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Neurology > Exotics > Flashcards

Exotics Flashcards

1
Q

Rabbit general

A

Lagomorphs
Herbivores (fibre)
Caecotrophy
Special dentition (cont. growth)
Hind gut fermenter
Lifespan 10yr
Social

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2
Q

Ferret general

A

Hypercarnivore
Sexual dimorphism (large males)
Females - seasonal induced ovulators
Lifespan 8yr

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3
Q

Guinea pig

A

Herbivorous rodents
Hystricomorphs
Hind gut ferment (caecum)
Caecotrophy
Lifespan 6yr
Social

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4
Q

Chinchilla general

A

Hystricomorph herbivores
Cold dry environment
10yr lifespan

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5
Q

Rats

A

Myomorph - only incisors grow cont.
Omnivores
Dry ventilated environment
Social same sex groups
3yr

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6
Q

Hamster general

A

Myomorph omnivore
Syrian, russian, roborovski
Solitary
2yr

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7
Q

Bearded dragon general
(Pogona vitticeps)

A

Omni->herbivorous
Dry tererstrial
Basking 35°, Low 27°
UV B essential
Solitary
12yr

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8
Q

Leopard gecko

A

Insectivore
Terrestrial and dry
Basking 25°C,
UV B advised
12yr

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9
Q

Tortoise

A

Greek, Hermann’s, Horsfield
HErbivores
30°
UV B essential
Long lifespan
Some hibernate

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10
Q

Cornsnake

A

Rodentivore
Terrestrial 25°
20yr
Solitary

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11
Q

Budgie

A

Balanced seed mix, pellets, some greens
Social
Enrichment
15yr

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12
Q

Afr. grey parrot

A

Pellets, fruit+veg, Ca supplementation
Enrichment
30yr

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13
Q

UV light

A

A - behaviour
B - vit D/ Ca metabolism
Bulbs replace every 12-18months

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14
Q

Environmental factors

A

Humidity - hygrometer
Photoperiod
Aquatic species

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15
Q

Visual inspection

A

General demeanour
Dyspnoea signs
Trauma signs
External lesions

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16
Q

Handling

A

Rabbits -
Floor
Restrain back legs
G pigs-
Freeze/ flight
easy to handle
Chinchilla-
Fur slip if rough handling
Rats- short periods, little restraint

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17
Q

Handling ferrets

A

Wriggly and bite
Restrain by neck
Distract (fish oil)

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18
Q

Clinical exam

A

Weight
Rectal °C (selected patients)
Check skin and coat
Check eyes, nose, ears
Oral-MM, CRT
Chest auscultation
Abd exam
BCS? (no proper scale)
Movement and gait

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19
Q

Reptile handling

A

Tortoise
-rarely bite, sedate large
Terrapins
-more aggressive
-restrain caudally

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20
Q

CE reptiles

A

Weight
Examine skin
-gen- retained shed, wound, lumps
-chelonian- check shell strength, discolouration
Oral examination- MM, teeth, saliva viscosity
HR- with doppler (no auscultation possible
Coelomic palpation
Cloacal probing

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21
Q

Handling birds

A

Passerines- neck and folded wings
Psittacines- bite risk, towel + sedate?

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22
Q

CE birds

A

Weight
Inspect droppings
Assess BCS (pectorals)
Check plumage
Check eyes, nostrils, swelling (periorbital sinus)
Beak and MM
Palpate crop
Auscultate
Palpate coelomic cavity
Check cloaca

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23
Q

Rabbit vaccinations

A

Myxomatosis
Viral Haemorrhagic Disease (VHD) 1 and 2

First dose from 5 weeks of age
Yearly booster

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24
Q

Ferret vaccines

A

None licensed in UK
Distemper (12wks + annual boosters)
Rabies (12wks + 18m boosters)
Anaphylaxis - hyperaemia, V+, dyspnoea
Reconstitute with saline (vax)
Monitor 30min post vax
Tx- adrenaline, Dexammeth, Diphenhydramine

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25
Q

other vaccines

A

Pigeons
-Avian pox + paramyxovirus
Canaries
-Avian pox

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26
Q

Pinworm (Oxyurids)

A

Reptiles and rabbits faeces commonly
High in immunosuppressed

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27
Q

Ciliates

A

Commensal - herbivore reptiles
Significant in othr exotics
Dx - direct wet mounts

