenocarcinoma
Tx- Sx
Zymbal gland - special sebaceous ear gland
Tx- palliative care
Pituitary adenoma- FL paresis
124
Hamsters problems
Skin- alopecia etc.
Cushings
Epitheliotropic lymphoma (syrian)
IVM, Meloxicam, marbofloxacin
125
Ferret Dzs
Distemper
Several strains, norm. fatal
Tr- aerosol, direct contact with bodily secretions
Vax- 12wks, yearly boosters
CS- cutaneous, respiratory, ocular, neuro
Dx- PCR
126
Ferret influenza
Same as human variants (owners source of dz)
CS- URT, pyrexia
Dx- human is ill
No skin lesions (Ddx distemper)
Self limiting
127
Ferret Aleutian disease
Parvovirus
Immunocomplex mediated Dz in old ferrets (>2)
CS- sudden death, Chr wasting disease
Dx- plasma electrophoresis
Tx- supportive (preds)
128
Ferret lymphoma
Grade, stage, phenotype
CS depends on organs affected
Dx- bloods, US, cytology, biopsy
Tx- chemo
129
Ferret insulinoma
Benign beta cell neoplasia
Hypoglycaemia
CS- nausea, ataxia, lethargy
-resolves after eating
Dx- low blood glucose, US
Tx- nodulectomy
130
Ferret adrenal gland Dz
Hyperadrenocorticism
-Hyperandrogenism
Causes- Spay (no -ve feedback)
CS- sym alopecia, vulvar enlargment
Males CS- sexual behaviour, urinary blockage
Dx- US
Tx- adrenalectomy, Deslorelin implants
131
Ferret gastritis
Common consult
V+, anorexia, lethargy
Hx, CE, investigate
Gastritis causes- FB, NSAID, Helicobacter mustelae (stress ulcers)
Tx- support- Fluids, maropitant, feed
Ab if bacterial
132
Ferret D+
Localisation hard
Bac- salmonella, campy
Vir- coronavirus (adult), rotavirus (kits)
IBD
133
Ferret viral enteropathies
Covid
Enteric - epizootic catarrhal enteritis
-green profuse D+
Systemic- sim to FIP
-progressive pyogranulomatous inflammation
PCR
RotaV
-<6wks, PCR, supportive care
134
Ferret IBD
Lymphoplasmocytic infiltration
Dx- US (thick intestinal wall), biopsy of wall
Management- diet and preds
135
Ferret cardiac Dz
Common >3 y/o
HR~200bpm, sinus arrhythmia
Ac- O2, sedate, furosemide
Chr- bloods, xray, heart scan
Presentations
-DCM, HCM
-valvular heart disease
-myocarditis
-neoplasia, heartworm
Tx- furosemide, ACE inh., Pimobendan
136
Degu
Hystricomorph
Elodont
Dental problems most common
Presentation- weight loss, ptyalism, gut stasis
Dx- Xray
Tx- dental crown reduction, diet correction
137
Gerbil
Mongolian gerbil
Social myomorph
Facial eczema
Excess porphyrins by harderian gland
Stress related
Tx- clean + meloxicam
Ventral scent gland Dz,- FNA, excision
138
Sugar gliders
Marsupials
Odd- cloaca, patagium
Social
Malnutrition - metabolic bone Dz
-correct diet, Ca gluconate
139
Hedgehogs (Afr pygmy + Euro)
Skin Dz - ext. parasite
Neoplasia
Oral Dz
Wobbly hedgehog syndrome (APH)
-spongy myelinopathy of CNS
-palliative/ PTS
140
Wild hedgehogs
Trauma
Orphaned (hoglet)
Malnourished
Unwell
141
General reptilian medicine
Variety of species
-Squamates, chelonia, crocs
Interplay between-
Husbandry (Env., diet, etc.)
