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Pharmacology > Antiviral Drugs > Flashcards

Antiviral Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

What are NRTIs

A

Nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors

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2
Q

How do NRTIs work

A

Competitively inhibit neucleotides binding to reverse transcriptase and terminate the DNA chain

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3
Q

What’s the difference between nucleosides and nucleotides

A

Nucleosides need to be phosphorylated to get activated

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4
Q

What are NRTIs side effects

A

Can cause mitochondrial toxicity and lactic acidosis

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5
Q

Give examples of NRTIs and common ending

A

Mainly end with - dine

  • lamivudine
  • zidovudine
  • stavudine
  • didanosine
  • abacavir
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6
Q

Lamivoudine adverse effects

A

Can cause peripheral neuropathy

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7
Q

What can lamivoudine treat other than HIV

A

It can also treat hepatitis B, alongside tenofovir (neucleotide)

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8
Q

When is zidovudine used and what are it’s adverse effects

A

Used during pregnancy and breast feeding to reduce vertical transmission. May cause myelosppression (anemia and granulocytopenia)

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9
Q

Stavudine side effect

A

Peripheral neuropathy

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10
Q

Didanosine side effect

A

May cause pancreatitis

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11
Q

Abacavir side effect

A

Hypersensitivity associated with HLA-B57:01 allele

Delayed rash

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12
Q

What are NNRTIs

A

non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor

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13
Q

NNRTIs mechanism of action

A

Bind to reverse transcriptase at different site than NRTIs, doesn’t requires phosphorylation to become active.

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14
Q

Example of NNRTI

A

Nevirapine

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15
Q

Nevirapine adverse effects

A

Can cause Rash, hepatoxicity and Steve Johnson syndrome (conjunctivitis and mucosal destination)

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16
Q

HIV protease inhibitors ending suffix and examples

A

Ends with -Navir

Ritonavir is the most important since it inhibits p450 which enhances other PIs

17
Q

Which gene codes for HIV proteases

A

POL gene

18
Q

HIV protease inhibitors adverse effects

A

Hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, lipodystrophy (buffalo hump) and insulin resistance

19
Q

Integrase inhibitor mechanism of action

A

Inhibits incorporation if HIV genome in to host cells DNA

20
Q

Example of integrase inhibitor

A

Raltegravir

21
Q

Give examples of fusion inhibitors

A

Enfuvirtide

Miraviroc

22
Q

Enfuvirtide path inhibited and way of administration

A

Enfuvirtide is given IV - it binds to GP41 inhibiting entry

23
Q

Miravoric path inhibited and way of administration

A

Miroviric is given orally - binds to CCR5 on Tcells inhibiting entry

24
Q

What is HAART

A

Highly active antiretroviral therapy

25
Q

Example of HAART

A

Two NRTIs and protease inhibitor or

Two NRRIs and NNRTI

26
Q

How to prevent mother to child transmission

A

Test for HIV, C Section, No breast feeding and antiretroviral therapy

27
Q

What is the antiretroviral therapy used for pregnant women

A

Two NRTIs backbone(Abacavir and Lamivudine) and ritonavir with any PI
OR
(Tenofovir and emtricitabine) and ritonavir with other PI

28
Q

Prophylaxis against HIV

A

Zidovudine and Lamivudine and Indinavir

29
Q

Drugs against hepatitis B

A

IFN-alpha, lamivudine (NRTI and DNA polymerase inhibitor)

Also tenofovir and entecavir and adefovir (nephrotoxicity)

30
Q

Treatment of Hepatitis C

A

IFN-alpha (pegylated- longer T1/2)) and Ribavirin(interferes with viral mRNA)

31
Q

Drugs for COVID 19

A

Remedesivir (prodrug, interferes with RNA-dependent RNA polymerase—> inhibiting viral RNA synthesis

32
Q

Inhibitors of viral uncoating

A

Amantadine and rimantadine (active against only influenza A and for prophylaxis)

33
Q

Neuroamidase inhibitors

A

Oseltamivir (Oral) and Zanamivir(inhaled or intranasal) (active against influenza A and B)

34
Q

What are anti herpetic drugs

A

DNA polymerase inhibitors

35
Q

How does resistance to acyclovir happen

A

Mutation in tymidine kinase

36
Q

What does acyclovir treat

A

Given for HSV, VZV and EBV treatment of primary and recurrent herpes genitalis—> oral, herpes labialis—> topical(given 4-5x daily while valcyclovir (3x daily)

37
Q

What is given for HSV infections in immunocompromised, VZV and encephalitis

A

I.V acyclovir

38
Q

What is given when herpes is resistant to cyclovir

A

Foscarnet

39
Q

What is given in CMV infections

A

Ganciclovir(can cause myelosuppression)

And Foscarnet

Pharmacology (33 decks)

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