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28
Q

Wormers

A

Praziquantel - tapeworms, oral, inj, spot-on
Oxfendazole - nematodes, oral
Fenbendazole- toxic to some, oral
Ivermectin- tox - chelonia and snakes

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29
Q

Quarantine

A

2 months
Separate facilities and objects
Faecal test start and end
Species specific Dz testing

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30
Q

Neutering

A

Routine
Rabbits (uterine neo risk, 2 independent horns)
Male guinea pigs
Male rates

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31
Q

Ferret repro management

A

Jills-
-seasonal breeders
-induced ovulation
-can stay in oestrus indefinitely if no mating
-hyperoestrogenism-> bone marrow suppression-> aplastic anaemia
Males
-musky odour
Sx neutering not advised
-high risk of adrenal gland disease (androgen)
-gonads provide -ve feedback

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32
Q

Avian GA general

A

High incidence chronic and subclin Dz
Hypothermia susceptibility
Small - hard venous access/ to monitor

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33
Q

Avian GA Respiration

A

Respiratory syystem
-Nasal cavity> intraorbital sinus> ceervico-cephalic air sacs
-glottis
Trachea
-mucus can obst. tube (pigeon/ duck)
-complete overlap rings - uncuffed ET
-prox. narrowing lumen - ETT advancement
Syrinx- bifurcation in major bronchi
No diaphragm (ribs for pressure)
Efficient gas ex., high O2 demand

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34
Q

CV avian

A

High HR
High BP <180

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35
Q

Avian GA prep

A

CE
Fast for larger birds (2hr (not if small)
Confirm crop empty
Correct issues pre GA if possible
Lubricate eye (globe doesn’t rotate)
Mentation
MM (pig in some sp.)
Afr. grey parrots - hypoCa

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36
Q

Avian sedation

A

Ind
-CE
-Short procedure
-Pre med (for GA)
Effect
-less handling stress
-GA sparing
-midazolam (amnesia?)
Midazolam + Butorphanol
Reverse - Flumazenil

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37
Q

Avian analgesia

A

NSAID - Meloxicam
Opioid - Butorphanol
Local Ana - combo lido + bupivicaine
-line block, splash block
-brachial plexus block (wing Sx)

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38
Q

Avian IV

A

Medial metatarsal - large species
Brachial vein - med sp., butterfly IV
Intraosseous - small (distal ulna)
Don’t keep in post op

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39
Q

Gas anaesthesia avian

A

Face mask > chamber
ETT - non-cuffed, tape to lower beak
Iso risk arrhythmia and hypertension in raptors
Sevoflurane - less blood soluble, faster induction/ recovery
T piece system (non rebreathing)

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40
Q

GA avian support

A

Ventilation
Fluids
Temperature

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41
Q

Avian GA monitoring

A

Sx
corneal reflex slow
Palpbral -ve
Nicitans prolapses
Low deep RR
No deep pain
Cloacal -ve
-Feather plucking reflex
-Sudden piloerection > Cardiac arrest
Doppler probe (ulnar artery)
Pulse ox (SO2 unreliable)
Temp cloacal probe
IPPV recommended

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42
Q

Complications

A

Hypothermia
Hypovolaemia
Bradycardia
Hypotension

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43
Q

Complication approach avian

A

Confirm patent ETT
Start IPPV
Hypertonic saline
Atropine
Adrenaline

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44
Q

Avian GA recovery

A

Stop ana gas, provide O2
Check glottis for over mucus
Incubator
Care with orthostatic hypotension

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45
Q

Reptile GA

A

Poikilothermic
3 chamber heart (2A, 1V)
Renal portal system
Hepatic portal system

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46
Q

Reptile apnoea and hypoxia

A

Tolerant of myocardial hypoxia (30min)
Diving reflex in aquatic species (R-L heart shunt, pulmonic bypass)

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47
Q

Reptile respiration

A

Anaerobic meabolism
Hypoxia increases RR
Chelonia - short complete trachea rings, short uncuffed ETT
Lizard - incomplete rings
Snakes - incomplete tracheal rings, tracheal lung

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48
Q

Reptile prep

A

CE
Fasting
-2hr
->1d snakes and chelonia
Eye lube (Same as bird)
~27°C POTZ okay for most