Stress
Immune System
Pathogens
142
Common reptilian problems
Nutritional - Ca disorders, Hypa Vit A, Obesity
Retained shed
Dystocia
Parasites
Prolapses
143
Metabolic bone disease repitle
Lack of UV B/ Ca
Not in snakes
RF- young and growing
CS- fibrous osteodystrophy, abnormal shell shape, depigmentation
Dxx- CE, xray (bone density/ deformities), bloods (Ca:P)
Tx- Vit D3, Ca gluconate, Calcitonin
144
Hypovitaminosis A reptile
Squamous metaplasia of different epithelia
RF- terrapins
CS- blepharitis, keratoconjunctivitis, overgrown nail/ beak
Dx- Hx, lesions
Med - Vit A (not parenteral in chelonia)
145
Obesity (reptile)
Carnivores prone
Intracoelomic fat deposits (hard to BCS)
146
Retained shed
Ecdysis - normal
Dysecdysis - pathological
RF- low humidity/ °C, poor diet
Tx- correct husbandry, apply vaseline
Often recurr
147
Dystocia reptiles
Oviparous - lay eggs
Ovoviviparous- retain eggs till foetus develops (boa)
Viviparous- placentation (skinks)
Pre ovulatory - failure to ovulate (CS- not specific, Dx-US)
Post ovulatory - failure to lay eggs (distended, Dx- US, Tx induction)
Types- obstructive/ non-obstructive
Post-ov: xray pre Tx, Ca gluconate, propanol, oxytocin, support
148
Reptile parasites external
Ticks - wild reptiles
Mites- Ophionyssus natricis/ lacertinus (snake/ lizard)
Cs- haematophagous, mobile, high repro rate
CS-pruritus, hyperactive
Skin problems - retained/ frequent shed
Dx- skin scrape
Tx- IVM (not Chelonia)/ fipronil
Deep clean environment
149
Internal reptilian parasites
Crypto and coccidia
Routine faecal testing (pre hibernation)
Wet mount and flotation (ZN for crypto)
Crypto serpentis/ saurophilum
Gastric hyperplasia (swollen Cr 1/2)/ enteritis (emaciation)
-Dx- ZN stain/ PCR
Tx- paramomycin
Coccidia - bearded dragons, Dx-flotation, Tx- toltrazuril
150
Chelonia Mycoplasma/Herpes respiratory complex
Chelonia HV- latent Dz, necrotic stomatitis, diptheriod plates
Myco agassizzi- Rhinitis, Conjunctivitis
RF- young, stressed and immunosuppressd
Dx- PCR (oral swab)
Tx- Myco - Doxy
No Tx for HPV (Testudinid HPV 1-4)
151
Specific lizard problems
Intra-oral Dz-
Rostral abrasions- Water dragons, trauma on vivarium glass)
Tx- AB, chlorhexidine, analgesia
PrV- redesign env.
Periodontal Dz- chameleons
Tx- correct diet, scale and polish, topical chlorhexidine
Fungal dermatitis-
Yellow fungus Dz (yellow discolouration often lips)
Dx- skin scrapes
Tx- debride + topical I
152
Snake problems
Stomatitis
RF- immunosuppression, trauma, microbes
Mouth rot
Dx- CE
Tx- husbandry corrections, antibiotics (marbofloxacin)
153
Reptile prolapses
Emergency
Don't reduce till cause ID
Clean
Reduce inflammation (meloxicam)
Sx reduction
154
Reptile neoplasia
Integuement neoplasia
Dx- FNA
Tx- Sx excision
155
Avian consult
Pre handling
-Dyspnoea, demeanour, trauma
May need sedation to handle
156
Common avian problems
Nutritional
-Hypo Vit A, Hypo Ca, obesity
Derm
-parasites, pododermatitis (bumblefoot), blood feathers
Respiratory
-URT, etc.
Chlamydiosis
D+
157
Hypovitaminosis A bird
Psittacines
Seed based diet
Epithelial metaplasia
CS- choana papillae atrophy, sterile facial swellings
Dx- CS, FNA (rule out other swelling causes)
Tx- correct diet
158
Hypocalcaemia birds
African grey parrots
RF- seed based diet
Nutritional 2° hyperparathyroidism
CS- seizuring, emergency
CE- post ictal, ataxia, weak
Seizure- midazolam, Ca gluconate
Other presentations- subclin hypoCa, osteodystrophy, dystocia
159
Obesity birds
Budgies, amazon parrots
RF- diet, small cage (little exercise)
2° link- hepatic lipidosis, atherosclerosis, bumblefoot
160
External avian parasites
Feather lice
Feather mites
Blood sucking mites (env. Tx req.)
Tx- fipronil
Blood mites vector- paramyxo, E coli; anaemia; Ornithonyssus
Knemidocoptic mange- budgies, unfeathered pruritus, skin scrapes, IVM
161
Bumblefoot (pododermatitis)
Similar to pressure sores
RF- obesity, poor perches, Raptors, waterfowl
Tx- husbandry improvement, dressings, meloxicam
161
Respiratory Dz birds
Presentations- URT, sinusitis, tracheitis, pneumonia, air saculitis
Most critical, support/ stabilise
Dx- xray, sample, bloods
Meloxicam/ AB empirically
Terbutaline (IM)- bronchodilator
162
Tracheal problems
Air sac problems
Gapeworms (Syngamus trachea) (poultry), FB, other Para
1°- pathogens, 2°- coelomic masses
Can get heart Dz
163
Aspergillosis avian
Common in env.
