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Pharmacology > Toxicology > Flashcards

Toxicology Flashcards

1
Q

What causes pesticide poisoning

A

ACHE I poisoning happen due to organophosphates - seen in farmers

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2
Q

Pesticides poisoning symptoms

A 
DUMBBELSS
Diarrhea
Urination 
Miosis 
Bronchospasm
Bradycardia 
Emesis
Lacrimation
Sweating 
Salivation
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3
Q

What are the nicotinic and CNS symptoms of pesticides poisoning

A

Nicotinic-> weakness paralysis and fasiculations

CNS—> seizures, respiratory depression and coma

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4
Q

Pesticides poisoning treatment

A

Atropine -> reverses muscarinic and crosses bbb to reverse CMS
Pralidoxime—> reactivates aches reversing muscarinic and nicotinic symptoms but doesn’t cross BBB

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5
Q

Where is methanol found

A

In cleaning products

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6
Q

What happens to methanol when it’s ingested

A

It’s metabolised to formaldehyde and fromic acid

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7
Q

What does methanol metabolites do

A

They are toxic to the eye and cause blindness, CNS depression-> coma

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8
Q

How does poisoning with ethylene glycol present

A

Presents with acute renal failure

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9
Q

Where is ethylene glycol found

A

Automobile antifreeze and engine coolant

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10
Q

What happens to ethylene glycol after it enters the body

A

It is metabolised to glycolic acid which is toxic to the renal tubules and OXALIC ACID can precipitate with calcium forming calcium oxylate score in the renal tubule

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11
Q

What does calcium oxylate do to the renal tubules

A

Causes metabolic acidosis and renal failure

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12
Q

What’s the antidote to methanol and ethylene glycol

A

Fomepizole blocking ADH

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13
Q

Usual case of lead poisoning

A

Child injesting lead containing paint chips or adult inhale in lead mines or frequent contact with batteries and bullets

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14
Q

What does lead do in the body

A

Lead inhibits two enzymes in HEME SYNTHESIS -> leading to anemia
-enzymes are
ALA dehydratase
Ferrochelatase

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15
Q

Lead positioning symptoms

A

Congenitive delays and behavioural changes in children drop in IQ
Short term memory loss, lead palsy(foot drop and wrist drop) in adults

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16
Q

Effect of lead on pregnant women

A

Can cause miscarriage, prematurity and can get excreted in breast milk

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17
Q

Lead poisoning treatment

A

Chelating agents
succimer for children
Dimercaprol or EDTA for adults

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18
Q

Effect of mercury poisoning on pregnant women

A

It’s Teratogenic so we should avoid it in pregnant women

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19
Q

How does mercury poisoning happen usually

A

Occurs from eating sea food and emissions from coal fired planets

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20
Q

Mercury poisoning symptoms

A

It’s neurotoxic so leads to anxiety, irritablity and tremors
Causes acrodynia pink disease -> pink hands and feet

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21
Q

Mercury poisoning treatment

A

Chelating agents like

EDTA and dimercaprol

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22
Q

How do we get cadmium poisoning

A

Ingestion of contaminated sea food
Cadmium uptake from plants
Inhalation of smoke cigs

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23
Q

What happens when cadmium is invested

A

Can lead to kidney failure, liver damage, osteoporosis and itai itai disease

24
Q

What happens when cadmium is inhaled

A

It causes renal failure and decrease in lung function it can also lead to cancer cells as it produces reactive oxygen species

25
Q

Cyunide and CO poisoning how do they affect the body

A

They bind and inhibit enzymes containing iron ( cytochrome C oxidase complex IV of ETC) -> inhibiting ATP production—> so anaerobic glycolysis takes over causing increase level of lactic acid and metabolic acidosis

26
Q

How does cyanide poisoning happen

A

Inhaling of smoke from burning synthetic product or ingesting of amygdalin (apricot seed)

27
Q

Cyanide poisoning characteristic

A

Bitter almond breath odor, mydriasis, seizures and cardiac arrest

28
Q

Cyanide poisoning treatment

A
  • Activated charchol
  • Sodium thiosulfate inducing methemoglobin production which binds is to cyanide
  • hydroxocobalamin which binds to cyanide
29
Q

What is CO called and why

A

Silent killer- colourless odourless and tasteless

30
Q

How does CO poisoning happen

A

Inhalation of too much CO, close to the fire inhaling smoke (fireplace) -> multiple individuals may develop symptoms at the same time

31
Q

What does CO do in the blood

A

It binds to Hb displacing O2 as it has higher affinity

32
Q

Co poisoning symptoms

A

Headache, nausea, seizures, coma and cherry red rash

33
Q

CO poisoning treatment

A

High flow 100% O2 ASAP

34
Q

What are Benzene and toluene

A

Aromatic hydrocarbons

35
Q

What can aromatic hydrocarbons do

A

They are volatile, can cross BBB so cause CNS toxicity

36
Q

How can toluene and benzene by obtained

A

From solvent vapours

37
Q

What can benzene cause

A

Acute myeloid leukaemia

Anaplastic anemia

38
Q

What can toluene cause

A

CNS depression

39
Q

What are the characteristics of halogenated hydro carbons

A

Same as aromatic hydrocarbons

They are volatile, can cross BBB so cause CNS toxicity

40
Q

Where are halogenated hydrocarbons found

A

They are found in refrigerants, propellants and cleaning products

41
Q

What does chloroform do

A

Depletes glutathione (antioxidant) causing necrosis of renal cells and hepatocytes

42
Q

What substitutes glutathione

A

Nacetylcysteine substitutes glutathione

43
Q

What can carbon tetracholride do

A

Generation of ROS. Causing necrosis

44
Q

What is chloroform and carbon tetrachloride

A

Halogenated hydrocarbons

45
Q

What happens when asbestos is inhaled

A

Leads to asbestosis -> fibrosis and calcification of the lung

46
Q

What type of cancer can asbestos cause

A

Lung and mesothelioma

47
Q

What happens when inhaling silica

A

Silicosis

48
Q

Where does silica exposure happen

A

Mines and stone cuttings - prolonged exposure in to silica industries

49
Q

Silicosis

A

Progressive irreversible fibrotic lung disease - COPD

50
Q

When do we use chelators

A

Only use when needed as they have serious side effects and only used with metal poisoning

51
Q

Side effects of EDTA

A

Given IV or IM can cause reversible renal damage

52
Q

What is dimercaprol used for

A

Used to chelate mercury

53
Q

Dimercaprol + EDTA uses

A

For lead

54
Q

Dimercaprol die effects

A

Increase blood pressure and heart rate ohhh

55
Q

What is DMPS (unithiol)

A

Dimercaprol derivative- less toxic

56
Q

What is succimer

A

Derivative of dimercaprol - less toxic given orally - doesn’t cause increase in BP and HR

57
Q

What doesn’t succimer chelate

A

Zinc copper and iron

Pharmacology (33 decks)

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