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49
Q

Reptile sedation

A

CE
Minor procedures
Pre med
-Dexmedotomidine + Midazolam

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50
Q

Extra reptile premed

A

Atropine for chelonia
R -> L(v) shunt
Increases vagal tone
Vasodilation
Apnoea (breath holding)

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51
Q

Reptile GA

A

Inj - alfaxalone
Uncuffed ET
Non rebreathing system (<10kg)
Isoflurane
IPPV (5/ min)

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52
Q

Reptile monitoring

A

Low BP compared to warm bloods
Reflexes
Rightening
Palpebral
Corneal
Cloacal pinch
Head withdrawal (chelonia)
Stroke ventral scales
HR - dopple over heart)

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53
Q

Reptile analgesia

A

Mu opioid receptors
Tramadol
Meloxicam (NSAID)
LA - bupivicaine, lidocaine

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54
Q

Reptile emergencies

A

Adrenaline
Fluids (crystalloids)
IPPV
Thermal support

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55
Q

Mammal GA general

A

PRey
stress ->catecholamines -> arrhythmia
Incidence chronic/ subclin Dz
Obligate nasal breathers (often breath hold)
Hypothermia prone

56
Q

Mammal prep

A

CE
Fasting not advised
-rabbits and rodents don’t V+
Correct abnormalities
Lubricate cornea

57
Q

Sedation mammals

A

Pre med
Minor procedures
ECC dyspnoeic patients
Midazolam + butorphanol

58
Q

Mammal monitoring

A

Limit- size, high HR (inaccuracies)
HR
BP (indirect measurement)
Capnography (40)
Reflex
Rightening
Corneal + palpebral (both can be retained)
Ear pinch (rabbit)

59
Q

Rabbit GA protocols

A

Pre med (but + midaz)
Pre Ox facemask
IV catheter (marginal ear vein)
Induction - alfaxalone
Sevoflurane best for GA

60
Q

Ferret GA protocol

A

Pre med
Induction chamber (quick procedures)
IV - cephalic vein)
Induction (chamber)
Intubation (lidocaine on glottis)
Isoflurane

61
Q

Exotic mammal analgesia

A

Meloxicam
Buprenorphine

62
Q

Avian emergency

A

Mask signs
Non specific complaints
Sudden decompensation -> collapse
Poor indicators
-Species sensitivity
-Small size
-Duration of problem
-Dyspnoea

63
Q

General avian approach

A

Mental status (BAR / collapsed)
Breathing
EEC presentations
Collapsed, Dyspnoeic, stably unwell

64
Q

Collapsed Avian

A

Supplement O2
Supplement heat
Fluids
Emergency drugs
Don’t use steroids in birds

65
Q

Approach to critical birds

A

Initial assessment
Stabilisation
Reassess
Further investigations

66
Q

Reptile general emergency care

A

Proper emergencies rare
Trauma
Prolapses
Repro
Neuro
Most are decompensated chronic problems
Presentations- collapsed, stably unwell

67
Q

Approach to collapsed reptile

A

ETT
IPPV
IV access (chelonia jugular)
IO proximal tibia
Warm fluids - IV/ IO bolus
Warm, Fluids, Assist feeding

68
Q

Approach to reptile emergencies

A

Initial assessment
Warm
Supportive care
Further investigations

69
Q

Mammal presentation (em.)

A

Collapsed
Dyspnoeic
Gut stasis (often 2°)
Trauma
Stably unwell
Prey species

70
Q

Mammalian resuscitation

A

IV
- Rabbit - marginal ear vein
- Ferret - cephalic
IO - proximal femur
Atropine not reliable in rabbits
-Glycopyrrolate
NO steroids - rabbits/ rodents

71
Q

Dyspnoeic management

A

Supplement O2
Sedate
Meloxicam

72
Q

Gut stasis rabbits/ rodents

A

2° problem
Investigate cause
Tx
-Fluids, Analgesia, Prokinetics (metoclopramide)
-supplement feeding

73
Q

Rabbit Leporipoxvirus

A

Myxomatosis
Shope’s fibroma
Mild Dz - American
Severe Dz - European and pets

74
Q

Myxomatosis spread

A

Direct contact
Inhalation
Biting arthropods
-fleas, mosquitoes, Cheyletiella (mite)