RF- Hypo Vit A, immunosuppression
Granuloma + toxins
CS- nasal, syrinx, air sacs
Dx- bloods, xray
Tx- itraconazole, amphoterecin B
164
Avian chlamydiosis
Chlamydia psittacia
Varied CS
Zoonotic
Dx- blood leukocytosis
PCR- conjunctival sac swab
Tx- doxycycline
165
Avian regurgitation
Crop- infection/ obstruction
Lower GIT- Dz/ obst.
Coelomic - GIT compression
Systemic Dz
Supportive care
166
Avian bornavirus
Proventricular dilation Dz (PDD)
Non purulent neural inflammation
-GIT ANS (PDD), CNS, Cardiac ANS
Dx- rt-PCR
ABV- cyclosporine
PDD- metoclopramide
167
Psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD)
Circovirus
CS- feather dystrophy, immunosuppression
Dx- PCR
Tx- PTS, supportive
168
Psittacine herpes virus
Psittacid alphaherpesvirus 1
Ac- Pacheco Dz- sudden death
Chr- Papilloma (cloaca)
Dx- PCR
Tx- acyclovir
169
Psittacine polyomavirus
Young
APV1- budgies
APV2- everything else
Abnormal feathering, stunted growth
170
Feather plucking
Complex case
Multiple possible causes
Hx, CE, bloods, faeces, biopsy
Correct abnormalities
Change environment (+ve reinforcement )
Meloxicam
Deslorelin implants - if repro related
Collars
171
FInches
Canaries
Avian gastric yeast
CS- weight loss whilst eating well, D+
Dx- wet mount faecal smear
Management and Tx normally don't work
Amphoterecin B
Feather cysts - Gloucester canaries, relapse. Sx excision
172
Soft bills (starling etc.)
Haemachormatosis - Fe storage Dz
CS- coelomic distension
Dx- Hard AM, transferring blood level
Tx- diet, chelation
173
Birds of Prey
Wild
-Trauma, burns, toxicity (Pb), emaciation, fledglings (fallen)
Falconry
-obesity, damaged feathers, bumblefoot (husbandry)
-vascular Dz - atherosclerosis, wing tip oedema (NSAID)
Patho- trichomonas, aspergillosis
174
Pigeons and doves
Wildlife casualties and pets
Viral- paramyxovirus (Newcastle Dz)
Para- Trichomonas
175
Avian Pb poisoning
Necrosis of GIT epithelium (Regurgitation, D+)
Haemolysis
Bone marrow suppression (anaemia)
Endothelial damage- cerebral ooedema, CNS signs
Dx- haematology, Survey radiographs, Pb blood levels
Tx- support- fluids and midazolam (seizure)
- chelation - D-penicillamine
- laxatives - if FB still present
176
General avian Sx considerations
Hypothermia - supplemental heat
Hypoglycaemia- glucose fluids
HypoVol- FT
Delicate tissue- right Sx instruments
Difficult to monitor
177
Avian Sx prep
Surgical field - pluck (under GA)
178
Support during avian Sx
Thermal support- heat mats
Respiratory- uncuffed ET, IPPV
Circulatory- FT and monitor
Specific equipment
-haemoclips
179
Beak corrections
Beak burr
Beak fracture
Congenital problems
180
Remove leg rings
Ingluviotomy
High speed burr
Ing- crop incision, remove FB
181
Avian Sx procedures
Crop fistula repair - thermal burns, sim to ingluviotomy
Lumpectomy- FNA
Cloapexy- prolapse, anchor to last rib
Enucleation- care (scleral ossicles), refer
Remove rhinoliths- nasal aspergillosis
182
Avian fracture stabilisation
Pneumatic bones
External splinting
-temp. (for ortho Sx), sole Tx (well aged breaks)
Sx-
IM pinning
External fixators + IM pinning
External fixators
Cerclage + IM pinning
183
Avian egg binding
Possible emergency
Non specific CS
Dx- firm coelomic mass, X ray
Tx- medical management
-meloxicam, Ca gluconate, warm glucose fluids
Sx- egg manipulation
184