75
Q

Myxomatosis

A

CS
Eylid thickening
Head lesions
Pneumonic signs
Death - starvation/ 2° DZ
Tx - PTS
PrV - Vax 5wks, annual +Para control

76
Q

Shope fibroma

A

Naturally self limiting fibroma
American rabbits
X immunity for myxomatosis
- attenuated Shope fibroma for Myxo Vax

77
Q

Viral haemorrhagic disease

A

Calicivirus (strain 1 and 2)
Highly infectious and fatal in Euro + pets
Transmitted
-fluids, aerosol, insects (mechanical)

78
Q

VHD Dz

A

Liver - replication in hepatocytes
Necrotising hepatitis
-> acute hepatic failure
-> DIC
Death <4d
CS
-sudden death
-high RR, collapse, pyrexia
Dx-
- gross PTH (enlarged spleen)
-PCR
Tx - PTS
PrV - Vax 5wks, annual

79
Q

Papillomatosis

A

Shope pap.- SCC like neo in pets (USA)
Oral pap- benign warts like lesion (self limits)
Ano-rectal- not viral, cauliflower mass, bleeds easily

80
Q

Pasteurellosis

A

Snuffles
P multicoda
1° immunosuppressed
2° abscess in other Dz
Transmission- contact +aerosol
CS- URT dz (rhinitis, pneumonia), genital Dz, ear problems
Dx- deep nasal swab
PCR
Management- less stress, better husbandry

81
Q

Treponema paraluiscuniculi

A

Rabbit syphilis (vert and sex transmission)
Ulcerative lesions (lips and genitals)
Dx - histo + silver stain
Tx - penicillin

82
Q

Tyzzer’s Dz

A

6-12 wks/o
2° to stress
Ac - D+, sudden death
Chr - intestinal fibrosis, liver necrosis

83
Q

D+ rabbit

A

Fluid therapy
Diet management
Antibiotics
Analgesia?

84
Q

Coccidiosis

A

Eimeria (multiple sp.)
D+, weight loss, young and groups
Hepatic Dz - E. stiedae
Tx - toltrazuril

85
Q

Internal rabbit Para

A

Oxyurids - pinworm
Tapeworm (int hosts), not of faecal samples
Flystrike PrV - cyromazine

86
Q

Encephalitozoonosis

A

E. cuniculi (microsporidia)
CS from spre release (cell rupture)
Tr - inhalation, ingestion, vertical
CS- neuro (head tilt), ocular (uveitis, cataract), CKD
Dx - serology (Igm recent, IgG Chr)
PCR - intermittent shedding (false -ve)
Tx - fenbendazole

87
Q

Rabbit skin Dz

A

RF
-less grooming, Env., breed (long hair)
Dx
-skin cyto/biopsy, culture
-reflects underlying Dz

88
Q

Rabbit skin Dz CS

A

Matted hair
Bacterial dermatitis
Pododermatitis
External ear Dz

89
Q

Rabbit skin Dz problems

A

Matts- clip, bathe and clean
Bac dermatitis- Tx derm + underlying Dz
-Meloxicam + Fluoroquinolones
Pododermatitis- plantar avascular necrosis
-relieve pressure + analgesia

90
Q

Rabbit ear Dz

A

Aural haematoma
Neoplasia
Otitis externa
-lop breeds
-often Sx (Partial ear canal ablation)

91
Q

Rabbit urinary problems

A

Presentations
-Cystitis, uroliths, CKD
Stress reduces blood renal flow
Ca metabolism (high Ca diet)
Sludge urine-
Tx- meloxicam, AB, up H20 intake, less dietary Ca
Sx- catheter and flush bladder, perineal dermatoplasty

92
Q

Urolithiasis

A

Ca Carbonate, oxalate, phosphate
RF- obst., less H20 intake
Bloods, Xray, US
Bladder - cystotomy
Urethral- cystotomy
Renal- medical (analgesia + ACE inh.)

93
Q

Rabbit renal failure

A

Ac
-USG isosthenuric
-high blood Urea, Creatinine, Phosphate
-norm. Ca
Chr
-Pu/Pd
-anaemia
-USG variable

94
Q

Rabbit renal failure management

A

Ac-
-Tx main cause
-IVFT
-less stress
-analgesia
Chr
-SC FT
-ACE inh
-up H2O intake

95
Q

Lame rabbits

A

Causes
-Trauma
-Pododermatitis
-Discospondylitis
-Arthritis

96
Q

Rabbit neuro exam

A

Can be tricky (prey species)
Menace inconsistent
Freezing response
Assess - paresis, proprioception
2° signs- poor grooming, urine scald

97
Q

Vestibular rabbits

A

Head tilt, ataxia, paresis
Causes
-E. cuniculi, Pasteurellosis
Central
-brainstem, vert, nystagmus, hemiparesis (poss.), E cuniculi
Peripheral
-cochlea/ mid ear, horizontal nystagmus, no intention tremor/ no hemi paresis

98
Q

Dx vestibular rabbits

A

CE
Neuro exam
Otoscopy not useful
X ray, blood, CT
Meds
-Doxy, Prochlorpoerazine (vertigo)

99
Q

Rabbit spinal Dz

A

Congenital, trauma, degeneration
Dx- CE, neuro, X ray, CT
CS- stiff gait, inflexible, pain
Tx- meloxicam long term

100
Q

Rabbit neoplasia

A

Dx- FNA, image, bloods
Tx- Sx, chemo, radio

101
Q

Rabbit uterine adenocarcinoma

A

Most common rabbit neo
Slow growing
Risk higher over 3y/o
CS- haematuria, palpable horns in CEE
Tx - spay

102
Q

Rabbit bile duct adenocarcinoma

A

2° to bile duct irritation
No specific CS
Often incidental finding
No specific Tx described

103
Q

Rabbit lymphoma

A

Not ass. leukaemia
Norm. multicentric
Non specific CS
Dx- cyto, US
Tx- chemo

104
Q

Thymoma

A

Not common
CS - respiratory, muffled chest auscultation
Dx- US/ xray + cyto
Tx - Sx/ chemo

105
Q

Rabbit gut stasis

A

Clinical syndrome
Causes - anything that causes pain or less diet intake
Tx
- stabilise, FT, analgesia
-motility (metoclopromide)
-feeding

106
Q

Rabbit dentition

A

Lagomorphs
Elodont (open root)
Hypsodont (long crowns)

107
Q

Rodent dentition

A

1 pair continuously growing upper incisors
Myo and scurio- only incisors
Hysticomorph- all teeth

108
Q

Dentition RF

A

Diet
congenital malocclosion
Staging-
1 normal
3 malocclusion
5 abscessation

109
Q

Dentition presentations

A

Molar overgrowth
-epiphora, dacryocystitis, abscess
Incisor overgrowth
-obvious overgrowth, abrasions on lips

110
Q

Dental investigation

A

Oral exam
Skull radiograph
Management
-review husbandry and diet, meds, Sx

111
Q

Dental analgesia

A

Multimodal
NSAID - meloxicam
Opioid - methadone

112
Q

Tx incisor malocclusion

A

Rabbit
-crown reduction
-incisor extraction
Rodents
-crown reduction

113
Q

Molar malocclusion Tx

A

Crown and spur reduction
Periapical abscess
Long term meloxicam

113
Q

dacryocystitis

A

Lacrimal duct occlusion
-due to molar overgrowth/ inflammation
CS
-periocular dermatitis
-Chr discharge
Dx- xray
Management
-lacrimal duct flush
Meloxicam

114
Q

Abscess marsupialisation

A

Circumferential incision and removal of abscess capsule
Suture capsule to surrounding skin
Debride
Pack cavity with bacteriocidal material
2° intention healing

115
Q

Chinchilla dentition

A

Periodontal Dz
^ common
Often tooth resorption
Dental caries also common

116
Q

Guinea pig specific problems

A

Macrodontia
-teeth width enlargement
-irregular surface
Temporo mandibular joint luxation
-accompanies other tooth overgrowth problems
Urolithiasis (Ca carbonate)
-Meloxicam, maropitant

117
Q

Guinea pigs D+

A

Need high fibre content
RF- young, immunosupressed
Old males - 2° anal sphincter msc tone loss
Cause- Diet, Bacteria, enterotoxaemia

118
Q

Approach to guinea pig D+

A

CE and Hx
Supportive care
Faecal testing +culture
Bloods +/- US

119
Q

Guinea pig cystitis

A

Norm. 2° to urolithiasis
Same CS as uroliths
Sterile/ bacterial
Dx- urinalysis, US
AB- marbofloxacin
Sterile- meloxicam +/- maropitant

120
Q

Guinea pig ovarian cysts

A

Serous or follicular
Serous- non functional (don’t respond to LH)
Follicular- hormonally active, respond to LH
-non pruritic (sym) alopecia, mammary hyperkeratosis
Non-specific CS
Abd distension/ palpable lesion
Dx- US (no differentiation)
Tx
Med- human chorionic gonadotrophin
Sx- spay

121
Q

Guinea pig neoplasia

A

Uterine leiomyosarcoma (spay)
Lymphoma
-multicentric
Dx- cyto +/- US scan
Tx- palliative

122
Q

Rat respiratory disease complex

A

URT, LRT
Multi agents normally
Causes-
Vir-Sendai, paramyxo
Bac- myco pulmonis, strep pneumonis
Fungal- Pneumo carinii
Dx- CE, Xray, PCR virus
Tx- doxycycline
NSAID- meloxicam

123
Q

Rat neoplasia

A

Mammary fibroadenoma
Mammary adenocarcinoma
Tx- Sx
Zymbal gland - special sebaceous ear gland
Tx- palliative care
Pituitary adenoma- FL paresis

124
Q

Hamsters problems

A

Skin- alopecia etc.
Cushings
Epitheliotropic lymphoma (syrian)
IVM, Meloxicam, marbofloxacin

125
Q

Ferret Dzs

A

Distemper
Several strains, norm. fatal
Tr- aerosol, direct contact with bodily secretions
Vax- 12wks, yearly boosters
CS- cutaneous, respiratory, ocular, neuro
Dx- PCR

126
Q

Ferret influenza

A

Same as human variants (owners source of dz)
CS- URT, pyrexia
Dx- human is ill
No skin lesions (Ddx distemper)
Self limiting

127
Q

Ferret Aleutian disease

A

Parvovirus
Immunocomplex mediated Dz in old ferrets (>2)
CS- sudden death, Chr wasting disease
Dx- plasma electrophoresis
Tx- supportive (preds)

128
Q

Ferret lymphoma

A

Grade, stage, phenotype
CS depends on organs affected
Dx- bloods, US, cytology, biopsy
Tx- chemo

129
Q

Ferret insulinoma

A

Benign beta cell neoplasia
Hypoglycaemia
CS- nausea, ataxia, lethargy
-resolves after eating
Dx- low blood glucose, US
Tx- nodulectomy

130
Q

Ferret adrenal gland Dz

A

Hyperadrenocorticism
-Hyperandrogenism
Causes- Spay (no -ve feedback)
CS- sym alopecia, vulvar enlargment
Males CS- sexual behaviour, urinary blockage
Dx- US
Tx- adrenalectomy, Deslorelin implants

131
Q

Ferret gastritis

A

Common consult
V+, anorexia, lethargy
Hx, CE, investigate
Gastritis causes- FB, NSAID, Helicobacter mustelae (stress ulcers)
Tx- support- Fluids, maropitant, feed
Ab if bacterial

132
Q

Ferret D+

A

Localisation hard
Bac- salmonella, campy
Vir- coronavirus (adult), rotavirus (kits)
IBD

133
Q

Ferret viral enteropathies

A

Covid
Enteric - epizootic catarrhal enteritis
-green profuse D+
Systemic- sim to FIP
-progressive pyogranulomatous inflammation
PCR
RotaV
-<6wks, PCR, supportive care

134
Q

Ferret IBD

A

Lymphoplasmocytic infiltration
Dx- US (thick intestinal wall), biopsy of wall
Management- diet and preds

135
Q

Ferret cardiac Dz

A

Common >3 y/o
HR~200bpm, sinus arrhythmia
Ac- O2, sedate, furosemide
Chr- bloods, xray, heart scan
Presentations
-DCM, HCM
-valvular heart disease
-myocarditis
-neoplasia, heartworm
Tx- furosemide, ACE inh., Pimobendan

136
Q
A

Neurology (21 decks)

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